Modeling of secondary treated wastewater disinfection by UV irradiation: Effects of suspended solids content

This work aimed to study UV-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, to propose a formulation of the kinetics of secondary treated wastewater disinfection and to underline the influence of suspended solids on the inactivation kinetics of these strains. Some investigations were carried out for the validation of some simulation models, from the simplest, the kinetics model of Chick-Watson reduced to first order, to rather complex models such as multi-kinetic and Collins-Selleck models. Results revealed that the involved processes of UV irradiation were too complex to be approached by a simplified formulation, even in the case of specific strains of microorganisms and the use of nearly constant UV radiation intensity. In fact, the application of Chick-Watson model in its original form is not representative of the kinetics of UV disinfection. Modification, taking into account the speed change during the disinfection process, has not significantly improved results. On the other hand, the application of Collins-Selleck model demonstrates that it was necessary to exceed a least dose of critical radiation to start the process of inactivation. To better explain the process of inactivation, we have assumed that the action of disinfectant on the survival of lonely microorganisms is faster than its action on suspended solids protected or agglomerated to each others. We can assume in this case the existence of two inactivation kinetics during the processes (parallel and independent) of the first-order. For this reason, the application of a new kinetic model by introducing a third factor reflecting the influence of suspended solids in water on disinfection kinetics appeared to be determinant for modeling UV inactivation of P. aeruginosa in secondary treated wastewater.     

顺序氯化对微生物、副产物和生物稳定性的综合控制

在中试规模试验中,研究了“短时游离氯后转氯胺的顺序氯化消毒工艺”对微生物、消毒副产物和生物稳定性指标的控制效果.该顺序氯化消毒工艺综合利用了游离氯消毒灭活微生物迅速彻底,氯胺消毒副产物生产量低的特点,通过氯化消毒技术的组合,安全经济地实现了消毒卫生学和消毒副产物指标的双重控制.该消毒工艺对细菌总数、异养菌平板计数、总大肠菌群指标的控制效果略好于传统游离氯消毒,对脊髓灰质炎病毒和大肠杆菌f2噬菌体的灭活效果与游离氯相同.相同原水条件下,顺序氯化消毒工艺比游离氯消毒工艺产生的三卤甲烷浓度减少35.8%～77.0%;卤乙酸减少36.6%～54.8%.消毒进水水质越差,顺序氯化消毒工艺在消毒副产物控制方面就越有优势.该工艺对生物稳定性指标的控制效果明显高于游离氯消毒.     

Assessment of Disinfectant Performance in Chicken Cages Using Coliphages

To control the spread of avian flu (influenza) and other viruses of concern among commercial flocks, it is essential that proper disinfection procedures be developed along with methods for assessing their performance. Such methods must be rapid and inexpensive. Coliphages were used as indicators to demonstrate the efficacy of quaternary ammonium compounds and chlorine bleach for the inactivation of viruses in chicken cages. The concentration of indigenous coliphages in chicken litter was found to be 10⁴–10⁷ per gram and from 0 to 8,500 per 100 cm² of floor surface. To assess the effectiveness of the disinfectants, floor samples were collected pre and post disinfection. These results indicated that chlorine bleach was more effective than quaternary ammonium compounds in reducing the amount of indigenous coliphages. To obtain better quantitative data, MS-2 coliphage was sprayed onto cage floors, left overnight to dry, and then the surfaces disinfected. Similar results were obtained with both indigenous coliphages and MS-2. There appears to be no significant difference in coliphage reduction by increasing the contact time from 10 to 30 min. To ensure at least a 99.9% reduction of virus at least 236 ml of household bleach per 3.78 l should be used.     

二氧化氯对不同微生物的灭活特性及其对群落结构特征的影响

二氧化氯是一种性能优良、应用广泛的消毒剂,可通过破坏细胞或病毒的组成结构、阻碍细胞代谢等方式实现微生物灭活。在自配水条件下,以二氧化氯投加量×消毒时间计算,二氧化氯剂量在15（mg·min）/L时,可实现对常见病毒（包括肠病毒71型、大肠杆菌噬菌体MS2等）3 log以上灭活率,在60（mg·min）/L时,可实现对常见细菌（包括大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等）1.5 log以上灭活率,但灭活隐孢子虫卵则需要更高的剂量（如1.9 log灭活率可能需约600（mg·min）/L剂量）;在实际污水厂进水中,30（mg·min）/L二氧化氯剂量只能分别实现0.8 log和0.5 log的大肠杆菌和总大肠菌群灭活率。二氧化氯消毒效果随温度升高显著提升,对于不同微生物,pH的变化对二氧化氯消毒效果的影响可能存在不同,而水中的有机物通常会因消耗二氧化氯而降低消毒效果,但在自然水体中也存在由于天然有机物可能的影响导致消毒效果优于自配水的情况。关于二氧化氯消毒后细菌群落结构的变化研究不多,仅有少量研究涉及市政污水、再生水、饮用水等。二氧化氯消毒一定时间后,悬浮态和生物膜上的微生物均可能出现再生长现象,但再生长过程中这些残生细菌的群落结构变化及其生长分泌特性仍有待研究。     

顺序氯化消毒工艺的研究

研究了短时游离氯后转氯胺的顺序消毒工艺.结果表明,该消毒工艺对指示微生物的灭活效果优于游离氯消毒,游离氯和氯胺存在协同消毒作用;对脊髓灰质炎病毒和大肠杆菌f₂噬菌体的灭活效果与游离氯相同.相同原水条件下,顺序氯化消毒工艺产生的三卤甲烷浓度比游离氯消毒工艺减少35.8%～77.0%;卤乙酸减少36.6%～54.8%.消毒进水水质越差,顺序氯化消毒工艺在消毒副产物(DBP)控制方面就越具优势.     

紫外线消毒对再生水中微生物生长分泌特性的影响

膜污堵是阻碍污水再生处理反渗透（RO）系统稳定、高效运行的突出问题。前期研究表明,RO系统常用的氯消毒预处理会导致微生物群落结构及代谢产物分泌特性发生显著改变,从而引起严重的生物污堵。为优化污水再生处理RO系统的预处理工艺选择,该研究全面考察了紫外线消毒对再生水中细菌的生长、群落结构和分泌特性的影响。结果表明:紫外线剂量为20,40,80 mJ/cm2时,对膜生物反应器出水中细菌的灭活率分别可达1log、3log、4log。紫外消毒后,存活细菌再培养时其生长迟滞期变长,稳定期细菌数量在紫外线剂量为40,80 mJ/cm2时分别比对照组降低18.6%和19.2%。高紫外线剂量下（40,80 mJ/cm2）,变形菌门、β-变形菌纲、詹森菌属相对丰度有所增加。分泌特性方面,细菌胞外多聚物含量随紫外线剂量升高先减少后增多,且其中大分子物质增多,并表现出更强的RO膜污堵潜势。     

Suspended particle effects on ClO2/ultraviolet light combined disinfection of effluent

The concentration of suspended solids of effluent often varies in a wide range, therefore the dose of ultraviolet light （UV） in disinfection process needs to be adjusted to meet the disinfection criterion at a high frequency, and the desired disinfection effect is difficult to be ensured. The particles size and particle-associated fecal coliform （F.C.） contribution, and their influence on UV disinfection were investigated when ClO2 and UV combined disinfection process was used. The results showed that suspended solids content had a major impact on UV disinfection efficiency, especially the large particle size fraction. Particles （D〉10μm） associated F. C. were difficult to be disinfected and were the main part of the railings of F.C. inactivation curve. Pre-ClO2 oxidation could reduce the number of particles in effluent, and make large particles decrease to small ones. Therefore, the influence of particles on UV disinfection could be reduced after pre-ClO2 oxidation, and the resistance ability to particle loadings of combined process was enhanced. Moreover, the combined process has a lot of advantages, such as low toxicity, low operational/maintenance costs; it is also convenient to be established in the existing wastewater plant or the new planned one.     

紫外/超声协同灭活隐孢子虫的影响因素及机制

为研究UV/US（Ultraviolet/Ultrasonic,紫外/超声）协同对水中隐孢子虫的灭活机制,采用UV灯（功率为14 W）与US发生器（频率为20 kHz,功率为150 W）组合装置协同灭活隐孢子虫,考察pH、温度、浊度和HA（腐殖酸）对UV/US协同灭活隐孢子虫的影响,并通过SEM（扫描电镜）、蛋白质试验和琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测对灭活机制进行了探讨.结果表明:pH对UV/US杀灭隐孢子虫的影响不大,碱性条件下灭活率略高于中性和酸性条件;温度对灭活率有一定影响,5℃下灭活率较低,随温度的上升,灭活率逐渐提高,25℃下10 min灭活率可达99%以上;悬浮物抑制隐孢子虫的灭活,浊度为40 NTU时,UV/US作用25 min的灭活率仅为93.88%;HA对灭活的影响表现为低浓度促进,高浓度抑制;ρ（HA）高于10 mg/L时,继续增大ρ（HA）对隐孢子虫灭活率影响不大.研究显示:UV/US协同作用对隐孢子虫的灭活机制主要是使其卵囊破裂,同时损伤了隐孢子虫胞内的DNA.      

再生水中5种抗生素抗性菌的紫外线灭活及复活特性研究

抗生素抗性菌作为再生水中的新兴污染物而受到广泛关注.为探明紫外线对抗生素抗性菌的灭活和消毒后抗性菌的复活潜能,研究了以城市污水为水源的再生水(简称"再生水")中青霉素抗性菌、氨苄青霉素抗性菌、头孢氨苄抗性菌、氯霉素抗性菌和利福平抗性菌的紫外线灭活特性,并考察了再生水中的抗生素抗性菌在黑暗条件下的复活潜能.结果表明,20mJ·cm-2紫外线消毒剂量下,实际再生水中青霉素抗性菌、氨苄青霉素抗性菌、头孢氨苄抗性菌和氯霉素抗性菌的灭活率均高于4-log,与总异养菌群灭活率相当,而利福平抗性菌的灭活率(3.7-log)略低于总异养菌群.紫外线消毒后,再生水静置22 h后,抗生素抗性菌普遍出现复活现象,当紫外线消毒剂量为常规剂量20 mJ·cm-2时,消毒后再生水中的抗生素抗性菌菌落形成能力高达3-log.因此,常规的紫外线消毒剂量不能有效控制再生水储存或运输过程中抗生素抗性菌的复活.     

The impact of UV treatment on microbial control and DBPs formation in full-scale drinking water systems in northern China

To manage potential microbial risks and meet increasingly strict drinking water health standards, UV treatment has attracted increasing attention for use in drinking water systems in China. However, the effects of UV treatment on microbial control and disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation in real municipal drinking water systems are poorly understood. Here, we collected water samples from three real drinking water systems in Beijing and Tianjin to investigate the impacts of UV treatment on microbial control and DBP formation. We employed heterotrophic plate count (HPC), flow cytometry (FCM), quantitative PCR analysis, and high-throughput sequencing to measure microorganisms in the samples. Different trends were observed between HPC and total cell count (measured by FCM), indicating that a single indicator could not reflect the real degree of biological re-growth in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs). A significant increase in the 16S rRNA gene concentration was observed when the UV system was stopped. Besides, the bacterial community composition was similar at the phylum level but differed markedly at the genera level among the three DWDSs. Some chlorine-resistant bacteria, including potential pathogens (e.g., Acinetobacter) showed a high relative abundance when the UV system was turned off. It can be concluded that UV treatment can mitigate microbial re-growth to some extent. Finally, UV treatment had a limited influence on the formation of DBPs, including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, and nitrogenated DBPs. The findings of this study may help to understand the performance of UV treatment in real drinking water systems.     

再生水紫外线-氯联合消毒工艺特性研究

以二级出水作为消毒对象,比较了紫外线-氯联合消毒与单一紫外线消毒对水中肠道指示菌的灭活效果,考察了联合消毒工艺副产物(三卤甲烷)生成情况.结果表明,单一紫外线消毒对肠道指示菌的灭活曲线在剂量大于10mJ/cm2时存在拖尾现象,剂量为80mJ/cm2时对总大肠菌群最高对数灭活率约为2.5;而在紫外线剂量20mJ/cm2、氯投加量8mg/L(接触时间30min)条件下,紫外线-氯联合消毒对总大肠菌群的对数灭活率达到7.0.20mJ/cm2紫外线与8mg/L氯消毒组合及80mJ/cm2紫外线与3mg/L氯消毒组合均可有效灭活总大肠菌群浓度至3CFU/L以下.经紫外线照射后再氯消毒,二级出水中三卤甲烷生成量仅为10~55mg/L.80mJ/cm2紫外线照射再氯消毒后三卤甲烷生成量略高于20mJ/cm2紫外线照射再氯消毒的情形.紫外线消毒后投加氯消毒,可有效提高再生水消毒效果,控制消毒副产物生成量.     

紫外线和次氯酸钠对Escherichia coli和Poliovirus的消毒作用

本研究选用大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和脊髓灰质炎病毒(poliovirus)分别作为典型的细菌和病毒,利用培养和定量PCR的检测技术,对比研究紫外线消毒和次氯酸钠消毒对细菌和病毒的作用特点.结果表明:脊髓灰质炎病毒比大肠杆菌更难被灭活,达到1-log所需的氯剂量分别为19.2 mg·L~(-1)·min和10.14 mg·L~(-1)·min;所需的紫外线剂量分别为6.37 m J·cm~(-2)和1.81 m J·cm~(-2).定量PCR方法检测大肠杆菌和脊髓灰质炎病毒达到1-log的核酸损伤所需的紫外线剂量和氯剂量要比培养法高出1~2数量级,紫外线消毒对脊髓灰质炎病毒的RNA损伤量明显大于对大肠杆菌的DNA损伤,病毒的单链RNA对紫外线的敏感性更强,该结果与培养法正好相反.达到1-log核酸损伤脊髓灰质炎病毒所需的紫外线剂量为135 m J·cm~(-2),大肠杆菌所需的剂量为270.3 m J·cm~(-2),核酸损伤需要更多的消毒剂量,可能由于消毒过程微生物进入活性但处于非可培养状态(VBNC),以及灭活对微生物其他分子的损伤和微生物死后核酸的持续性.     

连续流光催化消毒器灭活E.coli及病毒的性能

紫外消毒是污水处理常用技术.紫外线仅能破坏微生物的遗传物质,阻断其繁殖,并不能彻底杀死微生物,一旦停止紫外光照射,微生物可在修复酶的作用下恢复活性.光催化过程能产生强氧化性·OH,破坏细胞壁和细胞膜,彻底杀死微生物.为考察光催化技术消毒效率、抑制复活性能及应用潜力,在市售紫外消毒器中安装了光催化组件,搭建了连续流动式光催化消毒器.以大肠杆菌(E.coli)和噬菌体为目标物评价其消毒能力.紫外剂量50 m J·cm-2条件下,初始浓度3.40×106CFU·m L-1的E.coli原水流经紫外消毒器后被去除4.12 log10的E.coli,而流经光催化消毒器后去除4.79 log10.同时光催化处理后E.coli的光复活率仅为紫外消毒后的17%.连续运行40 h的灭菌能力稳定.光催化设备对噬菌体F2和噬菌体MS2的去除率分别为6.37 log10和6.00 log10,表明该设备也具有病毒去除能力.     

UV和H2 O2联合消毒灭活饮用水中大肠杆菌研究

以大肠杆菌为研究对象,对单独紫外线(UV)、H2O2及两者不同组合方式的灭活效果进行了分析.结果表明,单独H2O2对大肠杆菌基本无灭活效果,加入浓度为20 mg·L-1的H2O2接触时间为30 min时,灭活率仅为0.02个对数级;单独UV工艺可在一定程度上灭活大肠杆菌,紫外线剂量为10 mJ·cm-2时,灭活率可达到4.51个对数级.紫外线和H2O2联合消毒在一定程度上提高了消毒效果,且不同的组合方式对灭活效果有很大的影响.先UV后H2O2消毒效果优于先H2O2后UV,当紫外线剂量为5 mJ·cm-2时,加入H2O2分别反应2.5、5、10、20 min后,两者的灭活率分别较单独UV消毒增加0.09、0.35、0.38、0.68和0.01、0.07、0.14、0.53个对数级.而UV与H2O2同时消毒效果优于UV与H2O2顺序消毒,当紫外线剂量为5 mJ·cm-2时,加入H2O2反应20 min后,灭活率较UV-H2O2和H2O2-UV工艺分别增加了0.43和0.58个对数级.随着紫外线强度的增加,大肠杆菌的灭活效果不断提高.     

能耗和水质因素对紫外LED灭活深海油田注水常见细菌的影响

为了探究紫外LED应用于深海油田注水消毒的可行性,通过静态实验考察了255、280、350 nm紫外线对腐生菌、铁细菌和硫酸盐还原菌的消毒能力,并结合光电转换效率考察各紫外LED的能耗差异;此外,考察了水质因素对紫外线透射率及紫外LED灭活异养菌效果的影响.结果表明,紫外LED的单位灭活率能耗受紫外线灭活速率常数和该波长紫外LED的光电转换效率共同影响,尽管255 nm紫外线对腐生菌、铁细菌和硫酸盐还原菌灭活速率常数最大,但280 nm紫外LED针对受试菌种的单位灭活率能耗最低;颗粒物和铁离子等水质因素主要通过影响紫外线透射率对消毒效果产生影响,当紫外线透射率较高时对消毒效果的影响不大;驱动电流相同时,280 nm紫外LED对高细菌负荷水样的消毒更有优势.     

UV light tolerance and reactivation potential of tetracycline-resistant bacteria from secondary effluents of a wastewater treatment plant

Tetracycline-resistant bacteria (TRB) are of concern as emerging microbial contaminants in reclaimed water. To understand the effects of UV disinfection on TRB, both inactivation and reactivation profiles of TRB, as well as 16 tetracycline-resistant isolates from secondary effluent, were characterized in this study. The inactivation ratio of TRB was significantly lower (3.0-log) than that of heterotrophic bacteria (> 4.0-log) in the secondary effluent. Additionally, the proportion of TRB significantly increased from 1.65% to 15.51% under 20 mJ/cm² ultraviolet (UV) exposure. The inactivation rates of tetracycline-resistant isolates ranged from 0.57/s to 1.04/s, of which tetracycline-resistant Enterobacter-1 was the most tolerant to UV light. The reactivation of TRB, tetracycline-resistant isolated strains, as well as heterotrophic bacteria commonly occurred in the secondary effluent even after 20 mJ/cm² UV exposure. The colony forming ability of TRB and heterotrophic bacteria reached 3.2-log and 3.0-log under 20 mJ/cm² UV exposure after 22 hr incubation. The final inactivation ratio of tetracycline-resistant Enterobacter-1 was 1.18-log under 20 mJ/cm² UV exposure after 22 hr incubation, which is similar to those of TRB (1.18-log) and heterotrophic bacteria (1.19-log). The increased proportion of TRB and the reactivation of tetracycline-resistant enterobacteria in reclaimed water could induce a microbial health risk during wastewater reuse.     

UV、O3及UV/O3削减耐药菌和抗性基因性能

从某污水处理厂二级出水分离出粪肠球菌、短芽孢杆菌、假单胞杆菌和大肠杆菌4种耐药菌,通过菌落计数法、qPCR评价UV、O₃及UV/O₃对耐药菌和抗性基因的削减效果.研究表明,3种方式对耐药菌均有较好的削减效果,其中革兰氏阳性菌灭活效果比阴性菌差;对抗性基因的削减受消毒方式和抗性基因的种类影响较大,结果表明短芽孢杆菌在耐药菌和抗性基因削减过程中表现出较强的抗逆性.结合复活实验和扫描电镜发现,UV消毒72h后耐药菌的光复活率为6.93%~11.58%;O₃因破坏了细胞结构未出现光复活现象,这一过程中胞内抗性基因可能释放到环境中;UV/O₃对耐药菌造成的损伤同样具有不可逆性.     

紫外线消毒后微生物的光复活特性及其评价方法

随着紫外线消毒技术应用的日益广泛,污水紫外线消毒后微生物的光复活特性值得关注。文章综述了光复活的机理、具有光复活能力的微生物种类、影响光复活的因素以及光复活的评价方式等,以期为系统研究光复活提供参考。具有复活能力的微生物种类较多,主要和体内所含光复活酶相关。影响光复活的因素涉及微生物、污水特性、紫外线系统及光复活条件四方面。评价光复活的方式至今没有统一标准。光复活及其对污水消毒的影响有待进一步深入研究。     

Inactivation and subsequent reactivation of Aspergillus species by the combination of UV and monochloramine: Comparisons with UV/chlorine

Ultraviolet (UV)/monochloramine (NH₂Cl) as an advanced oxidation process was firstly applied for Aspergillus spores inactivation. This study aims to: i) clarify the inactivation and photoreactivation characteristics of UV/NH₂Cl process, ii) compared with UV/Cl₂ in inactivation efficiency, photoreactivation and energy consumption. The results illustrated that UV/NH₂Cl showed better inactivation efficiency than that of UV alone and UV/Cl₂, and could effectively control the photoreactivation. For instance, the inactivation rates for Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus in the processes of UV/NH₂Cl (2.0 mg/L) was 0.034, 0.030 and 0.061 cm²/mJ, respectively, which were higher than that of UV alone (0.027, 0.026 and 0.024 cm²/mJ) and UV/Cl₂ (0.023, 0.026 and 0.031 cm²/mJ). However, there was no synergistic effect for Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus. As for Aspergillus niger, the best synergistic effect can reach 1.86-log₁₀. This may be due to their different resistance to disinfectants, which were related to the size, an outer layer of rodlets (hydrophobins) and pigments. After UV/NH₂Cl inactivation, the degree of cell membrane damage and intracellular reactive oxygen species were higher than that of UV alone. UV/NH₂Cl had the advantages of high inactivation efficiency and inhibition of photoreactivation, which provides a new entry point for the disinfection of waterborne fungi.     

紫外线-茶多酚联用对供水管网的消毒效果

针对传统消毒技术的安全风险问题,以维护供水管网水质安全为目标,引入茶多酚作为辅助消毒剂和紫外线消毒联用,模拟供水管网系统探究不同管材和水力停留时间下紫外线-茶多酚联合消毒的消毒效果,分析管壁生物膜形貌和菌落分布的变化.结果表明,75mg/L是紫外线-茶多酚联合消毒时茶多酚的较优投加量,可保持48h消毒效果.模拟管网运行过程中整体水质较好,但管材对管网消毒效果的影响较大,30d内球墨铸铁和UPVC管网中细菌量超过100CFU/mL的频率分别为80%和0%,紫外线-茶多酚联合消毒在UPVC管网中消毒持续性较强.与紫外线消毒相比,紫外线-茶多酚联合消毒对管壁生物膜的破坏效果更明显,且对生物膜中的蓝藻菌和肠道致病菌杀灭效果更强,有利于保障管网水质的安全性.