污水处理中紫外消毒效果的研究

紫外消毒技术相对于氯化法消毒,能够快速、有效地去除污水中粪大肠杆菌,操作简单方面,无副产物生成,对周围环境和人员安全可靠,在中国许多污水处理厂都已取代氯化法消毒并广泛应用。阐述了紫外消毒和微生物光复活现象的原理,并通过大量试验来研究紫外消毒技术去除粪大肠杆菌的效果,及经紫外消毒后出水中粪大肠杆菌光复活现象对紫外消毒效果的影响,提出可采用出水避光排放、增加紫外照射剂量、延长照射时间等方法来控制微生物光复活现象。     

Modeling of secondary treated wastewater disinfection by UV irradiation: Effects of suspended solids content

This work aimed to study UV-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, to propose a formulation of the kinetics of secondary treated wastewater disinfection and to underline the influence of suspended solids on the inactivation kinetics of these strains. Some investigations were carried out for the validation of some simulation models, from the simplest, the kinetics model of Chick-Watson reduced to first order, to rather complex models such as multi-kinetic and Collins-Selleck models. Results revealed that the involved processes of UV irradiation were too complex to be approached by a simplified formulation, even in the case of specific strains of microorganisms and the use of nearly constant UV radiation intensity. In fact, the application of Chick-Watson model in its original form is not representative of the kinetics of UV disinfection. Modification, taking into account the speed change during the disinfection process, has not significantly improved results. On the other hand, the application of Collins-Selleck model demonstrates that it was necessary to exceed a least dose of critical radiation to start the process of inactivation. To better explain the process of inactivation, we have assumed that the action of disinfectant on the survival of lonely microorganisms is faster than its action on suspended solids protected or agglomerated to each others. We can assume in this case the existence of two inactivation kinetics during the processes (parallel and independent) of the first-order. For this reason, the application of a new kinetic model by introducing a third factor reflecting the influence of suspended solids in water on disinfection kinetics appeared to be determinant for modeling UV inactivation of P. aeruginosa in secondary treated wastewater.     

Effects of UV intensity and water turbidity on microbial indicator inactivation

The effects of UV intensity and turbidity on selected microbial indicator inactivation were investigated. Results showed that UV disinfection was effective in killing all the selected microbial indicators, the resistance order of the microorganisms was as follows： MS-2 coliphage 〉 Bacillus subtilis 〉 E. coil 〉 Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. UV intensity had influence on the inactivation of all the microorganisms, high UV disinfection efficency was obtained with higher UV intensity. Turbidity had impact on the bacteria inactivation rate, but there was no evidence that turbidity had any negative contribution to MS-2 coliphage. Under the same UV dosage, higher UV intensity could overcome the negative influence of turbidity on UV performance, enhanced microorganism inactivation effect in turbidity water.     

再生水中5种抗生素抗性菌的紫外线灭活及复活特性研究

抗生素抗性菌作为再生水中的新兴污染物而受到广泛关注.为探明紫外线对抗生素抗性菌的灭活和消毒后抗性菌的复活潜能,研究了以城市污水为水源的再生水(简称"再生水")中青霉素抗性菌、氨苄青霉素抗性菌、头孢氨苄抗性菌、氯霉素抗性菌和利福平抗性菌的紫外线灭活特性,并考察了再生水中的抗生素抗性菌在黑暗条件下的复活潜能.结果表明,20mJ·cm-2紫外线消毒剂量下,实际再生水中青霉素抗性菌、氨苄青霉素抗性菌、头孢氨苄抗性菌和氯霉素抗性菌的灭活率均高于4-log,与总异养菌群灭活率相当,而利福平抗性菌的灭活率(3.7-log)略低于总异养菌群.紫外线消毒后,再生水静置22 h后,抗生素抗性菌普遍出现复活现象,当紫外线消毒剂量为常规剂量20 mJ·cm-2时,消毒后再生水中的抗生素抗性菌菌落形成能力高达3-log.因此,常规的紫外线消毒剂量不能有效控制再生水储存或运输过程中抗生素抗性菌的复活.     

微波无极紫外方法对二沉池出水的消毒研究

采用自制微波无极紫外连续式消毒反应器,对二沉池出水进行消毒.紫外光源为自制圆柱形无极灯,灯内充汞10mg、氩气压强666.61Pa紫外光强5.07mW/cm²,进水流量0.072L/s,出水细菌总数2CFU/mL,大肠菌群数0.微波无极紫外作用过程中,微波破坏细胞壁细胞膜结构使蛋白质、K⁺等胞内物质产生渗漏,这种不可逆的破坏过程有效抑制紫外光复活现象.     

能耗和水质因素对紫外LED灭活深海油田注水常见细菌的影响

为了探究紫外LED应用于深海油田注水消毒的可行性,通过静态实验考察了255、280、350 nm紫外线对腐生菌、铁细菌和硫酸盐还原菌的消毒能力,并结合光电转换效率考察各紫外LED的能耗差异;此外,考察了水质因素对紫外线透射率及紫外LED灭活异养菌效果的影响.结果表明,紫外LED的单位灭活率能耗受紫外线灭活速率常数和该波长紫外LED的光电转换效率共同影响,尽管255 nm紫外线对腐生菌、铁细菌和硫酸盐还原菌灭活速率常数最大,但280 nm紫外LED针对受试菌种的单位灭活率能耗最低;颗粒物和铁离子等水质因素主要通过影响紫外线透射率对消毒效果产生影响,当紫外线透射率较高时对消毒效果的影响不大;驱动电流相同时,280 nm紫外LED对高细菌负荷水样的消毒更有优势.     

Drinking water biotic safety of particles and bacteria attached to fines in activated carbon process

In this paper, the drinking water biotic safety of particles and bacteria attached to fines in activated carbon process was investigated by actual treatment process and advanced treatment pilot trial with granular activated carbon. In the experiment, the particles were detected by IBR particle calculating instrument, the activated carbon fines were counted on the basis of the most probable number (MPN) with a microscope, the total number of bacteria was analyzed between the conventional agar culture medium and the one with R2A, and the bacteria attached to activated carbon fines was resolved by the homogenization technique. The experimental results showed that the average total number of particles was 205 CNT/mL in the activated carbon effluent during a filter cycle, of which the number of particles with sizes > 2 μm was 77 CNT/mL more than the present particle control criterion of the American drinking water product standard (50 CNT/mL). The backwash of low density and long duration lowered particle number in the effluent. The MPN of activated carbon fines in the effluent was between 400 and 600 CNT/L, which accounted for less than 5‰ of the total particles from activated carbon filtration for a poor relative level (R ² = 0.34). The microorganisms in activated carbon effluent consisted mostly of heterotrophic bacillus and the total bacteria number was five times as high as that of the inflow, i.e. the effluent from sand filter. The actual bacteria number may be truly indicated by the detection technique with R2A culture medium compared with the traditional agar cultivation. The inactivation efficiency of bacteria attached to activated carbon fines was less than 40% under 1.1 mg/L of chlorine contacting for 40 min. Results showed that the particles and bacteria attached to activated carbon fines may influence drinking water biotic safety, and that the effective control measures need to be further investigated.     

UV light tolerance and reactivation potential of tetracycline-resistant bacteria from secondary effluents of a wastewater treatment plant

Tetracycline-resistant bacteria (TRB) are of concern as emerging microbial contaminants in reclaimed water. To understand the effects of UV disinfection on TRB, both inactivation and reactivation profiles of TRB, as well as 16 tetracycline-resistant isolates from secondary effluent, were characterized in this study. The inactivation ratio of TRB was significantly lower (3.0-log) than that of heterotrophic bacteria (> 4.0-log) in the secondary effluent. Additionally, the proportion of TRB significantly increased from 1.65% to 15.51% under 20 mJ/cm² ultraviolet (UV) exposure. The inactivation rates of tetracycline-resistant isolates ranged from 0.57/s to 1.04/s, of which tetracycline-resistant Enterobacter-1 was the most tolerant to UV light. The reactivation of TRB, tetracycline-resistant isolated strains, as well as heterotrophic bacteria commonly occurred in the secondary effluent even after 20 mJ/cm² UV exposure. The colony forming ability of TRB and heterotrophic bacteria reached 3.2-log and 3.0-log under 20 mJ/cm² UV exposure after 22 hr incubation. The final inactivation ratio of tetracycline-resistant Enterobacter-1 was 1.18-log under 20 mJ/cm² UV exposure after 22 hr incubation, which is similar to those of TRB (1.18-log) and heterotrophic bacteria (1.19-log). The increased proportion of TRB and the reactivation of tetracycline-resistant enterobacteria in reclaimed water could induce a microbial health risk during wastewater reuse.     

污水的光化学灭菌处理研究

以日光和中压汞灯为光源,以亚甲基兰为光敏剂,研究了南京市某污水样的灭菌处理和从灭菌水样中除去ＭＢ的方法,结果表明,光源,光强,光照时间,ＭＢ用量和溶解氧等因素对灭菌有显著影响,不加ＭＢ的水样经紫外光灭菌后,在日光下细菌呈现复活,当１Ｌ细菌总数为３．１×１０＾６个／ｍｌ的污水加入２ｍｇ ＭＢ,并在充气状态下以３００Ｗ中压汞灯光照４ｍｉｎ,其灭菌率达１００％,且无光复活,同样条件下日光的灭菌率则低很多     

中试清水池水力条件对氯消毒效率的影响

以枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢为目标微生物,以紫外线消毒后的炭滤池出水为进水,在中试清水池模型中模拟氯消毒过程,通过改变清水池导流板数目获得不同的水力条件,研究清水池水力条件对氯消毒效率的影响.结果表明,在本试验中,不同水力条件下以Ct10值计算的NaClO对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢的灭活系数之间相互一致,而不同水力条件下以CT值计算的NaClO对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢的灭活系数之间相差很大,表明Ct10是评价清水池消毒效率的合理指标;在Ct10=(100~300)mg.min/L的范围内,NaClO对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢的灭活系数为0.0016 L/(mg.min),与其他研究者的结果具有很好的一致性;清水池水力条件的改善可以提高消毒效率,在CT=(100~700)mg.min/L的范围内,当CT值固定时,随着清水池内导流板数增多,水力条件得到改善,t10增加,目标菌种的灭活率显著提高.     

传染病医院污水处理技术

针对传染病医院污水所含病菌的特点,采用“消毒+好氧生物接触氧化法+消毒”二级处理工艺对阳泉市“SARS”病医院污水进行了处理。系统运行结果表明:其出水各项指标均达到国标《污水综合排放标准》一级排放标准,取得了良好的环境和经济效益。     

UV、O3及UV/O3削减耐药菌和抗性基因性能

从某污水处理厂二级出水分离出粪肠球菌、短芽孢杆菌、假单胞杆菌和大肠杆菌4种耐药菌,通过菌落计数法、qPCR评价UV、O₃及UV/O₃对耐药菌和抗性基因的削减效果.研究表明,3种方式对耐药菌均有较好的削减效果,其中革兰氏阳性菌灭活效果比阴性菌差;对抗性基因的削减受消毒方式和抗性基因的种类影响较大,结果表明短芽孢杆菌在耐药菌和抗性基因削减过程中表现出较强的抗逆性.结合复活实验和扫描电镜发现,UV消毒72h后耐药菌的光复活率为6.93%~11.58%;O₃因破坏了细胞结构未出现光复活现象,这一过程中胞内抗性基因可能释放到环境中;UV/O₃对耐药菌造成的损伤同样具有不可逆性.     

紫外线消毒中的光复活作用

近年来,紫外线消毒技术在水处理中得到了越来越广泛的应用,它主要是利用短波紫外对微生物的伤害作用,通过在DNA中形成环丁烷嘧啶二聚体,阻碍基因的正常复制,从而导致细菌失活.但是细菌体内的光裂解酶在远紫外光和可见光作用下能够使失活的细菌重新获得活性,这就是光复活作用.低压消毒设备处理后大肠杆菌表现出了一定的光复活能力,但中压消毒设备能够有效的抑制其光复活作用;而噬肺军团菌在低压和中压设备处理后都表现出了很强的光复活能力.在应用紫外线消毒技术时光复活作用的影响不容忽视.     

紫外氯胺组合消毒供水系统中病毒微生物的分布特征

为研究紫外氯胺组合消毒对供水系统中病毒微生物的影响特性,以生产规模紫外氯胺组合消毒供水系统为研究对象,应用宏基因组技术对供水系统中病毒微生物的迁移变化、群落结构和病毒宿主进行了分析.结果表明,紫外氯胺组合消毒工艺能降低病毒物种数（6.13%）和基因丰度（51.97%）,但不能完全去除水中病毒微生物.对比美国环保署（USEPA）以培养法检测的水处理病毒去除率可达99%~99.99%,本研究利用宏基因组技术测得的总病毒去除率只有93.46%,以培养法检测水中病毒存在局限性.Caudovirales（有尾噬菌体目）是整个供水系统中最丰富病毒,对氯胺消毒都具有一定敏感性.Lentivirus（慢病毒属）作为能够感染人和脊椎动物的病毒,对紫外照射和氯胺消毒都具有强抵抗力.该供水系统中最大的病毒宿主是细菌（61.50%）.原水中病毒主要寄生在Synechococcus（聚球藻属）中;出厂水以及管网水中,优势病毒宿主均为Pseudomonas（假单胞菌属）;进入管网后,Pseudomonas aeruginosa（铜绿假单胞菌）宿主病毒基因丰度升高342.62%,应加强关注管网系统病毒微生物风险.紫外氯胺组合消毒工艺比单紫外消毒更有利于病毒宿主的去除（51.97%与0.79%）.     

应用紫外/氯组合工艺去除微污染原水中氨氮的特性研究

针对饮用水中氨氮超标对环境造成的污染问题,采用紫外/氯组合工艺对饮用水中氨氮进行降解研究.结果表明,紫外/氯高级氧化工艺可以有效去除水中氨氮.一方面,自由氯和氨氮之间发生取代反应将氨氮转化为氯胺,254 nm紫外光可有效裂解N—Cl键,一氯胺在254 nm处的摩尔吸光系数为354 L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1),量子产率为0.68 mol·E~(-1);另一方面,自由氯光解产生的自由基可直接氧化氨氮.随着紫外辐照剂量的增加,氨氮和总溶解性氮(TN)的浓度逐渐减少,当紫外辐照剂量达到1000 mJ·cm~(-2)时,氨氮(起始浓度2 mg·L~(-1))和TN的去除率分别为53%和35%,相比单独氯化条件下分别提高了20%和15%.随着Cl_2/N的增加,氨氮和TN的浓度逐渐减小,当Cl_2/N≥1.6时,紫外/氯组合工艺对氨氮的去除率接近100%,当Cl_2/N1.6时,紫外/氯工艺对TN的去除率相比单独氯化工艺提高了30%左右.此外,氨氮去除率随pH升高而增加,而TN去除率随pH升高而降低.本研究结果可为紫外/氯组合工艺在水厂中的实际应用提供有效的理论和技术支持.     

市政污水二级出水中溶解性有机质在紫外/氯处理过程中的转化特性

紫外/氯高级氧化技术是一种新型的水处理技术,可有效氧化去除多类有机污染物,但目前较为缺乏紫外/氯处理真实污水过程中溶解性出水有机质（dEfOM）转化特性的研究.采用紫外光谱、荧光光谱和傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱（FT-ICR-MS）探究了两个市政污水二级出水中dEfOM在紫外/氯处理过程中的转化特性,同时对该过程中形成的氯代副产物（Cl-BPs）进行了分析.结果表明,紫外/氯可以有效去除dEfOM中的芳香族化合物和荧光物质,且大部分物质只是发生了化学转化而非矿化,其中主要荧光组分蛋白质最先发生反应;部分CHOS类物质发生降解并生成CHO类物质,该过程优先去除大分子不饱和及还原性物质,并生成小分子饱和及氧化性物质.此外,紫外/氯处理使得三卤甲烷和卤乙酸的产生量明显增加,处理后的两个二级出水中分别检测出255种和133种Cl-BPs.利用分子质量差异分析共鉴别出了12对基于亲电取代和43对基于加成反应的前体物-反应产物对.本研究可为紫外/氯技术的实际水处理应用提供基础信息参考.     

紫外线与消毒剂联合作用于黄浦江源水的研究

针对黄浦江源水砂滤出水,进行了紫外线单独作用的研究,同时对于紫外线与消毒剂联合消毒时消毒剂的投加方式对灭菌作用和消毒副产物的影响进行了研究。实验结果表明:当紫外线剂量达到42 mJ/cm2时出水水质已达到了生活饮用水卫生标准中对细菌总数和大肠杆菌数的要求,且在相同紫外剂量下,高强度时对细菌的灭活效果要好于低强度时的效果;先紫外消毒后消毒剂消毒对于微生物具有很好的杀灭作用,但是不能减少消毒副产物的产生;紫外线和消毒剂同时作用对于微生物的杀灭作用不佳,但是出水的消毒剂余量高,消毒副产物量少,这样有利于出水的安全稳定性;先消毒剂消毒再紫外消毒,发现对于消毒副产物没有多大的降解作用,更浪费了高的紫外剂量。     

UV工艺降解阿特拉津机理及对DBPFP的影响规律

对不同UV光氧化工艺降解水溶液中阿特拉津（ATZ）的动力学和机理,以及对后续氯化处理过程中溶液需氯量和消毒副产物生成势（DBPFP）的影响规律与机理进行了系统研究.结果表明,ATZ在不同UV光氧化工艺中的降解均符合准一级反应动力学.ATZ在单独UV辐照工艺中的去除效率相对较低;UV/H₂O₂工艺对ATZ具有相对较高的去除效率,且其去除率随H₂O₂浓度的增大呈现出先增加后降低的变化趋势;UV/TiO₂工艺降解去除ATZ的效率较单独UV辐照和UV/H₂O₂工艺低,ATZ在UV/TiO₂工艺中的降解与溶液透光率和氧化活性物种（ROS）生成量存在直接关系;UV/H₂O₂/TiO₂工艺中,ATZ的降解速率较UV/TiO₂工艺有所提高.ATZ水溶液经不同UV光氧化工艺预处理和氯化处理后,均检出了5种消毒副产物（DBPs）,其中三氯甲烷（TCM）和三氯丙酮（TCP）为主要氯化DBPs.本研究表明,在不同UV光氧化预处理过程中,ATZ具有不同的降解路径,进而对ATZ水溶液在后续氯化过程中的DBPPF产生显著影响.     

紫外线消毒后微生物的光复活特性及其评价方法

随着紫外线消毒技术应用的日益广泛,污水紫外线消毒后微生物的光复活特性值得关注。文章综述了光复活的机理、具有光复活能力的微生物种类、影响光复活的因素以及光复活的评价方式等,以期为系统研究光复活提供参考。具有复活能力的微生物种类较多,主要和体内所含光复活酶相关。影响光复活的因素涉及微生物、污水特性、紫外线系统及光复活条件四方面。评价光复活的方式至今没有统一标准。光复活及其对污水消毒的影响有待进一步深入研究。     

氯/氯胺和紫外顺序消毒对管网抗性基因的去除

为探究供水系统中氯/氯胺与低压紫外顺序消毒对抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)分布特征的影响,采用生物膜反应器模拟供水管网,对管网出水和生物膜进行60mJ/cm²低压紫外线(254nm)消毒,并利用高通量定量PCR技术检测模拟管网进、出水及生物膜内的典型ARGs和遗传原件(MGEs).结果表明,管网反应器运行150d,氯和氯胺管网出水ARGs总相对丰度分别为0.13和0.137,生物膜ARGs分别为2.45和0.277,表明供水管网中低剂量的氯或氯胺可有效降低水相和生物膜相中ARGs的相对丰度达90%,且氯胺消毒对生物膜中的ARGs控制作用更显著.氯和氯胺消毒后管网出水再经低压紫外线照射后,ARGs相对丰度分别为0.0682和0.0537,管网生物膜中ARGs的相对丰度分别为2.01和0.194.ARGs与MGEs间的相关性发生显著变化,转座子与strB和mepA的相关性增强,与ermX和tetM相关性减弱,而整合子与acrF、cmlA1-01、oprJ及tolC-01的相关性增强.研究表明,将紫外线消毒工艺设置在用水终端可以显著降低氯和氯胺管网水中ARGs丰度,但对管网生物膜中的ARGs影响较小.