共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 109 毫秒
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本文通过对四川省放射性的使用情况及23年里发生的放射性污染事故分析,论述了加强四川省放射性污染源管理的必要性。 相似文献
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人类的生产和生活活动使放射性物质进入了环境,造成了环境中的放射性污染。随着人类对放射性物质的发现,进而到原子能事业的发展(铀、钍矿的开采冶炼、核燃料的加工、核能的利用、放射性同位素在工业、农业、医疗、科研等方面的应用)和核试验的进行,从而增加了环境中的放射性成分(~(131)碘、~(89)锶、~(90)锶、~(137)铯等人工放射性核素等进入环境),产生了环境中的放射性污染问题。概括起来,环境中放射性污染问题有以下四个方面。 相似文献
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针对重离子加速器运行过程中产生的各类放射性污染物,从辐射防护措施、放射性废物治理措施、辐射安全措施和辐射防护监测4个方面分别进行了放射性污染防治措施的讨论。得出只要严格实施了各项放射性污染防治措施的要求后,放射性工作人员及公众的人身安全是可以保证的,辐射区域周围的环境是安全的。同时,也为辐射环境管理提供了科学依据。 相似文献
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塔里木盆地石油勘探开发区域放射性调查结果表明,大气、水体、土壤中的天然环境放射性在正常本底水平,没有放射性污染。 相似文献
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为了更好地发挥微生物在放射性污染环境中的环境净化作用,选择川西北某铀矿区为研究对象,利用生物学方法研究其中两个代表性放射性遗留废石堆中的微生物多样性及其在放射性污染环境中的分布规律.结果表明,在该研究区遗留废石堆中主要赋存着细菌、放线菌和霉菌3种菌,其中以细菌占绝对优势;对优势微生物——细菌分离鉴定获得3种优势菌株,鉴定结果为玫瑰色库克菌(Kocuria rosea strain)、短杆菌(Brevibacterium sanguinis,和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subilis/atropheaus).研究认为,玫瑰色库克菌(Kocuria rosea strain)在当地的放射性核素耐受性最好. 相似文献
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本文介绍了对某放射性固体废弃物浅地表处置场周围环境的终态和连续四年的放射性水平监测。发现该处置场在填埋放射性固体废弃物过程中未对周围环境造成放射性污染,并在四年时间内,该处置场还未出现放射性物质泄漏的情况 相似文献
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关注室内放射性环境污染 保护公众健康 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
室内的各种放射性环境污染影响人类健康,本文通过对各种室内放射性环境污染的简要评述,让人们对室内放射性环境污染有科学认识,并提出一些对策。 相似文献
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Michael Zuykov Dmitry Gudkov Maxim Vinarski Emilien Pelletier David A. T. Harper Serge Demers 《The Environmentalist》2011,31(4):369-375
A distinct external shell abnormality, coarse seam, was found in a high percentage of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) collected near Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (NPP), Ukraine. The negative cytogenetical and hematological effects of
long-term irradiation on pond snails in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone have been repeatedly reported; consequently, it has been
assumed that radioactivity may also affect shell morphology. However, due to the absence of this shell abnormality in pond
snails collected from two radioactive sites in Russia, it can be concluded that the appearance of abnormal shells in snail
population near Chernobyl NPP cannot directly be explained by the radioactive contamination. 相似文献
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Andraski BJ Sandstrom MW Michel RL Radyk JC Stonestrom DA Johnson MJ Mayers CJ 《Journal of environmental quality》2003,32(3):988-995
Cost-effective methods are needed to identify the presence and distribution of tritium near radioactive waste disposal and other contaminated sites. The objectives of this study were to (i) develop a simplified sample preparation method for determining tritium contamination in plants and (ii) determine if plant data could be used as an indicator of soil contamination. The method entailed collection and solar distillation of plant water from foliage, followed by filtration and adsorption of scintillation-interfering constituents on a graphite-based solid phase extraction (SPE) column. The method was evaluated using samples of creosote bush [Larrea tridentata (Sessé & Moc. ex DC.) Coville], an evergreen shrub, near a radioactive disposal area in the Mojave Desert. Laboratory tests showed that a 2-g SPE column was necessary and sufficient for accurate determination of known tritium concentrations in plant water. Comparisons of tritium concentrations in plant water determined with the solar distillation-SPE method and the standard (and more laborious) toluene-extraction method showed no significant difference between methods. Tritium concentrations in plant water and in water vapor of root-zone soil also showed no significant difference between methods. Thus, the solar distillation-SPE method provides a simple and cost-effective way to identify plant and soil contamination. The method is of sufficient accuracy to facilitate collection of plume-scale data and optimize placement of more sophisticated (and costly) monitoring equipment at contaminated sites. Although work to date has focused on one desert plant, the approach may be transferable to other species and environments after site-specific experiments. 相似文献
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L. W. Canter A. K. M. M. Chowdhury B. E. Vieux 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》1994,37(3):251-266
Geographically‐related information is needed for several elements of an integrated ground water quality management programme, including ground water monitoring planning, prioritization of pollution sources, usage of permits and inspections for source control, and planning and completion of remedial actions. Geographic Information Systems (GISs) can be used to support these elements along with delineating wellhead protection areas (WHPAs), prioritizing existing contaminant sources and evaluating proposed changes in land usage in such areas. Eight case studies of the use of GISs in wellhead protection programmes are summarized, including examples from Rhode Island, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Kansas, Massachusetts and Texas. Six additional examples are mentioned relative to the use of GISs for evaluating ground water pollution potential, facilitating data analysis for environmental restoration of a large area with numerous waste sites, evaluating trends in ground water nitrate contamination, establishing a national database for ground water vulnerability to agricultural chemicals, simulating water table altitudes from stream and drainage basin locations, and selecting radioactive waste dump sites. The applicability of GISs and their associated advantages in wellhead protection and other ground water management studies are demonstrated via the case studies. The GIS technology provides a unique opportunity for analysing and visualizing spatial data. Contaminant and source prioritization within WHPAs is needed for both extant conditions and in the evaluation of proposed land use changes. The coupling of a GIS with contaminant/source prioritization would provide a strategic tool which could be used to plan targeted ground water monitoring programmes, to identify appropriate management or mitigation measures, minimize introduction of contaminants from existing sources into the subsurface environment, and to evaluate the potential of proposed land use activities for causing ground water contamination. GISs can be useful in providing current information for policy makers, planners and managers engaged in ground water quality decision making. 相似文献
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Alan R. Collins Scott Steinback 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1993,29(2):199-209
ABSTRACT: About one-third of all West Virginians obtain domestic water from private water wells. In this research, mail and telephone surveys were used to investigate household responses to bacteria, mineral, and organic chemical contamination of domestic water supplies. Of households who were informed of contamination and acknowledged the problem, over 85 percent took action to avoid exposure to water contamination problems. The most common action was to clean and/or repair the water system (55.9 percent of valid surveys). Approximately 45 percent of households made investments of either a water treatment system, a new water source, or correction of contamination source. The average, annual economic cost of rural household actions was $320 for bacteria, $357 for minerals, and $1,090 for organic contamination. These economic costs represent a lower bound estimate for rural household willingness-to-pay (WTP) for a reduction in domestic water contamination from government action. On average, investment actions had lower annual economic costs than noninvestment actions of boiling and hauling water so that households who undertook investment actions in response to water contamination would have a lower WTP for government action to reduce water contamination. When effectiveness of water treatment systems was evaluated, treatment systems which require minimal household maintenance were found to reduce exposure to water contamination to safe levels as households intended when they installed the system. Treatment systems which were commonly ineffective included those which required continual maintenance (e.g., chiorinators) or were not designed to solve the contaminant problem for which they were purchased (e.g., filter systems for bacteria). 相似文献
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Optimal Environmental Management Strategy and Implementation for Groundwater Contamination Prevention and Restoration 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Wang M 《Environmental management》2006,37(4):553-566
An innovative management strategy is proposed for optimized and integrated environmental management for regional or national
groundwater contamination prevention and restoration allied with consideration of sustainable development. This management
strategy accounts for availability of limited resources, human health and ecological risks from groundwater contamination,
costs for groundwater protection measures, beneficial uses and values from groundwater protection, and sustainable development.
Six different categories of costs are identified with regard to groundwater prevention and restoration. In addition, different
environmental impacts from groundwater contamination including human health and ecological risks are individually taken into
account. System optimization principles are implemented to accomplish decision-makings on the optimal resources allocations
of the available resources or budgets to different existing contaminated sites and projected contamination sites for a maximal
risk reduction. Established management constraints such as budget limitations under different categories of costs are satisfied
at the optimal solution. A stepwise optimization process is proposed in which the first step is to select optimally a limited
number of sites where remediation or prevention measures will be taken, from all the existing contaminated and projected contamination
sites, based on a total regionally or nationally available budget in a certain time frame such as 10 years. Then, several
optimization steps determined year-by-year optimal distributions of the available yearly budgets for those selected sites.
A hypothetical case study is presented to demonstrate a practical implementation of the management strategy. Several issues
pertaining to groundwater contamination exposure and risk assessments and remediation cost evaluations are briefly discussed
for adequately understanding implementations of the management strategy. 相似文献
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Bastian RK Bachmaier JT Schmidt DW Salomon SN Jones A Chiu WA Setlow LW Wolbarst AB Yu C Goodman J Lenhart T 《Journal of environmental quality》2005,34(1):64-74
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) announced the availability of three new documents concerning radioactive materials in sewage sludge and ash from publicly owned treatment works (POTW). One of the documents is a report presenting the results of a volunteer survey of sewage sludge and ash samples provided by 313 POTWs. The second document is a dose modeling document, using multiple exposure pathway modeling focused on a series of generic scenarios, to track possible exposure of POTW workers and members of the general public to radioactivity from the sewage sludge or ash. The third document is a guidance report providing recommendations on the management of radioactivity in sewage sludge and ash for POTW owners and operators. This paper explains how radioactive materials enter POTWs, provides criteria for evaluating levels of radioactive material in sludge and ash, and gives a summary of the results of the survey and dose modeling efforts. 相似文献
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为了对经多年暂存且受“5.12”地震影响的放射性废物包装体运输到国家规定处置场进行处置,需对待运输的放射性废物包装体进行整备以达到运输和暂存的要求,待整备的放射性废物采用符合标准要求的放射性废物整备工艺流程处理后,尤其是对放射性泥土和已损坏或变形严重的包装体采用自主研发的工艺进行整备后,放射性废物包装体达到了相关标准要求,满足了放射性物质安全运输规定和放射性废物体和废物包的特性鉴定要求,放射性废物整备运输后减轻了项目实施单位的废物暂存压力。 相似文献
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Charles W. Abdalla 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1990,26(3):451-463
ABSTRACT: Economic losses from ground water contamination were estimated in a central Pennsylvania community. The averting expenditures method was applied via a mail survey of households in which water contained the unregulated volatile organic chemical, perchloroethylene (PCE). Expenditures were estimated at $148,900 (1987 dollars) over the six-month contamination period or approximately $252 per household annually. These costs underestimate the lower bound measure of welfare losses to households from ground water contamination. An upper bound measure of welfare losses was estimated at $383 per household annually. These estimates do not represent the full economic losses resulting from ground water contamination since the study did not address municipal-level and business avoidance costs and losses from actual health effects, increased fear and anxiety, ecological damages, and nonuser ground water benefits. The results expand the existing empirical base of information about municipal-level responses and economic losses from ground water contamination to include household-level impacts. The findings indicate that households undertake substantial averting actions in response to ground water contamination and that such actions can have significant economic consequences. The extent and magnitude of avoidance costs documented suggests that policy-makers should give greater attention to this category of economic losses. 相似文献