城市垃圾的几种处理方法

每天每个家庭总有一些垃圾清扫出来,倒在垃圾箱里。无论是中国,还是外国,这些家庭生活垃圾始终伴随着人们的活动而产生。生活垃圾从各家各户由清洁工把它集中起来,环境卫生的车辆把它从城里运往郊区,在每个城市的周围,都有一些高大如山的垃圾堆。城     

谈谈城市里的垃圾问题

据说,在斯里兰卡岛上的一些村庄里,人们把积累起来的垃圾运到一种大蚂蚁窝附近,这样,经过不长时间,蚂蚁就把这些垃圾消灭掉了。遗憾的是,并非所有的地方都可以采用这种办法。况且,现代化大城市里的垃圾堆积如山,恐怕再有力量的蚂蚁群也只能望“山”兴叹了。据统计,一个3—4人的家庭平均每天要扔掉一桶垃圾,平均一个市民一年要扔掉100桶,也就是说要扔掉1立方米(约180—200公斤)左右的垃圾。商店、旅馆、车站、市场和影剧院产生的垃圾占整个城市垃圾的30—50%。现在世界上许多大城市一年中所排出的生活垃圾就超过了1亿立方米。如果把这些垃圾装车皮的话,长度可达从莫斯科至列宁格勒的10倍。而且,城市排出垃圾的数量每年平均以5%的速度增长。     

利用太阳能压缩垃圾

在不少街道上,尤其是市中心商业区的街道上,垃圾桶很快就被塞满了。如果清洁工人没有及时来收走垃圾,多余的垃圾就从垃圾桶溢出来,非常影响市容的美观。为了解决这个问题,英国研究人员开发出了一种可以压缩垃圾的太阳能垃圾桶。而且,它还是一款智能垃圾桶,在     

危害最甚的垃圾

提起垃圾,人们习惯的认为是生活中的废弃物,扔掉填埋就行了。然而,随着现代化的进程,垃圾的“档次”在不断提高,垃圾类别也在不断增多,其危害则越来越大。 废旧电器 自改革开放以来,特别是20世纪80年代末和90年代初,第二次家用电器销售高峰期的电器,均已到了或接近设计寿命期。家电更新在今后两年中将进入     

学学国外的垃圾处理

正景区垃圾乱扔、小区垃圾乱放、农村垃圾乱排、环卫回收粗放……诸如此类不合理的垃圾处理方法随处可见,没少给我们心里"添堵"。垃圾处理不当会直接污染环境,造成资源浪费和空气污染。垃圾不分类是最主要的问题,垃圾混合后,尤其是食物垃圾和其他如纸、塑料金属等可回收物混合,会导致相互污染,最终全都无法继续回收利用,只能填埋或焚烧。垃圾不分类的直接后果就是大量填埋或焚烧,造成环境和健康风险增高。     

垃圾分类要卓有成效离不开全程精准监管

正被称为史上最严的《上海市生活垃圾管理条例》实施已有半年,成效如何?数据显示,上海湿垃圾的日均分出量9200吨、全市垃圾分类达标率提升至90%,16个区生活垃圾分类实效综合测评均达到"优秀"标准。有关专家指出,上海在全国范围内率先进行垃圾分类立法,整体、高起点推进生活垃圾全程分类,而且效果显著,可以说为其他城市提供了可推广的方法和途径。垃圾分类是一项系统性、链条化的工作,从市民投递到运输过程,再到最后处理,该分解的分解、该     

中国东南部地区城市垃圾填埋场的环境岩土工程问题及其对策(英文)

东南部是中国经济最发达和人口密度最高的地区之一,因此城市垃圾堆放和处理已成为日益迫切的社会问题。对于一个发展中的国家,卫生填埋是城市垃圾处置的主要途径。本文首先回顾了中国城市垃圾卫生填埋处理的4个阶段;对比了城市垃圾卫生填埋、焚烧、堆肥3种处理方法的费用;提供了中国东南部地区城市垃圾的组成、增长和处理的相关数据;根据垃圾填埋场的地貌特征、地质环境和地质结构,对我国东南部地区城市垃圾卫生填埋场进行了分类,即丘陵型、平原型、滨海或河滨型和矿山型4类,并对这4类垃圾卫生填埋场的主要环境岩土工程问题进行了分析和探讨,最后对这些问题提出了相应的对策和今后的工作内容。     

江都市垃圾卫生填埋场环境影响分析

从江都垃圾填埋场所处的地理环境及地质背景论述了其适宜性,分析了填埋场运行管理中存在的问题及其对环境的影响。阐述了垃圾的物质组成和化学成份及垃圾填埋场污染物的产生机理。详细论述了江都垃圾填埋场对地表水和地下水的污染现状,得出了近填埋场潜水中重金属元素A s、Hg、Cd、Pb、C r严重超标的结论。     

水污染:影响人类的隐形杀手

长期以来,自来水作为城市居民的饮用水,一直是人们最为信赖的重要水资源,符合标准的自来水是可以直接饮用的。然而,随着经济的发展,污染问题威胁到了自来水供水系统的源头——水源。农业污染、人畜排泄物、垃圾、化工厂排放的污水废物……水中开始出现了越来越多的、有害人类健康的有机物,甚至致命的细菌、病毒。     

农民环保意识亟待提高

提到环保,人们马上就会想到城市的垃圾,工厂的污水、废气等,总感到农村是山青水秀、空气清新、环境怡人的一片净土。然而,笔者在豫西南驻村工作时看到,农民在生产生活中不自觉地破坏着生态环境,造成环境恶化、资源枯竭、生态失衡,农民的环境保护意识低等现象。     

The significance of a small, level-3 'semi evacuation' hospital in a terrorist attack in a nearby town

Terrorist attacks can occur in remote areas causing mass-casualty incidents MCIs far away from level-1 trauma centres. This study draws lessons from an MCI pertaining to the management of primary and secondary evacuation and the operational mode practiced. Data was collected from formal debriefings during and after the event, and the medical response, interactions and main outcomes analysed using Disastrous Incidents Systematic Analysis through Components, Interactions and Results (DISAST-CIR) methodology. A total of 112 people were evacuated from the scene-66 to the nearby level 3 Laniado hospital, including the eight critically and severely injured patients. Laniado hospital was instructed to act as an evacuation hospital but the flow of patients ended rapidly and it was decided to admit moderately injured victims. We introduce a novel concept of a 'semi-evacuation hospital'. This mode of operation should be selected for small-scale events in which the evacuation hospital has hospitalization capacity and is not geographically isolated. We suggest that level-3 hospitals in remote areas should be prepared and drilled to work in semi-evacuation mode during MCIs.     

一起大型换流变压器潜伏性故障发现与处理

通过对一起利用油中溶解气体分析、调整运行方式、电气试验等手段综合诊断分析换流变压器(以下简称“换流变”)潜伏性过热故障过程分析,并经解体检查确认了故障原因,验证了本次通过油中溶解气体分析和调整运行方式诊断换流变压器潜伏性过热性故障的有效性和可行性,为后续换流变压器的类似潜伏性故障运维检修提供可借鉴的经验。     

Community cohesion after a natural disaster: insights from a Carlisle flood

This project analysed changes in community cohesion following a natural disaster. Data were collected from a flood‐affected community using a questionnaire survey. Analyses revealed that community cohesion was not predicted by the length of residence, or any other demographic characteristic of residents, but rather by a sense of community, community cognition and the degree of community participation. Cohesion alteration was not uniform, but varied along levels of hazard severity (degree of flood invasion). Cohesion increased in line with hazard severity at the initial flood stage, as residents recognised the importance of community unity and came together to cope with their losses. When the severity increased, residents transferred their focus to individual interests, which resulted in decreased cohesion. This project distinguishes itself in examining community cohesion in the wake of a natural disaster in the real world. Implications regarding community reconstruction and suggestions for hazard researchers are discussed accordingly.     

Work‐related stress in a humanitarian context: a qualitative investigation

There is a paucity of research on the subjective stress‐related experiences of humanitarian aid workers. Most evaluations of stress among these individuals focus on trauma and related conditions or adopt a quantitative approach. This interview‐based study explored how 58 humanitarian aid workers employed by a United Nations‐aligned organisation perceived the transactional stress process. The thematic analysis revealed eight main topics of interest: an emergency culture was found where most employees felt compelled to offer an immediate response to humanitarian needs; employees identified strongly with humanitarian goals and reported a high level of engagement; the rewards of humanitarian work were perceived as motivating and meaningful; constant change and urgent demands resulted in work overload; and managing work–life boundaries and receiving positive support from colleagues and managers helped to buffer perceived stress, work overload, and negative health outcomes. The practical implications of the results are discussed and suggestions made in the light of current research and stress theory.     

一次超级单体风暴中龙卷的天气过程分析及龙卷强度判定

对2008年5月23日发生在哈尔滨中南部的一次超级单体风暴中龙卷天气过程的天气形势、卫星云图、雷达回波进行了综合分析.研究结果表明:此次灾害性强风暴是一次龙卷过程;龙卷的出现与高空风场的分布及大气稳定度密不可分;龙卷母云的形状及性质与冰雹云相近,其发生发展与低空急流密切相关;龙卷出现在超级单体风暴的"V"型缺口附近,多普勒速度场上伴有强中气旋.文中还利用多普勒雷达产品中气旋的最大流人流出速度计算了中气旋强度,并结合现场勘查及灾情信息,对龙卷强度等级进行了判定.     

Disaster risk from a macroeconomic perspective: a metric for fiscal vulnerability evaluation

The Disaster Deficit Index (DDI) measures macroeconomic and financial risk in a country according to possible catastrophic scenario events. Extreme disasters can generate financial deficit due to sudden and elevated need of resources to restore affected inventories. The DDI captures the relationship between the economic loss that a country could experience when a catastrophic event occurs and the availability of funds to address the situation. The proposed model utilises the procedures of the insurance industry in establishing probable losses, based on critical impacts during a given period of exposure; for economic resilience, the model allows one to calculate the country's financial ability to cope with a critical impact. There are limitations and costs associated with access to resources that one must consider as feasible values according to the country's macroeconomic and financial conditions. This paper presents the DDI model and the results of its application to 19 countries of the Americas and aims to guide governmental decision‐making in disaster risk reduction.     

Effects of a tropical cyclone on the drinking-water quality of a remote Pacific island

The effect of a cyclone (Ami, January 2003) on drinking-water quality on the island of Vanua Levu, Fiji was investigated. Following the cyclone nearly three-quarters of the samples analysed did not conform to World Health Organisation (WHO) guideline values for safe drinking-water in terms of chlorine residual, total and faecal coliforms, and turbidity. Turbidity and total coliform levels significantly increased (up 56 and 62 per cent, respectively) from pre-cyclone levels, which was likely due to the large amounts of silt and debris entering water-supply sources during the cyclone. The utility found it difficult to maintain a reliable supply of treated water in the aftermath of the disaster. Communities were unaware they were drinking water that had not been adequately treated. Circumstances permitted this cyclone to be used as a case study to assess whether a simple paper-strip water-quality test (the hydrogen sulphide, H(2)S) kit could be distributed and used for community-based monitoring following such a disaster event to better protect public health. The H(2)S test results correlated well with faecal and total coliform results as found in previous studies. A small percentage of samples (about 10 per cent) tested positive for faecal and total coliforms but did not test positive in the H(2)S test. It was concluded that the H(2)S test would be well suited to wider use, especially in the absence of water-quality monitoring capabilities for outer island groups as it is inexpensive and easy to use, thus enabling communities and community health workers with minimal training to test their own water supplies without outside assistance. The importance of public education before and after natural disasters is also discussed.     

考虑人体舒适度的大型火车站房楼盖振动控制研究

近年来,各地纷纷兴建大型火车站房,这类建筑中的楼盖大多为大跨、轻质和低阻尼结构,本文基于人体舒适度考虑,对这些大跨楼盖进行振动舒适度的分析.首先,建立某大型火车站房的整体有限元模型,研究这类建筑中大跨楼盖的振动特性;随后,对楼盖在各种不利工况人群荷载作用下的振动舒适度进行分析;最后,在已有研究的基础上,提出了大跨楼盖多...     

VTOL aircraft in emergency planning and management: a model for a helipad network

The scientific literature regarding HEMS (Helicopter Emergency Medical Service) planning lacks a method for defining optimal sites for helipads that takes into account risk distribution and hospital location. Such a method could minimise overall rescue time in emergency situations. In this paper a method that supports the decisions taken by disaster planners and managers is developed, focusing on the quantification of necessary air resources for the management of some probable calamities. Given a region characterised by a natural and non-natural disaster risk map, along with a comprehensive transport system (also characterised by a risk map), a set of emergency destinations (hospitals), a set of heliports/helipads dislocated on the territory and a number of available HEMS rotorcraft, the aim of the paper is to assess the adequacy of the VTOL/FATO (Vertical Take-Off and Landing/Final Take-Off and Landing Area) system in order to deal with a set of possible emergencies.