Heavy metals intake by cultured mushrooms growing in model system

Micro element and heavy metal contents of mushrooms were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). It was seen an increase in the heavy metal contents (except Cu and Zn) of the mushrooms until the second dose. A decrease was seen in heavy metal intake of the mushroom in the application of the third dose. The highest accumulation occurred from the upper soils treated with the second dose. Amounts of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn, which were accumulated in the mushroom after the application of this dose, were detected as 5.7, 23.1, 75.7, 62.8 and 99.3 ppm, respectively.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱技术在环境监测中的应用进展

电感耦合等离子体质谱技术(ICP-MS)是目前发展最快的痕量元素分析测试技术之一。由于该技术提供了极低的检出限、极宽的动态线性范围,干扰少、分析精密度高,可进行多元素同时快速分析,可与多种分离技术及样品前处理方法和进样方法相结合等优点,得到了迅速的发展。介绍了ICP-MS的基本原理及仪器构造、与其他分析测试技术的比较及发展趋势,并着重介绍了其在环境监测和环境科学研究领域的应用。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地下水中痕量元素

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)同时测定地下水中痕量元素。结果表明,ICP-MS可同时测定地下水中的16种元素,方法检出限为0.02~0.2μg/L,元素的精密度(RSD,n=5)为1.46%~4.36%,加标回收率为96.6%~105.6%,符合环境监测无机组份测试质量控制的要求。该方法应用于直接测定元素浓度范围在ng/L~mg/L级的实际地下水样品,具有样品前处理简单、干扰少、测定快速、元素同时分析、省时省力等优点。     

Assessment of trace elements in the shell layers and soft tissues of the pearl oyster Pinctada radiata using multivariate analyses: a potential proxy for temporal and spatial variations of trace elements

Concentrations of trace elements (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) were determined in the soft tissues (adductor muscle and gills) of the pearl oyster Pinctada radiata and surficial sediments from two sampling sites located in the northern part of the Persian Gulf by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (GFAAS). Moreover, the levels of Li, Mg, Al, Mn, Fe, Cu, Sr, Ba, Pb, and Zn were measured in two shell layers (prismatic and nacreous) using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (LA-ICP-MS). There were significant differences between the sampling sites with regard to mean concentrations of Cu, Mn, and Al in the prismatic layers of the shells. But in terms of the soft tissues, only in the case of Ni accumulation in the muscle significant differences between the sites could be observed. No significant differences could be found between the sites from the elements concentrations in the sediments point of view. The levels of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn in the gills were markedly higher than those in the muscle. Concentrations of Mn, Mg, Li, and Cu in the prismatic layer were significantly higher than in the nacreous but the reverse case could be found for Sr. The patterns of metal occurrence in the selected tissues, shell layers, and sediments exhibited the following descending order: Zn, Ni?>?Cd, Cu?>?V, and Pb and Zn, Ni, Cd?>?Cu, V, and Pb for muscle and gills, respectively; Zn?>?Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd, and V for sediments; Mg?>?Sr, Mn, Li, Al, Fe, Ba, Cu, Pb, and Zn for the prismatic layer; and Sr, Mg?>?Mn, Al, Fe, Li, Ba, Cu, Pb, and Zn for the nacreous layer. In most cases, the temporal variations of the elements levels in the prismatic layer were clearer than those in the nacreous layer (especially for Li, Mg, Mn, Pb, and Fe). Comparison of the gained data from this study with the other relevant researches shows that in most cases the levels of the elements in this investigation either fell within the range for other world areas or were lower. Generally, it can be concluded that the shell (especially prismatic layer) of P. radiata can be considered as a suitable proxy for temporal and spatial variations of the trace elements (and probably some environmental parameters) in the study area.     

Accumulation of trace metals in the muscle and liver tissues of five fish species from the Persian Gulf

In this study, concentrations of 16 elements were quantified in muscles and livers of 141 fishes belonging to five commercially species. It was also our intention to evaluate potential risks to human health associated with seafood consumption. The grunt, flathead, greasy grouper, tiger-tooth croaker and silver pomfret fish species were obtained from Abadan, Deylam, Bushehr-Nirogah, Dayyer port, Lengeh port and Abbas port in Hormozgan, Bushehr and Khozesran provinces at the Iranian waters of the Persian Gulf. The contents of Al, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sb, Tl, V and Zn in fish muscles and livers were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP MS), after digestion in a CEM (Mars 5) microwave oven using nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Our results indicated that almost all metals were more accumulated in younger flathead, greasy grouper and tiger-tooth fishes. Contrary to the other fish species, grunt seems to stronger accumulating elements in the older fishes. Strong and positive correlations were observed in three or more of the fish species between V, Al, Fe, Tl, Co and Pb. The results confirmed that fish muscle and liver tissues appeared to be good bio-indicators for identification of coastal areas exposed to metallic contaminants. The results also showed that the element levels in the muscles of all fishes in our study were lower than the maximum allowable concentrations and pose no threat to public health, except for arsenic.     

能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤和沉积物中稀土元素

建立了偏振能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤和沉积物中稀土元素的方法,该方法较传统的方法具有前处理简单、测量自动化程度高、灵敏度高和检出限低(检出限范围为0.05~2.80 mg/kg)等优点。对土壤和沉积物标准物质的测定结果表明:测定结果与认定值能较好吻合,相对标准偏差范围为0.2%~9.4%,能满足测试的需求。分别用该方法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法对实际样品进行测定,2种方法的测定结果有较好的一致性,表明该方法测定结果准确可靠,可用于实际样品的测定。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定地下水中钴和钼

建立了一种用电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定水源地地下水中微量元素钴和钼的方法。与常规的元素测试方法相比,该方法可以同时快速有效地完成钴和钼测试,测试方法简单,结果准确可靠。     

渤海大气气溶胶元素组成及物源分析

利用电感耦合等离子体-光发射光谱法(ICP-OES)分析了2000年夏季渤海大气气溶胶样品,给出了渤海气溶胶污染物浓度分布特点,结合气象资料和富集因子进行了元素物源分析.分析结果表明,辽东湾的污染程度高于其他海区,气溶胶中含量最高的元素是Zn(1638ng/m3),含量最低的是V(2ng/m3).渤海气溶胶中Pb、Zn、Cu和Ni等具有较高的富集因子.辽东湾Pb的富集因子达4000以上,Zn的富集因子普遍大于其他海区.Pb、Mn、Cu、V等含量的相对大小与同期北京的分析结果一致.综合分析表明,渤海大气严重受到陆地人为排放污染物的影响.     

Concentrations of toxic heavy metals and trace elements in raw milk of Simmental and Holstein-Friesian cows from organic farm

Concentrations of toxic heavy metals (cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb)) and major nutritional and trace elements (Ca, Mg, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, Zn) were analyzed in the milk of Simmental (n?=?20) and Holstein-Friesian (n?=?20) cows from an organic farm. Elements were determined using inductively coupled plasma emission atomic spectrometry. The conducted research showed that the milk of Simmental cows was characterized by the more advantageous mineral composition and lower concentration of noxious heavy metals compared to the milk of Holstein-Friesian cows. In the milk of Simmental cows, significantly lower concentrations of Pb and Cd (P?<?0.001) and Cu (P?<?0.05) and significantly higher concentrations of Fe and Mg (P?<?0.05) as well as nonsignificantly higher concentrations of Ca, Mn, and Se were found. In the milk of both breeds, very low Cu concentrations were recorded. The higher-than-recommended concentration of Pb in milk was also found. In the milk of both breeds, the significant positive correlations between concentrations of the following elements were observed: Pb–Cd, Pb–Se, Cd–Se, Cd–Mn, Zn–Cu, Zn–P, Ca–P, Ca–Mg, and Mg–P. The correlations between other elements within each of the analyzed breeds separately were also found.     

Monitoring and assessment of toxic metals in Gulf War oil spill contaminated soil using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied for the detection of toxic metals in oil spill contaminated soil (OSCS). The OSCS samples were collected from Khursania Saudi Arabia along the coast of Persian Gulf exposed to oil spills in 1991 Gulf war. Environmentally important elements like Aluminum Magnesium, Calcium, Chromium, Titanium, Strontium, Iron, Barium, Sodium, potassium, Zirconium and Vanadium from the contaminated soil have been detected. Optimal experimental conditions for analysis were investigated. The LIBS system was calibrated using standard samples containing these trace elements. The results obtained using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) were compared with the results obtained using Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy (ICP). The concentrations of some elements (Ba and Cr) were found higher than permissible safe limits. Health risks associated with exposure to such toxic elements are also discussed.     

Traffic-related platinum and rhodium concentrations in the atmosphere of Rome

Platinum and Rh content in the atmosphere of Rome as released by car catalytic converters was monitored from 1998 to 2000 in six urban sites with different traffic intensities and in one rural area. Samples collected with medium-volume PM10 samplers were analyzed by Sector Field Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS). The Pt content varied from 2.4 to 60.1 pg m(-3) (mean value 17.8 pg m(-3)) at the urban locations whilst that of Rh spanned the range 0.8-9.4 pg m(-3) (average value 4.0 pg m(-3)). The rural area showed metal levels mostly below the limits of detection, pointing to automobile traffic as the main source of those elements in the urban atmosphere. The highest mean concentrations of Pt and Rh, ie. 22.2 and 5.0 pg m(-3), were detected along the ring road where the traffic density is high (>100,000 vehicles per day) and the driving speed between 100 and 120 km h(-1). The lowest Pt and Rh mean concentrations, i.e. 11.4 and 3.4 pg m(-3), were measured downtown, where traffic density is lower (20,000 vehicles per day) and the driving speed is limited (50 km h(-1)). Significant concentrations of Pt and Rh were found in the vicinity of traffic signals, indicating that the "stop-and-go" conditions might also affect their release. The measured Pt/Rh ratio spanned the range 3.3-5.9 in accordance with that present in the more commonly used gasoline car catalytic converters. Seasonal variations between wintertime (with Pt and Rh mean concentrations of 23.8 and 5.1 pg m(-3), respectively) and summertime (with Pt and Rh mean concentrations of 14.1 and 3.3 pg m(-3), respectively) were also observed.     

Element content of propolis collected from different areas of South Spain

The aim of this work is to determine the content of essential and toxic elements in 25 raw propolis samples, when considering pollution agents and geographical and botanical factors. The microwave-assisted digestion was the most reliable and accurate method for determination of inorganic elements in propolis samples. The results were obtained using certified reference materials in a good agreement with certified values. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy was used for the determination of 23 macro- and microelements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Se, Si, Sn, and Zn). A Mercury analyzer was also utilized for the detection of the total Hg. Among the analyzed metals, Ca, K, Mg, Zn, Si, S, Fe, Al, P, and Na were found to be the most predominant. Heavy metals (As, Cd, Hg, and Pb) were determined in minimal concentration, and Pb was the highest mean contained toxic (<3.80 mg/kg), without influence on provisional tolerable weekly intake values. The method can be applied for routine analysis and quality and environmental pollution controls of toxic elements in propolis samples. The results obtained indicate no pollution of the collection areas and naturally high concentration of Al (460?±?62.2 mg/kg).     

Factor analysis of essential and toxic elements in human placentas from deliveries in arctic and subarctic areas of Russia and Norway

Concentrations in human placenta of 11 essential elements (P, Ca, Mg, Cu, S, Na, Fe, Zn, K, Se, Mn) and 5 toxic elements (Ba, Sr, Pb, Ni, Cd) are compared for each of two arctic communities in eastern Norway and western Russia, and for another in each country located at more southerly latitudes. All but Mg, Fe, P and K were present in higher concentrations in the Russian study group. The observed inter-element correlations are reflected by the four major factors identified in a principal component analysis. The total variation explained was 67.3%, of which more than half (35.3%) was contributed by Factor 1. P, Ca, Mg, Ba, Sr, Pb, and Ni were major contributors to this factor. The placental concentrations of these elements depended strongly on gestational age, increasing from about week 35 and peaking near weeks 39 and 40, and exhibited skewed frequency distributions and a dependence on maternal smoking. The gestational-dependent mineralization of the placenta is interpreted to reflect the deposition of metal phosphates coinciding with smoking-induced tissue damage. The loadings of the remaining three factors are reviewed in the context of common uptake mechanisms, similar biochemistries and unique transport pathways. The inter-element relationships and grouping of the elements observed should constitute a scientific base for the use of placenta composition in environmental monitoring and epidemiological studies.     

Changes in the heavy metal and nutrient contents of dried feather mosses during long-term storage

This study measured heavy metal and nutrient concentrations of two feather mosses during the periods of dry storage. Samples (Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi) were collected in the nationwide moss surveys carried out on the permanent sample plots of the 8th Finnish National Forest Inventory in 1985–86, 1990, 1995 and 2000. A small amount of each moss sample was analyzed soon after collection, and the remainder was dried and stored at the Paljakka environmental specimen bank (ESB). The 108 stored samples from 27 plots were reanalyzed in 2008. Concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn) and nutrients (Ca, K, Mg, P) were determined and compared for each survey year. Overall, Fe, Pb and Cr concentrations decreased, and Cu concentrations increased significantly during storage. The greatest decrease was observed in samples from plots where their initial concentrations were the highest. Changes in the concentrations of Cd, Ni and Zn were less pronounced. The loss of heavy metals is likely due to drying when cell membranes rupture and some of the surface material is lost. K, P and, to some extent, Mg concentrations increased during storage, whereas Ca did not change significantly. Nutrient increase is probably due to their movement from older to younger growths during the initial phase of drying. Ca is mostly bound to cell walls and is not easily released. Results emphasize the importance of establishing the intended use of a stored moss prior to sampling, in order to select and optimize an appropriate storage technique.     

Radon level and radon effective dose rate determination using SSNTDs In Sannur cave, Eastern desert of Egypt

The European eel’s swimbladder nematode, Anguillicola crassus, sampled from the Asi River (Orontes River) in Antakya (Hatay, Turkey) in May 2006 were analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) for their some heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn) levels. The metal concentrations of the parasites were compared to different organs (swimbladder, liver, muscle and skin) of the fish hosts. The parasite contained statistically highly significantly amounts of Fe (P < 0.05). The iron level of nematode was up to 25.52 times than the muscle of its host, Anguilla anguilla. However, bioconcentration of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb, Zn were detected in the A. crassus and it contained no statistically differences with the other tissues of its host, the eel (P > 0.05). Furthermore, no significant differences were detected in the heavy metal accumulations between the parasitized and un-parasitized fish tissues. The analysed metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) were found in fish muscle at mean concentrations under the permissible limits proposed by FAO.     

抚顺市PM10中元素分布特征及来源分析

为了确定抚顺市PM10中元素的浓度特征及其来源,于2006—2007年的采暖季、风沙季和非采暖季在抚顺市的6个采样点采集PM10样品,并用等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定样品中Ti、Al、Mn、Mg、Ca、Na、K、Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Cr、Ni、Co、Cd、Fe、V等17种元素的含量。结果表明,Al、Mg、Ca、Na、K、Mn、Fe等地壳元素在17种元素中占有较大比重,全年平均达到97.0%。富集因子分析结果表明,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Co、Cd等元素在各季和各采样点明显受到人为活动影响,是典型的污染元素。主因子分析结果显示,土壤风沙尘、建筑尘、燃煤尘、道路扬尘、机动车尾气排放、金属冶炼、锰、铜、钛工业源是抚顺市PM10中元素的主要来源。     

Trace Element Concentrations in Fish, Surficial Sediments and Water from Northern Part of the Persian Gulf

Concentrations of cadmium, lead, nickel and vanadium were determined in water, surficial sediments and the muscle of three demersal fish species (Epinephelus coioides, Psettodes erumei and Solea elongate) from 15 sampling sites in the northern part of Persian Gulf. Concentrations of the elements were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer. There were no significant differences among the sampling sites in Cd and Pb levels in the sediments. The highest concentrations of Ni and V in sediments were found near the southern coast of Qeshm Iland and Bandar Lengeh. Concentrations of Cd, Pb and Ni in the sediments were notably higher than global baseline values. Nearly in all cases the element concentrations in the sediments were considerably greater than RSA (ROPME Sea Area) and the ERL (Effects Range Low) guidelines. Significant differences among the sampling sites could be found for concentrations of all the four metals in water. The mean Ni, Pb and Cd levels in the water samples were relatively higher than those in some other regions of the Persian Gulf. Except few cases, the mean concentrations of the elements in muscle of the selected fish species were markedly below the international guidelines for human consumption.     

环境介质中硒的检测方法研究进展

结合国内外的研究进展,综述了环境介质中硒的各种检测方法。其中重点介绍了比较常用的测定方法,如原子吸收光谱法(AAS)、原子荧光光谱法(AFS)和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)等,并展望了硒在检测方法上的发展趋势。     

Elemental and individual particle analysis of atmospheric aerosols from high Himalayas

Atmospheric aerosols were collected during the scientific expedition to Mt. Qomolangma (Everest) in May–June, 2005. The elemental concentrations of the aerosols were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. This yielded data for the concentration of 14 elements: Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb. The mean elemental concentrations were generally comparable with those from central Asia and the Arctic, while much higher than those from Antarctic. Size, morphology, and chemical composition of 900 individual aerosol particles were determined by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Based on morphology and elemental composition, the particles were clustered into eight groups: soot (8%), tar ball (3%), alumosilicates/silica (55%), calcium sulfate (16%), Ca/Mg carbonate (2%), Fe/Ti-rich particles (3%), Pb-rich particles (1%), and biological particles (12%). The sampling site, located at 6,520 m in the Himalayas, is particularly remote and located at high altitude. Nonetheless, high aerosol enrichment factors for copper, chromium, lead, nickel, vanadium, and zinc all suggest the influence of long-range transported pollution, while enrichment in calcium and the presence of alumino-silicates in individual particle analyses indicates a distinct mineral dust influence. The backward air mass trajectories showed that the northwestern part of India may contribute to the atmospheric aerosol in the central high Himalayas.     

Season variations for metallic elements compositions study in plant Bidenens pilosa L. var. radiate Sch. in central Taiwan

The possibility of using Bidens pilosa L. var. radiate Sch leaves as environmental indicators of metallic element pollution has been investigated. Samples were analyzed with respect to the following pollutants: Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd, Cr, Fe, Ca, and Mg by using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The results obtained on the metallic elements had the following average composition order: Ca > Mg > Fe, Mn > Zn > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cr > Cd for plant B. pilosa L. var. radiate Sch. at HK sampling site. In addition, the metallic elements had the following average composition order: Ca > Mg > Fe > Mn, Zn > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cr > Cd for plant B. pilosa L. var. radiate Sch. at TMP sampling site. Finally, the metallic elements had the following average composition order: Ca > Mg > Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cr > Cd for plant B. pilosa L. var. radiate Sch. at LH sampling site. The seasonal average composition for metallic elements Mg, Fe, and Pb were ranked highest at HK sampling site in winter. In addition, seasonal average composition for metallic elements Mn, Zn, and Cd were ranked highest at TMP sampling site in winter. Finally, seasonal average composition for metallic elements Mg, Fe, and Cu were ranked highest at LH sampling site in spring.