宁波市鄞州区农作物农药残留现状与控制对策

对鄞州区种植的稻谷、叶菜类、水果类、豆类、茄果类和块茎类农产品按月进行了411个批次抽样,按照国家相关规定对22个农药项目进行了检测。检测结果发现样本农药项目检出率为0.3%,农产品农药残留合格率97.82%,农药残留检出项目中88.89%是杀虫剂。超出农药残留标准的样本主要是5-10月的青菜,叶菜类超标样本率达到3.72%。农药残留超标样本在平原、滨海地区种植散户中有发现,而在山区各规模农户中均有发现。小学文化程度农户样本农药残留超标率高达4.50%,是大学文化程度农户样本农药残留超标率的6.16倍。为了降低鄞州区农作物农药残留率,提出5方面的控制对策。     

云南省蔬菜中有机磷农药残留现状分析

利用气相色谱法研究了云南省38种蔬菜1779个蔬菜样品中甲胺磷等7种有机磷农药残留问题。结果显示，云南省蔬菜中有机磷农药超标率为7．76％，绿叶类蔬菜和白菜类蔬菜是云南省蔬菜超标的主要蔬菜类别，而根菜类蔬菜和薯芋类蔬菜中有机磷农药未超标。不同取样场所类型中，蔬菜生产基地和超市的蔬菜超标率较低，批发市场和农贸市场的蔬菜超标率较高。从不同的有机磷农药种类来看，中度毒性农药毒死蜱和乐果在云南省蔬菜生产中使用最广泛；国家明令禁止使用的高毒农药氧化乐果、甲胺磷、对硫磷在云南省蔬菜中残留情况严重；甲拌磷未检出，甲基对硫磷未超标。     

重庆市农业环境质量安全现状与防治对策

对重庆市农业环境质量安全现状进行了研究分析，提出了充分利用环境资源比较优势，进行农业生产布局和农业结构调整；加强城郊区农业生态环境保护和污染的治理；合理施用农药化肥，防止农产品农药残留和硝酸盐污染；加强全市农业环境与农产品质量安全监测体系建设，开展预警监测；加强三峡库区农业面源污染防治；进一步开展农业环境优先污染物的控制研究等防治对策。     

恢复生态平衡,创建无虫害农田环境

正农民盲目、片面、过量施用农药,不仅没有显著提高粮食产量,反而逐渐暴露出农田环境污染、农药残留超标、病虫草害抗性增加和农田生物多样性丧失等问题。经过8年多的艰苦探索,我们采取预防为主,结合"物理+生物"方法,在害虫雌虫阶段即开始控制产卵,作物生长季节全期控制,逐渐恢复生态平衡,将农田生态系统中的虫害问题基本解决。一遍农药不打,周年粮食产量与打5遍农药的产量仅相差4%。     

吡唑和吡咯类农药残留检测技术研究进展

吡唑和吡咯类农药具有高效、良好杀菌能力、对环境友好等特点,已经成为当前使用量较大的一类农药.随着该类农药在农业生产中的广泛使用,其残留问题已经引起关注.由于吡唑和吡咯类农药在环境、农作物和食品中痕量存在,最大残留限量值也日益严格,其残留分析便成为了一项重要的工作.本文综述了近年来土壤、蔬菜、蜂蜜、环境水等基体中吡唑和吡咯类农药残留分析的加压溶剂提取、微波辅助萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、基质分散固相萃取、QuEChERS法等前处理方法和气相色谱法、液相色谱法及其与质谱联用的色谱检测技术的研究进展,以上前处理技术有机溶剂量小、高效快速、对环境友好,与色谱技术联用后具有灵敏度高、检出限低、精密度高等特点,并对未来的发展进行了展望.     

QuEChERS提取法在农产品农药残留检测中的应用进展

食品中的农药残留检测长期以来一直是一项艰巨的挑战,其杂质干扰多,残留含量低,传统的提取方法常常因为无法将杂质分离而影响检测结果。由于食品中杂质种类众多,农药的种类繁多且理化性质各异,新型农药日益涌现,所以对样品的前处理提出了更高的要求。近年来,QuEchERs（Quick,Easy,Cheap,Effective,RuggedandSafe）作为一种新型的提取方法,由于具有快速、简单、廉价、有效、可靠、安全的特点,成为国内外广泛采用的样品前处理新技术,在多种农药、医药、兽药的气相或液相色谱分析中已经得到广泛应用。本文就国内外对QuEChERS法在各类食品以及其他动植物性农产品的农药残留检测中的应用和方法的改进进行了综述,并对QuEChERS法在今后农药残留检测的应用前景以及发展方向进行了展望。     

杭州地区果蔬农药残留认知及监测调查研究

为了解杭州市农药残留认知及检测监控现状。2012-2013年对杭州地区的果蔬农药残留相关概况进行了调查研究,内容包括问卷调查、实地观察统计、采样农残快速检测等。调查结果表明。杭州地区的蔬菜农残检测及监控处于一个良性发展的态势。     

农药在土壤中的结合残留及其生态风险

农药等有机物在施用后可以通过物理、化学和生物等作用形成结合残留。农药结合残留的形成,可以降低其活性,但也存在重新释放的可能性。文章从结合残留的定义、形成机制、分析方法和可能存在的生态风险等方面进行了综述,并对以后需要深入研究的内容做一展望。     

生物体内有机氯农药的研究进展

有机氯农药是高残留农药，进入生物体后会长期残留，对生物体产生危害。近年来，生物体中的有机氯农药的研究越来越引起各国环境化学家、生态学家的重视，渐渐成为环境化学、生态毒理学研究的热点之一。本文总结了近年来国际上有关生物体内有机氯农药的研究进展情况，以及所取得的主要研究成果。     

高温季节蔬菜施用有机磷农药残毒残留试验研究

为摸索夏季病虫高发季节蔬菜喷施有机磷农药后的农药残毒、残留变化情况,通过在夏季高温少雨和高温多雨2种不同天气下进行的蔬菜施用毒死蜱、乙酰甲胺磷、三唑磷、丙溴磷等农药试验,于施药后1～18d进行定期取样,用农药残毒速测仪和气相色谱进行检测。农药残毒检测结果：不同农药、不同蔬菜的农残抑制率差别很大,三唑磷、丙溴磷农残抑制率大于70%,持续时间长,毒死蜱较短,乙酰甲胺磷农残抑制率低于70%;蕹菜持续时间长,辣椒持续时间居中,豆角持续的时间最短。农药残留量随着药后时间的延长而降低,降雨对丙溴磷残留有较大影响。     

Cluster analysis and quality assessment of logged water at an irrigation project, eastern Saudi Arabia

A multivariate statistical technique, cluster analysis, was used to assess the logged surface water quality at an irrigation project at Al-Fadhley, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. The principal idea behind using the technique was to utilize all available hydrochemical variables in the quality assessment including trace elements and other ions which are not considered in conventional techniques for water quality assessments like Stiff and Piper diagrams. Furthermore, the area belongs to an irrigation project where water contamination associated with the use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides is expected. This quality assessment study was carried out on a total of 34 surface/logged water samples. To gain a greater insight in terms of the seasonal variation of water quality, 17 samples were collected from both summer and winter seasons. The collected samples were analyzed for a total of 23 water quality parameters including pH, TDS, conductivity, alkalinity, sulfate, chloride, bicarbonate, nitrate, phosphate, bromide, fluoride, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, arsenic, boron, copper, cobalt, iron, lithium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, mercury and zinc. Cluster analysis in both Q and R modes was used. Q-mode analysis resulted in three distinct water types for both the summer and winter seasons. Q-mode analysis also showed the spatial as well as temporal variation in water quality. R-mode cluster analysis led to the conclusion that there are two major sources of contamination for the surface/shallow groundwater in the area: fertilizers, micronutrients, pesticides, and insecticides used in agricultural activities, and non-point natural sources.     

山东聊城市表层土壤有机氯农药残留研究

2008年麦收期间以网格布点法采集了聊城市137个土壤表层样品，利用ASE萃取技术，采用GC-ECD方法测定了样品中六六六（BHCs）、滴滴涕（DDTs）、六氯苯、艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂和七氯的检出率和残留量，并对土壤质量状况做了评价。结果表明，土壤中DDTs的检出率高达94.1％，其他6种有机氯农药（OCPs）均有不同程度检出。OCPs总残留量平均值为145.35μg／kg，其中DDTs占88.58％，是残留OCPs的主要成分。全部样点中BHCs的单因子污染指数Pi最大值为0.1，土壤未受BHCs污染；95％的样点中DDTs的Pi值小于1，土壤中DDTs含量未超标，而3％的样点Pi值小于2，土壤属轻度污染，2％的样点Pi值大于2，土壤属重度污染。     

Transport and fate of nitrate and pesticides: hydrogeology and riparian zone processes

There is continuing concern over potential impacts of widespread application of nutrients and pesticides on ground- and surface-water quality. Transport and fate of nitrate and pesticides were investigated in a shallow aquifer and adjacent stream, Cow Castle Creek, in Orangeburg County, South Carolina. Pesticide and pesticide degradate concentrations were detected in ground water with greatest frequency and largest concentrations directly beneath and downgradient from the corn (Zea mays L.) field where they were applied. In almost all samples in which they were detected, concentrations of pesticide degradates greatly exceeded those of parent compounds, and were still present in ground waters that were recharged during the previous 18 yr. The absence of both parent and degradate compounds in samples collected from deeper in the aquifer suggests that this persistence is limited or that the ground water had recharged before use of the pesticide. Concentrations of NO(-)(3) in ground water decreased with increasing depth and age, but denitrification was not a dominant controlling factor. Hydrologic and chemical data indicated that ground water discharges to the creek and chemical exchange takes place within the upper 0.7 m of the streambed. Ground water had its greatest influence on surface-water chemistry during low-flow periods, causing a decrease in concentrations of Cl(-), NO(-)(3), pesticides, and pesticide degradates. Conversely, shallow subsurface drainage dominates stream chemistry during high-flow periods, increasing stream concentrations of Cl(-), NO(-)(3), pesticides, and pesticide degradates. These results point out the importance of understanding the hydrogeologic setting when investigating transport and fate of contaminants in ground water and surface water.     

液质联用测定番茄中甲基硫菌灵残留量

为了评价70％甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂在番茄中的使用安全性,开展甲基硫菌灵在番茄中的残留量研究。本文建立了分散固相萃取前处理,高效液相色谱/质谱联用法测定甲基硫菌灵在番茄中残留量的方法。样品经乙腈提取,乙二胺-N-丙基甲硅烷（PSA）和无水硫酸镁混合振荡离心除去杂质和水分,上清液用配有电喷雾（ESI）源的高效液相色谱/质谱联用仪测定。田间试验结果建议在番茄上喷施70％甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂562.5 g ai·hm^-2,3次施药,推荐安全间隔期为3 d;市场抽检样品检测表明番茄中甲基硫菌灵的残留量均小于0.05 mg·kg^-1,低于最大残留限量3 mg·kg^-1。     

重庆市餐厨垃圾现状调查及处理对策研究

本文采用问卷调查的方式,对重庆主城区的312家餐厨垃圾产生单位进行了抽样调查,了解餐厨垃圾的产生情况、排放去向、收运和处理现状,剖析了目前重庆市餐厨垃圾处置和管理中存在公众认知程度不够、相关法律法规不健全、收集处置不规范、市场机制尚未建立等主要问题,并提出了相关对策建议。     

OCCURRENCE OF PESTICIDES IN GROUND WATER OF THE OZARK PLATEAUS PROVINCE1

ABSTRACT: Pesticides were detected in ground-water samples collected from 20 springs and nine wells in the Ozark Plateaus Province of Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. From April through September 1993, water samples were collected from 50 shallow domestic wells and 50 springs in the Springfield Plateau and Ozark aquifers and analyzed for 47 pesticides and metabolites. Pesticides were detected in 17 water samples from the Springfield Plateau aquifer and 12 water samples from the Ozark aquifer. Fourteen pesticides were detected, with a maximum of four pesticides detected in any one sample. The most commonly detected pesticides were atrazine (14 detections), prometon (11 detections), and tebuthiuron (seven detections). P, P' DDE, a metabolite of DDT, was detected in water samples from three wells and one spring. The remaining pesticides were detected in three or less samples. The occurrence and distribution of pesticides probably are related to the local land use near a sampling site. Pesticide detections were significantly related to aquifer, site type, and discharge of springs.     

三种常用氨基甲酸酯类农药人工抗原合成方法的设计与优选

农药人工抗原的合成直接影响制备抗体的质量,是建立农药分子特异性强、灵敏度高的免疫分析方法的关键。本文综述了国内外对于氨基甲酸酯类广泛使用的3种农药甲萘威、克百威、涕灭威人工抗原合成过程中的农药分子半抗原的设计原则、合成方法,人工抗原的设计、优选及影响因素等方面的研究进展。