荞麦不同器官总黄酮含量的日变化研究

研究荞麦初花期不同器官总黄酮含量的日变化趋势、最佳取样时间和取样部位,为养麦的综合开发利用提供理论依据.对4份来自不同地区的甜荞和苦养不同器官的总黄酮含量进行了日变化研究.结果表明,一天中同一品种不同器官中的黄酮含量均表现为花>叶>茎>根,且花和叶中的含量显著大于茎和根,不同品种各器官中总黄酮含量的日变化差异较大.     

锰矿资源开采区土壤环境特征分析与评价

为探明锰矿资源开采对矿区土壤的影响,选取重庆市城口县为研究区,对比分析了矿区土壤p H值、有机质及重金属含量,研究了矿区土壤环境特征;利用单因子和Nemerow综合污染指数法分析评价了矿区土壤重金属污染程度,运用Hakanson法评估了其潜在的生态风险,分析获得重金属含量与有机质、p H间的相关性。监测分析了该区域土壤中Mn、Cr、Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb金属的含量,整体呈现Cd、Mn污染,污染程度均达到5级;潜在生态风险RI值为1077.79,等级为很强;土壤有机质含量与Zn含量呈显著正相关,p H值与Cr含量呈显著正相关。     

四川东部沱江乡茎瘤芥产地的地球化学特征

通过对四川省东部沱江乡茎瘤芥产区土壤的地球化学特征研究和茎瘤芥产区的土壤测试分析，并将其与全国土壤背景值比较，摸清了茎瘤芥产区土壤的元素本底特征。沱江乡茎瘤芥产区土壤Zn、Fe、Mn、Mg、K、B、P元素含量高于全国土壤平均含量，有益元素Mo、Ca、Si、Se均比全国平均值低，重金属Cr、Hg、Cd、Pb含量比全国平均值高，As元素含量则低于全国平均值水平，产区土壤中存在的Cd元素超出国家环境质量一级标准，但符合二级土壤质量标准，其他元素符合绿色蔬菜产地环境标准。     

吉林省镍矿区玉米体内重金属累积分布规律及其与土壤重金属全量的关系

矿山开采和冶炼可对矿区土壤造成不同程度的重金属污染。为了明确吉林省镍矿区耕地土壤/植物体系中重金属的迁移累积规律,在吉林省镍矿区采集了27个区域的土壤和玉米植株样品。结果表明,吉林省镍矿区土壤p H为5.00~6.82,有机质的含量为2.79%~7.93%,部分采样点的Cd和Pb超出吉林省土壤背景值,大部分采样点的Cu和Ni超出吉林省土壤背景值,所有采样点的Zn超出吉林省土壤背景值。玉米籽粒中Cd和Pb未检出,玉米茎中Cd未检出,27个采样点中有23个采样点的玉米籽粒Ni含量超过我国粮食及制品中重金属限量标准(NY 861-2004),而仅有4个采样点的籽粒Zn含量超过我国限量标准,所有采样点的籽粒Cu含量明显低于我国限量标准。随土壤重金属全量增加,玉米根Cd,Cu,Ni,Pb和Zn含量均呈增加趋势,其中根Cd,Cu,Ni含量与土壤重金属Cd,Cu,Ni全量呈显著正相关,而根Pb和Zn含量与土壤重金属Pb和Zn全量相关性不显著。     

重庆市秀山锰矿4种重金属污染评价与分析

以重庆市秀山锰矿矿区为研究对象,基于对秀山矸石、尾矿、矿区土壤的采样分析,测试了土壤中Mn、Cr、Ni、As共4种重金属的含量,并使用单因子指数法、地积累指数法、潜在生态危害指数法对矿区土壤重金属污染状况及其潜在风险程度进行评价。结果表明,Mn污染的程度较严重,且污染区域较多,受到Cr污染的大多为轻污染,有的地方表现为重污染;受到As、Ni污染的一般都是轻污染,也有地方表现为重污染。锰矿资源开发过程中矸石和锰渣的堆存对秀山生态环境造成了严重影响,解决好矸石堆和锰渣问题能在很大程度上缓解环境的污染。     

土壤镉处理对棉花镉吸收及分布规律的影响

用CdCl2将盆栽土壤Cd浓度处理为1mg／kg、5mg／kg、10mg／kg、20mg,／kg、30mg／kg种植棉花，研究棉花对镉的吸收及镉在棉花体内的分布规律。结果表明，当土壤镉浓度小于30mg／kg时，镉在棉花体内的分布呈现不同的规律。当土壤镉浓度小于5mg／kg时，镉主要分布在棉花的地上部；当土壤镉浓度大于20mg／kg时，镉主要分布在棉花的叶片、根、茎中，其中叶片的镉含量最高，棉絮镉含量最低。不同镉污染水平下，棉花的镉富集系数均小于1。当土壤镉污染浓度为5mg／kg时，棉花叶片的镉富集系数为0．76。在同一镉污染水平下，棉花叶片的镉转运系数最高。当土壤镉含量小于20mg／kg时，棉花茎、叶、棉絮的转运系数平均为4．63。     

玉米植株各器官中重金属含量相关性的研究

为探讨大宗粮食作物玉米植株各器官中重金属含量的相关性,选择6个玉米品种进行盆栽实验。盆栽试验的土壤来自西南某省铅锌矿区。研究结果表明,(1)6个供试品种植株籽粒中,Ni、Pb、Zn的含量全部超标;部分品种玉米中的Cd含量超标;6个供试品种植株玉米中的Cr、Cu含量全部达标。(2)重金属含量在玉米各器官中存在交互效应;如,供试植株叶片中Cu与Ni、Pb与Zn分别存在显著正相关;在供试植株的叶片和茎秆中,Cd、Pb、Zn三者的含量呈显著性正相关。(3)金属Ni在供试植物茎秆与籽粒中存在交换的情况;金属Pb的含量在供试植株根部与茎秆的差异较大,其可能原因是植株茎秆对铅的吸收达到了饱和上限;金属Zn的含量在植株籽粒与茎秆中的差异较大,主要是因为Zn在玉米植株内的移动性强,且Zn最容易在籽粒中积累。     

施入城市生活垃圾堆肥对玉米植株重金属分布及土壤养分的影响

以玉米为供试作物,研究施入生活垃圾堆肥对土壤和玉米各器官重金属分布规律及对土壤养分的影响。结果表明：连续3年施肥,土壤速效养分的含量明显增加;土壤重金属呈现累积,但含量远远低于二级土壤标准（GB 15618—1995）;植株中重金属含量表现为根部〉茎秆〉叶片〉籽粒,Cd在植株根部富集,但未大量向其他部位转移,玉米植株地上部分重金属含量明显低于饲料卫生标准（GB 13078—2001）。由此推断,在短期内（3年）,年施入60 000 kg·hm^-2的垃圾堆肥能提高土壤肥力,且暂时不会引起土壤重金属污染,也不影响玉米植株的饲用;使用多年后应及时监测,以保证安全性。     

湘中某工业区农田重金属污染的初步研究

通过2年的定点调查,研究了湘中某工业区附近农田土壤、糙米中重金属含量状况;并对重金属在水稻植株中的含量分布,以及影响糙米中重金属含量的土壤因素进行了探讨。     

不同粒径磷矿粉钝化土壤重金属Cd、Pb的机制研究

采用盆栽试验,研究磷矿粉不同粒径（0．1、1．5、150txm）的3种不同用量（1、2,4g·kg。土）钝化土壤重金属cd和Ph的效应及机制。结果表明,磷矿粉的粒径越小、用量越大,上海青产量越高,叶面积越大,植物体内cd、Pb的含量越低,土壤中交换态Cd、Pb的含量越低,残渣态cd、Pb的含量越高。与对照相比,0．1μm磷矿粉高用量（4g·kg-1土）的处理上海青的产量和叶面积分别显著增加87．3％和147．9％,叶中cd和Ph含量分别显著降低46．9％和61．9％,根中Cd和Pb含量分别显著降低47．9％和35.3％,土壤交换态cd和Ph含量分别降低44．8％和44．9％。150μm磷矿粉低用量（1g·kg-1土）处理叶面积、植物体内Cd、Pb含量与对照都没有达到显著差异。1．5μm磷矿粉处理效果介于0．1μm和150pm磷矿粉处理之间。可见,O．1μm磷矿粉钝化土壤重金属效果最好,其机制是降低了植物容易吸收的交换态cd和Pb的含量。     

Distribution of heavy metals in sediments of Igbede, Ojo and Ojora rivers of Lagos, Nigeria

The distribution of some heavy metals, namely Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe, Cu, Cr and Mn in epipellic sediments of Igbede, Ojo and Ojora rivers of Lagos was studied weekly in the early summer (November) of 2003. The levels of selected trace metals were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (UNICAM 969 AAS SOLAR). Trends in heavy metal burdens in the sediments revealed weekly variations in all the rivers assessed. Statistical analyses also showed different mean levels of trace metals in the aquatic environments, the distribution of which followed the sequence Fe > Zn > Mn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Cd, Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn > Pb > Cr > Cd and Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd in Igbede, Ojo and Ojora rivers respectively. Fe recorded the highest concentration levels (1,582.95 ± 96.57 μ g/g–1,910.34 ± 723.19 μ g/g) in all the sediments investigated while the Cd levels (0.06 ± 0.10 μ g/g–0.47 ± 0.36 μ g/g) were the lowest. Expectedly, trace metal concentrations in fine grain muddy sediments of the Igbede and Ojo coastline were much higher than those of Ojora which consist of coarse and sandy deposits covering the near shore area. Generally, the results obtained fell within tolerable limits stipulated by World Health Organization (WHO).     

Total Contents and Sequential Extraction of Heavy Metals in Soils Irrigated with Wastewater,Akaki, Ethiopia

The Akaki River, laden with untreated wastes from domestic, industrial, and commercial sources, serves as a source of water for irrigating vegetable farms. The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of waste-water irrigation on the level of heavy metals and to predict their potential mobility and bioavailability. Zn and V had the highest, whereas Hg the lowest, concentrations observed in the soils. The average contents of As, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, V, and Hg of both soils; and Pb and Se from Fluvisol surpassed the mean + 2 SD of the corresponding levels reported for their uncontaminated counterparts. Apparently, irrigation with waste water for the last few decades has contributed to the observed higher concentrations of the above elements in the study soils (Vertisol and Fluvisol) when compared to uncontaminated Vertisol and Fluvisol. On the other hand, Vertisol accommodated comparatively higher average levels of Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, etc V, and Cd, whereas high contents of Pb and Se were observed in Fluvisol. Alternatively, comparable levels of Co and Hg were found in either soil. Except for Ni, Cr, and Cd in contaminated Vertisol, heavy metals in the soils were not significantly affected by the depth (0–20 and 30–50 cm). When the same element from the two soils was compared, the levels of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn, V, Cd at 0–20 cm; and Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Zn at 30–50 cm were significantly different. Organic carbon (in both soils), CEC (Fluvisol), and clay (Vertisol) exhibited significant positive correspondences with the total heavy metal levels. Conversely, Se and Hg contents revealed perceptible associations with carbonate and pH. The exchangeable fraction was dominated by Hg and Cd, whereas the carbonate fraction was abounded with Cd, Pb, and Co. conversely, V and Pb displayed strong affinity to reducible fraction, where as Cr, Cu, Zn, and Ni dominated the oxidizable fraction. Cr, Hg, Se, and Zn (in both soils) showed preference to the residual fraction. Generally, a considerable proportion of the total levels of many of the heavy metals resided in non residual fractions. The enhanced lability is generally expected to follow the order: Cd > Co > Pb > Cu > Ni > Se > V and Pb > Cd > Co > Cu > Ni > Zn in Vertisol and Fluvisol, respectively. For the similar wastewater application, the soil variables influence the status and the distribution of the associated heavy metals among the different soil fractions in the study soils. Among heavy metals that presented relatively elevated levels and with potential mobility, Co, Cu, Ni (either soil), V (Vertisol), Pb, and Zn (Fluvisol) could pose health threat through their introduction into the food chain in the wastewater irrigated soils.     

电热板消解ICP-AES法测定农田土壤中的重金属

选用盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸消解体系,用电热板对土壤样品进行消解处理,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)对土壤样品中铜、铅、锌、铬、锰、镍进行定量分析。实验表明,样品中所测重金属含量均满足国家二级标准,结果准确可靠,重复性好。且该方法操作简单,进样量少,定量迅速,准确度高,可同时检测多种元素,能够满足环境样品的分析。     

Characteristic levels of heavy metals in sediments and dredged sediments of a municipal creek in the Niger delta, Nigeria

Characteristic levels of metal ions in post dredged sediment and dredged sediments materials of a municipal creek in the Niger Delta show that significant concentrations of heavy metals are found to be accumulated more on the surface (0–15cm depth) of the dredged material as compared to the sub surface (15–30cm) and post dredged sediments. The distribution patterns were in the following order Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cd and Fe > Mn > Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cd for the post dredged sediment and dredged sediment materials respectively. The levels of the various metals were far below the EPA screening levels for open water disposal, consequently total levels of heavy metal found in these sediments pose no problem by open-water or upland disposal     

农村水源地水质重金属健康风险评估研究

介绍了饮用水水源地中基因毒物质和躯体毒物质所致的健康危害的风险度计算模型,并根据雅安市雨城区农村水源地水质实测资料,进行健康风险评价与分析。结果表明:(1)基因毒物质由饮水途径所致健康危害的个人年风险按大小排列为Cr(VI)>As>Cd,而躯体毒物质的个人年风险按大小排列为Hg>Pb>Mn>Fe,但前者的影响远大于后者;(2)水源地中的3种基因毒物质所致健康危害的个人年风险,远远超过瑞典环保局、荷兰建设和环境部推荐的最大可接受水平1.00×10-6a-1,且Cr(VI)的健康风险危害超过国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受值5.00×10-5a-1,应将Cr(VI)视为本区饮水的优先治理污染物。     

不同酸消解方法在土壤重金属测定中的比较研究

分别用三种不同的酸消解方法进行土壤标准样品的前处理,用原子吸收分光光度法测定其中铜、铅、锌、镉、镍、锰、总铬元素的含量。结果表明,电热板/硝酸-过氧化氢-氢氟酸消解方法耗酸量少,消解时间短,适用于土壤中铜、铅、锌、镉、镍、锰元素的前处理,相对标准偏差为1.0%～5.0%;而使用电热板/硝酸-硫酸-氢氟酸方法针对土壤中总铬元素进行消解前处理,准确度更高,相对标准偏差为2.7%～5.1%。     

宝山区农用土壤中重金属的监测与评价

在研究的8种重金属元素中,Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni的平均值都超过上海市土壤背景值,但均低于国家土壤环境二级标准。与上海优质农产地环境标准相比较,重金属含量平均值超过标准的有Cr、Pb、Zn,但研究区土壤中8种重金属含量的平均值均低于绿色食品产地环境技术条件和无公害食品产地环境技术条件。宝山区7个城镇农业土壤按多因子潜在生态危害指数评价,庙行镇的生态风险指数最高,月浦镇的生态风险指数最低。从宝山区农田土壤重金属含量的整体情况来看:多因子潜在生态评价值为119.08,宝山区农田土壤达到轻微生态危害。     

TCLP法评价钢铁工业区周边土壤重金属生态环境风险

采用土壤随机布点法,采集某钢铁工业区周边34个土壤样品,利用美国TCLP法对钢铁工业区周边土壤重金属（Cu、 Zn、 Pb、 Cd）有效态进行实验分析和生态风险评价。结果表明, Cu、 Zn、 Pb、 Cd有效态含量分别在0.87~57.7 mg/kg、5.20~1338 mg/kg、1.09~379 mg/kg、1.15×10-3~69.9×10-3 mg/kg之间,钢铁工业区土壤不同程度地受到重金属的污染,其中以Zn污染最为严重。内梅罗污染指数评价中,处于安全水平的点位仅占17.6%,受到污染的点位占55.9%。其中,轻污染占20.6%,中污染占2.9%,重污染占32.4%。     

Source-separated municipal solid waste compost application to Swiss chard and basil

A growth room experiment was conducted to evaluate the bioavailability of Cu, Mn, Zn, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, P, S, As, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Hg, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, and Se from a sandy loam soil amended with source-separated municipal solid waste (SSMSW) compost. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L.) were amended with 0, 20, 40, and 60% SSMSW compost to soil (by volume) mixture. Soils and compost were sequentially extracted to fractionate Cu, Pb, and Zn into exchangeable (EXCH), iron- and manganese-oxide-bound (FeMnOX), organic-matter (OM), and structurally bound (SB) forms. Overall, in both species, the proportion of Cu, Pb, and Zn levels in different fractions followed the sequence: SB > OM > FeMnOX > EXCH for Cu; FeMnOX = SB > OM > EXCH for Pb; and FeMnOX > SB = EXCH > OM for Zn. Application of SSMSW compost increased soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC), and increased the concentration of Cu, Pb, and Zn in all fractions, but not EXCH Pb. Basil yields were greatest in the 20% treatment, but Swiss chard yields were greater in all compost-amended soils relative to the unamended soil. Basil plants in 20 or 40% compost treatments reached flowering earlier than plants from other treatments. Additions of SSMSW compost to soil altered basil essential oil, but basil oil was free of metals. The results from this study suggest that mature SSMSW compost with concentrations of Cu, Pb, Mo, and Zn of 311, 223, 17, and 767 mg/kg, respectively, could be used as a soil conditioner without phytotoxic effects on agricultural crops and without increasing the normal range of Cu, Pb, and Zn in crop tissue. However, the long-term effect of the accumulation of heavy metals in soils needs to be carefully considered.     

Heavy metal content and distribution in surface sediments of the Seyhan River, Turkey

Chemical fractionation of seven heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) was studied using a modified three-step sequential procedure to assess their impacts in the sediments of the Seyhan River, Turkey. Samples were collected from six representative stations in two campaigns in October 2009 and June 2010, which correspond to the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The total metal concentrations in the sediments demonstrated different distribution patterns at the various stations. Cadmium was the only metal that was below detection at all stations during both sampling periods. Metal fractionation showed that, except for Mn and Pb, the majority of metals were found in the residual fraction regardless of sampling time, indicating that these metals were strongly bound to the sediments. The potential mobility of the metals (non-residual fractions) is reflected in the following ranking: Pb > Mn > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr in October 2009 and Mn > Pb > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr in June 2010. The second highest proportion of metals was bound to organic matter/sulfides, originating primarily from anthropogenic activities. Non-residual metal fractions for all stations were highest in June 2010, which may be linked to higher organic matter concentrations in the sediment samples with 1.40% and 15.1% in October 2009 and June 2010, respectively. Potential sediment toxicity was evaluated using the Risk Assessment Code (RAC). Based on RAC classification, Cd and Cr pose no risk, Cu and Ni pose low risk, Pb and Zn were classified as medium risk metals, while the environmental risk from Mn was high. In addition, based on the sediment quality guidelines (SQG), the Seyhan River can be classified as a river with no, to moderate, toxicological risks, based on total metal concentrations.