赤字爱胜蚓对土壤中镉富集的初步研究

将赤字爱胜蚓放在镉浓度分别为0、200、300、400、500、600、700mg·kg^-1的土壤中培养60d后,用原子吸收分光光度计法测定镉在蚯蚓不同部位的分布、蚓粪中镉的含量。结果表明,赤字爱胜蚓对土壤中的镉具有较强的富集能力。当土壤中镉浓度为200mg·kg^-1时,蚯蚓体内镉浓度为305mg·kg^-1,相当于蚯蚓体重的0.03%;土壤镉浓度200～500mg·kg^-1,蚯蚓对镉的富集系数在5以上;蚯蚓第XV体节后的肠道部是镉的主要吸收部位。研究结果表明,蚯蚓对于中轻度镉污染的土壤修复治理效果较为理想。     

浙江省主要优势农产品产地土壤-农作物镉含量空间分布及相关性研究

针对目前土壤-农作物镉污染问题,以浙江省40个县（市、区）主要优势农产品产区为研究对象,在粮食、油菜、蔬菜种植地以及茶园和果园土壤中共采集898个单元土壤样品及相对应的五大类农作物,并对其镉含量进行分析评价;同时采用富集系数比较不同农作物对土壤重金属镉的吸收差异。结果表明,研究区产地土壤和农作物的镉含量存在一定程度超标,土壤超标率为10.69%,农作物超标率为4.57%。不同农作物对土壤镉的富集系数差异较大,变化范围在0.002～0.257之间。土壤-农作物镉含量的相关性并不显著。     

张士灌区镉污染综合治理及镉米利用

一、情况张士灌区位于沈阳市西郊,于1962年建成引水灌渠,引西部卫工明渠的污水灌溉,面积为42,000亩。在1977年至1979年,沈阳市开展环境质量评价时,对张士灌区的镉污染状况、污染物迁移分布规律、污染的生态影响等问题,做了详细调查研究。造成灌区镉污染的主要污染源是沈阳冶炼厂。该厂在1980年以前,每年向外环境排镉10吨(占全市排镉量82%),其中25%进入张士灌区,除了每年作物带走0.016%,泄水带走0.07%外,其余在土壤中积累。经测算,现在灌区土壤耕层中积累有18吨。其中,哈大公路以东一闸地区约4,600亩地镉污染最为严重,土壤中镉含量最高达9.38ppm,一般镉含量都在5～7pp m     

直播稻田渗漏水磷素动态变化及渗漏流失潜力研究

通过田间实验,对太湖流域丹阳地区直播水稻田不同施磷水平下渗漏水磷素动态变化特征及流失潜力进行了研究。结果表明,施磷能明显提高地下60cm以上深度土层渗漏水磷的含量。各土层渗漏液总磷浓度随土层深度的增加呈下降趋势。随着施磷量的增加,稻田渗漏水磷素含量也会随之增加。土壤磷素发生渗漏流失的土壤表层Olsen-P含量的"突变点"change-Point为25.17 mg/kg。当土壤中的Olsen-P浓度小于25.17mg/kg时,20～40cm土层渗漏水中TP浓度基本上不随土壤Olsen-P浓度的变化而变化,但当土壤中Olsen-P大于25.17mg/kg时,20～40cm土层渗漏水中TP浓度会大量增加,且土壤中的Olsen-P每增加10 mg/kg,渗漏水TP将增加0.21 mg/L。稻田当季累计土壤磷素渗漏流失负荷为1.02 kg/ha,占当季施磷量的2.80%。     

三种菊科草本植物对重金属Cd污染土壤的修复效应实验研究

采用对照试验方法以百日草(Zinniaelegans)、万寿菊(Tagetes erecta)、矢车菊(Centaurea cyanus)3种菊科草本景观植物为试材,探究菊科草本植物对不同镉污染土壤水平(0、5、10、20、40、80 mg/kg)的响应与修复效应。试验结果表明:低浓度镉污染水平有利于植物生长;3种植物对土壤镉的修复量与镉污染水平呈正相关,总体表现为:百日草万寿菊矢车菊;因此百日草、万寿菊对镉污染具有较强的耐性、抗性、转移和富集能力,是一种抗Cd污染较好的菊科草本景观植物。     

生长于铬污染土壤上石榴产品铬污染评价

研究了攀西地区铬污染土壤和正常土壤铬含量分布及其石榴样品铬污染情况。结果表明攀枝花大田石榴基地土壤铬含量在23．1—504mg／kg，平均值高达184mg／kg，超标率为26％，而对该基地的石榴果实进行两年连续监测结果表明，铬含量在0．0012—0．067mg／kg之间，平均为0．016mg／kg，大大低于相应产品标准（0．5mg／kg），超标率为0％；会理石榴基地土壤铬含量在34．5—99．1mg／kg，平均值为69．0mg／kg，超标率为0％，该基地的石榴果实铬含量在0．0075—0．104mg／kg之间，平均为0．024mg／kg，大大低于相应产品标准（0．5mg／kg），超标率为0％。形态分析表明土壤中铬99％以上都是以不被植物利用的残渣态存在，因此土壤总铬再高，其被植物可吸收部分却很少，这就导致了受铬污染的土壤却不一定能生产出污染石榴的原因。     

四川某地区土壤中Cd、Se微量元素含量水平及有效性特征初步研究

为合理布局种植规划，保障土壤环境质量及农产品安全，采集区内表层土壤(0～20 cm),分析检测Cd、Se、有效镉、有效硒含量及pH值，通过数理统计的方法，对区内土壤中Cd、Se元素含量水平进行评价，探讨其有效性特征。区内土壤中Cd元素含量范围为0.21～1.22 mg/kg,均未超过“管控值”,92.19%的样品超过“筛选值”,可能存在生态环境风险，土壤pH≤6.5条件下Cd元素平均含量(0.44 mg/kg)低于其在pH>6.5条件下平均含量(0.72 mg/kg),Cd元素有效度与土壤pH值均呈负相关，表现为Cd元素有效性随土壤pH值升高呈明显下降趋势；Se元素平均含量(0.63 mg/kg)达到富硒土壤要求(大于0.40 mg/kg),其含量、有效度与土壤pH值关系较弱，含量基本稳定。区内分布大片高镉富硒土地属自然背景继承，酸性土壤环境下Cd元素活性程度较大，随pH值升高Cd元素活性程度下降趋势明显，表明农作物吸收土壤中Cd元素水平呈下降趋势亦明显，同时Se元素活性程度受土壤pH值影响较弱。可通过控制土壤pH值，合理布局种植规划，为规避或降低土壤中高镉可能带来的生态环境风险...     

有机菌肥对铅、镉、锌污染土壤和水体联合修复研究

为了研究液体有机菌肥在矿区周边农田污染土壤重金属去除效果，以重金属污染为研究对象，开展液体有机菌肥吸附混合液重金属试验和土壤重金属浸出毒性吸附实验，分析液体有机菌肥对重金属离子去除作用。结果表明：随着液体有机菌肥用量的增加，水体重金属铅、镉和锌含量浓度呈显著下降，液体有机菌肥容易吸附铅，吸附量高达到1667mg/kg,其次是镉和锌。在1%质量比添加量下，经过液体有机菌肥修复后的土壤镉、锌和铅含量下降率分别是29.62%、23.94%和11.66%,土壤重金属TCLP浸出毒性去除率效果显著。有机菌肥处理可改善土壤环境，对土壤和水体的铅、镉、锌重金属有一定修复作用。     

我国3种自然土壤中Sb含量与化学形态分布特征研究

以重金属锑(Sb)为目标金属,研究潮土、黑土、和红壤中Sb含量,并利用元素富集率研究人类活动对土壤中Sb含量的影响,利用连续逐级提取法研究土壤中Sb的形态分布,探讨不同土壤中Sb活性特征。研究结果表明,Sb在潮土、黑土和红壤表层(0～30 cm)的含量分别为:1.76 mg/kg、1.24 mg/kg、3.44mg/kg,3种土壤中Sb富集率均小于2,研究区域Sb含量受人类活动扰动小;Sb主要赋存于残渣态、有机金属络合态、结晶氧化物结合态,Sb活性表现为:红壤>黑土>潮土。     

土壤锑污染对桑树的影响初探

运用盆栽实验和实验分析方法,研究了土壤锑(Sb)污染对桑叶品质的影响,揭示了桑树对土壤锑的耐性机制。在土壤中分别添加三价锑15mg/kg、40mg/kg、80mg/kg、120mg/kg、160mg/kg和300mg/kg,以植物生长指标及生理指标为测试指标,实验周期60d。实验结果表明,低浓度Sb处理(<40mg/kg)对桑树生长有促进作用;随着土壤Sb浓度增高(40—300mg/kg),它对桑树产生抑制效应。但当土壤锑浓度不超过160mg/kg时,桑树对土壤锑污染有一定的耐性,其耐性指数>0.8。土壤锑污染对桑叶叶绿素含量、淀粉含量和可溶性糖含量影响不显著,桑叶中的锑含量随土壤锑含量的增加而增多。     

Elevated cadmium concentrations in potato tubers due to irrigation with river water contaminated by mining in Potosí, Bolivia

Risk of cadmium (Cd) in the human food chain in Cd-contaminated areas is often limited by phytotoxicity from zinc (Zn) that is associated with the Cd contamination. A semiarid area, 60 km downstream of a tin mine in Bolivia, was surveyed where irrigation with Cd-contaminated river water (65-240 microg Cd L(-1)) has increased median soil Cd to 20 mg kg(-1) while median soil Zn was only about 260 mg kg(-1). Cadmium concentrations in potato tubers increased from background values (0.05 mg kg(-1) dry wt.) in soils irrigated with spring water to a median value of 1.2 mg kg(-1) dry wt. in the affected area. Median concentration of Cd in soil solutions was 27 microg L(-1) and exceeded the corresponding value of Zn almost twofold. Soil-extractable chloride ranged from 40 to 1600 mg Cl(-) kg(-1) and was positively correlated with soil total Cd. Increasing soil solution Cl(-) decreased the solid-liquid distribution coefficient of Cd in soil. Soil total Cd explained 64% of the variation of tuber Cd concentration while only 3% of the variation was explained by soil extractable Cl(-) (n = 49). The estimated dietary Cd intake from potato consumption by the local population is about 100 microg d(-1) which exceeds the WHO recommended total daily intake. It is concluded that the food chain risk of Cd in the irrigation water of the semiarid area is aggravated by the association with Cl(-) and, potentially, by the relatively large Cd/Zn ratio.     

Cadmium content of wheat grain from a long-term field experiment with sewage sludge

Grain Cd concentrations were determined in the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars Soissons, Brigadier, and Hereward grown in 1994,1996, and 1999, respectively, in soils of a long-term field experiment to which sewage sludges contaminated with Zn, Cu, Ni, or Cr had previously been added. Soil pore water soluble Cd and free Cd2+ increased linearly with increasing total soil Cd (R2=0.82 and 0.84, respectively; P<0.001). Similarly, soil pore water free Cd2+ increased linearly with increasing soil pore water soluble Cd (R2=0.98; P<0.001). There was no evidence of a plateau in soil pore water Cd concentrations with increasing soil Cd concentrations. Grain Cd concentrations were significantly correlated with total soil Cd (P<0.001), soil pore water Cd (P<0.001), and free Cd2+ (P<0.001). A slight curvilinear relationship between grain Cd and soil Cd was apparent, but there was no plateau, even at the maximum soil Cd concentration of about 2.7 mg kg(-1). The relationship between soil pore water Cd and grain Cd was linear for all three cultivars. The slopes were in the order 1994 > 1996 > 1999, with more Cd being taken up into the grain by Soissons grown in 1994, and least by Hereward grown in 1999. For Soissons, Cd concentration in the grain greater than the EU limit (0.24 mg kg(-1) dry wt.) occurred at soil Cd less than the current UK limit of 3 mg kg(-1) for soils receiving sewage sludge. In contrast, for Brigadier and Hereward, grain Cd concentrations were near to and less than the EU limit, respectively, at soil Cd concentrations of 3 mg kg(-1).     

Effect of Cadmium on Microbial Activity and a Ryegrass Crop in Two Semiarid Soils

Soil pollution with Cd is an environmental problem common in the world, and it is necessary to establish what Cd concentrations in soil could be dangerous to its fertility from toxicity effects and the risk of transference of this element to plants and other organisms of the food chain. In this study, we assessed Cd toxicity on soil microorganisms and plants in two semiarid soils (uncultivated and cultivated). Soil ATP content, dehydrogenase activity, and plant growth were measured in the two soils spiked with concentrations ranging from 3 to 8000 mg Cd/kg soil and incubated for 3 h, 20 days, and 60 days. The Cd concentrations that produced 5%; 10%;, and 50%; inhibition of each of the two soil microbiological parameter studied (ecological dose, ED, values) were calculated using two different mathematical models. Also, the effect of Cd concentration on plant growth of ryegrass (Lolium perenne, L.) was studied in the two soils. The Cd ED values calculated for soil dehydrogenase activity and ATP content were higher in the agricultural soils than in the bare soil. For ATP inhibition, higher ED values were calculated than for dehydrogenase activity inhibition. The average yields of ryegrass were reduced from 5.03 to 3.56 g in abandoned soil and from 4.21 to 1.15 g in agricultural soil with increasing concentrations of Cd in the soil. Plant growth was totally inhibited in abandoned and agricultural soils at Cd concentrations above 2000 and 5000 mg/kg soil, respectively. There was a positive correlation between the concentration of Cd in the plants and the total or DTPA-extractable concentrations of Cd in the soil.     

Effect of chloride in soil solution on the plant availability of biosolid-borne cadmium

Increasing chloride (Cl) concentration in soil solution has been shown to increase cadmium (Cd) concentration in soil solution and Cd uptake by plants, when grown in phosphate fertilizer- or biosolid-amended soils. However, previous experiments did not distinguish between the effect of Cl on biosolid-borne Cd compared with soil-borne Cd inherited from previous fertilizer history. A factorial pot experiment was conducted with biosolid application rates of 0, 20, 40, and 80 g biosolids kg(-1) and Cl concentration in soil solution ranging from 1 to 160 mM Cl. The Cd uptake of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Halberd) was measured and major cations and anions in soil solution were determined. Cadmium speciation in soil solution was calculated using GEOCHEM-PC. The Cd concentration in plant shoots and soil solution increased with biosolid application rates up to 40 g kg(-1), but decreased slightly in the 80 g kg(-1) biosolid treatment. Across biosolid application rates, the Cd concentration in soil solution and plant shoots was positively correlated with the Cl concentration in soil solution. This suggests that biosolid-borne Cd is also mobilized by chloride ligands in soil solution. The soil solution CdCl+ activity correlated best with the Cd uptake of plants, although little of the variation in plant Cd concentrations was explained by activity of CdCl+ in higher sludge treatments. It was concluded that chlorocomplexation of Cd increased the phytoavailability of biosolid-borne Cd to a similar degree as soil (fertilizer) Cd. There was a nonlinear increase in plant uptake and solubility of Cd in biosolid-amended soils, with highest plant Cd found at the 40 g kg(-1) rate of biosolid application, and higher rates (80 g kg(-1)) producing lower plant Cd uptake and lower Cd solubility in soil. This is postulated to be a result of Cd retention by CaCO3 formed as a result of the high alkalinity induced by biosolid application.     

Preceding crop affects grain cadmium and zinc of wheat grown in saline soils of central Iran

Enhanced Cd concentrations in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain produced on saline soils of central Iran have been recently reported. Because wheat bread is a major dietary component for the Iranian people, practical approaches to decrease Cd concentration in wheat grain were investigated. This study investigated the influence of sunflower-wheat vs. cotton-wheat rotations on extractable Cd and on Cd uptake by wheat in these salt-affected soils. Two fields with different levels of Cd contamination (1.5 and 3.2 mg total Cd kg(-1) dry soil) were cropped with different rotations (cotton-wheat and sunflower-wheat) in Qom province, central Iran. Seeds of cotton (Gossypium L.) or sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Record) were planted in plots. After harvesting of the plants and removal of crop residues, wheat (cv. Rushan) was seeded in all plots. For both studied soils, the concentrations of Cd extracted by 0.04 M EDTA and 1 M CaCl(2) were significantly (P < or = 0.05) greater after cotton than after sunflower. Accordingly, the total amount of Cd in sunflower shoot was significantly (P < or = 0.05) greater than in the cotton shoot. Shoot Cd content in wheat plants grown after cotton and sunflower were significantly different; wheat shoots after cotton accumulated more Cd (two to four times) than after sunflower. Wheat grain Cd concentration after sunflower was much lower (more than seven times) than after cotton. The results of this study showed that sunflower in rotation with wheat in salt-affected soils of central Iran significantly reduced the risk of Cd transfer to wheat grain.     

Trace element concentrations in soil, corn leaves, and grain after cessation of biosolids applications

From 1974 to 1984, 543 Mg ha(-1) of biosolids were applied to portions of a land-reclamation site in Fulton County, IL. Soil organic C increased to 5.1% then decreased significantly (p < 0.01) to 3.8% following cessation of biosolids applications (1985-1997). Metal concentrations in amended soils (1995-1997) were not significantly different (p > 0.05) (Ni and Zn) or were significantly lower (p < 0.05) (6.4% for Cd and 8.4% for Cu) than concentrations from 1985-1987. For the same biosolids-amended fields, metal concentrations in corn (Zea mays L.) either remained the same (p > 0.05, grain Cu and Zn) or decreased (p < 0.05, grain Cd and Ni, leaf Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn) for plants grown in 1995-1997 compared with plants grown immediately following termination of biosolids applications (1985-1987). Biosolids application increased (p < 0.05) Cd and Zn concentrations in grain compared with unamended fields (0.01 to 0.10 mg kg(-1) for Cd and 23 to 28 mg kg(-1) for Zn) but had no effect (p > 0.05) on grain Ni concentrations. Biosolids reduced (p < 0.05) Cu concentration in grain compared with grain from unamended fields (1.9 to 1.5 mg kg(-1)). Biosolids increased (p < 0.05) Cd, Ni, and Zn concentrations in leaves compared with unamended fields (0.3 to 5.6 mg kg(-1) for Cd, 0.2 to 0.5 mg kg(-1) for Ni, and 32 to 87 mg kg(-1) for Zn), but had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on leaf Cu concentrations. Based on results from this field study, USEPA's Part 503 risk model overpredicted transfer of these metals from biosolids-amended soil to corn.     

Accumulation of cadmium in the edible parts of six vegetable species grown in Cd-contaminated soils

Species difference in Cd accumulation is important for selection of agronomic technologies aimed at producing low-Cd vegetables. Six vegetable species (Chinese leek, pakchoi, carrot, radish, tomato and cucumber) were grown in pot and field experiments to study the accumulation of Cd under different conditions. In the field trial (Cd 2.55 mg kg(-1)), Cd concentrations in the edible parts ranged from 0.01 to 0.1 mg kg(-1) and were below the permissible limits (0.2 mg kg(-1) for pakchoi and leek; 0.1 mg kg(-1) for carrot and radish; 0.05 mg kg(-1) for cucumber and tomato), but exceeded the limit in pakchoi, Chinese leek, carrot and tomato at a Cd addition level of 2.0 mg kg(-1). Plant Cd concentrations increased linearly with the increasing concentration of Cd added to the soil, with the slope of the regression lines varying by 28-fold among the six species. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) varied substantially, and was much higher in the pot experiment than in the field trial. It is concluded that the vegetable species differed markedly in the Cd accumulation and species performed consistently under different growth conditions.     

Cupric ion activity in peat soil as a toxicity indicator for maize

Copper phytotoxicity in soils is difficult to assess because Cu accumulates at and damages roots, and is not readily transferred to shoots. Soil chemical properties strongly influence Cu speciation, so that total soil Cu alone is not a broadly useful indicator of potential toxicity to plants. The present study measured free Cu2+ activity in Cu-enriched peat soils using the ion selective electrode. The soil Cu2+ activity was related to the severity of phytotoxicity as measured by several indicators in a maize (Zea mays L.) bioassay, including leaf chlorosis, root stunting, and reduced shoot growth and Fe concentration. A soil Cu2+ activity of 10(-7.0) to 10(-7.5), corresponding to total Cu of about 275 mg/kg in the peat soil, caused phytotoxicity in maize seedlings. It is proposed that Cu2+ activity is more directly related to phytotoxic effects than other soil tests, such as extractions with strong acids or chelating agents, because it is the free Cu2+ in soil solution that has the most direct toxic effects on roots. There was very limited uptake of Cu into maize shoots, and even when Cu2+ activity and total soil Cu were raised into the extreme toxicity range of 10(-5) and 4,000 mg/ kg, respectively, shoot Cu remained less than 35 mg/kg. These results indicate the inadequacy of the USEPA risk assessment of potential for Cu toxicity to crops amended with sewage sludge, which assumed a no-effect level of maize shoot Cu of 40 mg/kg.