磁性高交联纳米吸附树脂的合成及其对酚类的吸附

采用油酸双层包覆Fe₃O₄纳米粒子,然后进行共聚和交联反应,制备出耐酸性的磁性高交联纳米吸附树脂YQ-3.YQ-3树脂的比表面积为653.5 m²·g^-1,平均孔径为4.12 nm,磁化强度为1.72 emμ·g^-1,具有超顺磁性.苯酚（PN）、对苯二酚（HN）、对硝基苯酚（PNP）在YQ-3上的吸附等温线符合Freundlich方程,主要通过疏水和 π-π作用进行吸附.3种酚的饱和吸附量顺序为PNP>PN>HN,与其疏水性顺序一致.准一级动力学和颗粒内模型适合拟合YQ-3对酚的吸附,由于YQ-3磁性树脂具有较小的粒径和丰富的中-大孔隙,其动力学速率比传统超高交联树脂更快.     

纳米零价铁颗粒去除As(III)和As(V)的动力学过程及性能研究

本研究系统分析了不同初始砷浓度和不同nZVI投加量等条件下,nZVI去除As（III）和As（V）的动力学过程和除砷性能.结果表明,nZVI可快速有效地去除As（III）和As（V）,除砷过程均符合准二级动力学模型,且As（III）的去除速率明显快于As（V）.在砷浓度为5 mg·L^-1时,As（III）去除速率常数达最大值0.30 g·mg^-1·min^-1,为As（V）去除速率（0.034 g·mg^-1·min^-1）的8.8倍.Weber-Morris粒子内扩散模型拟合结果表明,nZVI除砷速率是由外扩散和颗粒内扩散共同控制的.分析反应平衡时砷浓度测定结果,发现不同砷浓度条件下nZVI对As（III）的去除量为As（V）的1.5~2.6倍,nZVI对砷的去除量随初始砷浓度增加而降低,随nZVI投加量增加而增加.砷浓度为50.0 mg·L^-1时,As（III）和As（V）去除量达到最高,分别为152.14 mg·g^-1和62.02 mg·g^-1,均高于传统（羟基）氧化铁对As（III）和As（V）的去除量.因此,nZVI可高效去除水中As（III）和As（V）,且用于修复以As（III）污染为主的地下水更具有优势.     

聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠-活性炭固定化菌球处理二氯甲烷的研究

本研究以聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠-活性炭为复合载体、自行筛选的高效降解菌Methylobacterium rhodesianum H13为目标菌制备固定化小球,用于去除二氯甲烷,同时优化了固定化小球的制备条件.结果表明,当聚乙烯醇浓度为8%,海藻酸钠浓度为5%,CaCl₂浓度为2%,活性炭浓度为1%,包菌量为0.6 g,钙化时间为8 h时,复合固定化细胞对DCM的降解速率达到最高为18.2 mg·L^-1·h^-1,同时活性炭的添加对小球的机械强度也有显著提升.与游离细胞相比,固定化细胞具有更好的热稳定性与pH稳定性,并且固定化细胞的重复利用性较好,连续处理9批底物后,DCM降解速率仍保持在13.4 mg·L^-1·h^-1以上.吸附动力学与等温线拟合结果显示,在固定化载体中加入1%活性炭后,小球对DCM的吸附量明显提高,而且吸附能在更短的时间内达到平衡.吸附动力学符合准二级反应动力学方程,复合载体对DCM的吸附遵循Langmuir吸附模型（R²>0.99）.     

CaO2@FA复合材料富集磷效能及其回收物对土壤改良作用

为实现污水中磷和工业废弃物粉煤灰的资源化利用,通过表面沉淀法将纳米CaO₂负载于粉煤灰（FA）表面以及孔隙中,制备出一种高效除磷的复合材料（CaO₂@FA）.结果表明,粉煤灰表面负载CaO₂后,其具有更大的比表面积和孔隙率,比表面积增加至4.641 m² ·g^-1,总孔容增大至0.025 cm³ ·g^-1;CaO₂@FA对磷的吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,其最大吸附容量为185.776 mg ·g^-1（20℃）,吸附机制为化学沉淀,主要是形成羟基磷酸钙.CaO₂@FA复合材料对磷的富集效率显著高于粉煤灰,并随着投加量增加,对磷的富集效率增加.共存离子中HCO^3-和CO₃^2-对复合材料吸附磷有一定的负面作用.当CaO₂@FA复合材料投加量为2.0 g ·L^-1时,对生活污水中磷的富集率可达93%,回收沉淀物中的有效磷含量达到1.658 mg ·g^-1.土壤改良实验表明,加入回收的沉淀物可使土壤中有效磷含量增加102.9%,该复合材料回收100 mg磷酸盐的运行成本则低至0.76元.     

太湖春夏两季反硝化与厌氧氨氧化速率的空间差异及其影响因素

反硝化和厌氧氨氧化是湖泊的重要脱氮过程,对维持湖泊氮素平衡具有重要意义.为了解大型富营养化浅水湖泊——太湖反硝化和厌氧氨氧化速率的时空变化及其影响因素,于2020年春季和夏季选择太湖的梅梁湾、贡湖湾、竺山湾、大浦口、胥口湾和湖心区采集无扰动泥柱,利用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术,在恒温水浴条件下开展反硝化和厌氧氨氧化流动培养实验.结果表明,春季太湖不同湖区反硝化和厌氧氨氧化速率的空间分布差异较大,反硝化速率为（27.74±8.45）~（142.43±35.54）μmol·（m²·h）^-1,厌氧氨氧化速率为（2.35±1.06）~（17.95±8.66）μmol·（m²·h）^-1,厌氧氨氧化对脱氮的贡献率相对较低,为（7.82±1.71）%~（11.20±1.53）%.夏季竺山湾脱氮速率最高,反硝化和厌氧氨氧化速率分别高达（165.68±62.14）μmol·（m²·h）^-1和（33.56±10.66）μmol·（m²·h）^-1,厌氧氨氧化对脱氮贡献率达到了（16.85±1.78）%,其他湖区的脱氮速率相对较低,且没有十分显著的空间差异,反硝化和厌氧氨氧化速率分别为（25.47±10.46）~（42.50±16.46）和（2.65±0.94）~（5.95±2.65）μmol·（m²·h）^-1,厌氧氨氧化对脱氮的贡献率为（13.62±1.95）%~（7.24±1.78）%.总体来说,夏季反硝化速率要普遍低于春季,而厌氧氨氧化速率相对于春季并无明显下降.统计分析表明,反硝化和厌氧氨氧化速率与底物氮浓度呈显著的相关性（P<0.01）,说明氮浓度是不同湖区脱氮速率差异的主要控制因素.此外,厌氧氨氧化对脱氮的贡献率与叶绿素a的浓度呈现显著的正相关性（P<0.05）,说明蓝藻水华对厌氧氨氧化脱氮贡献率的变化有很大的影响,具体的影响机制还有待进一步研究.     

反硝化除磷污泥聚集体内原位除磷活性及有机物浓度的影响

以SBR系统反硝化除磷污泥为对象,利用氧化还原电位、溶解氧和磷酸盐微电极定量研究了污泥聚集体内除磷菌的原位除磷活性及有机物浓度的影响.结果发现,厌氧初期污泥聚集体内最大净体积释磷速率为3.29mg·（cm³·h）^-1,是缺氧初期最大净体积吸磷速率的3倍左右;厌氧末期释磷速率明显降低,最大净体积释磷速率仅为厌氧初期的一半.在缺氧末期,最大净体积吸磷速率降至0.14mg·（cm³·h）^-1,且在1800 μm以下深层区域发生了"二次释磷"现象.随着COD浓度由350 mg·L^-1降至250 mg·L^-1和150 mg·L^-1,反硝化除磷菌的最大净体积释磷速率由3.27 mg·（cm³·h）^-1降至2.44 mg·（cm³·h）^-1和2.01 mg·（cm³·h）^-1,且快速吸磷区域整体向污泥聚集体表层收窄.     

改性活性炭除亚砷酸盐的性能研究

制备了2种负载铁锰氧化物的改性活性炭（FM-GAC-1、FM-GAC-2）并研究其对水中的亚砷酸盐的去除性能.考察了2种改性活性炭除三价砷的吸附等温线、反应动力学及pH、温度、水中共存离子对其去除三价砷的影响,发现FM-GAC-1和FM-GAC-2对三价砷均有较好的去除效果,吸附容量分别为32.37、 26.67 mg·g^-1.吸附速率符合拟二级反应动力学,化学反应控制过程是改性活性炭除砷的限速步骤.pH值偏酸性有利于吸附的进行,温度升高,吸附容量有所下降,该吸附过程是自发的放热过程.同时,水体中的共存阴离子在其浓度值为三价砷的200倍时,SiO^2-₃、 PO^2-₃、NO^-₃对FM-GAC-1吸附三价砷有明显影响; SiO^2-₃、CO^2-₃对FM-GAC-2吸附三价砷有显著影响.总体上讲,FM-GAC-1较FM-GAC-2有更为优异的去除三价砷性能.     

2016~2017年长荡湖流域河湖系统营养盐时空分布机制分析

以江苏省常州市长荡湖流域河湖系统为研究对象,基于野外监测与室内分析,探讨了水体氮、磷等营养盐的时空分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明,2016~2017年长荡湖流域河湖系统氮、磷污染突出,河流TN、NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N、TP和Chla平均质量浓度和高锰酸盐指数分别为（3.70±0.76）mg ·L^-1、（1.81±0.42）mg ·L^-1、（1.03±0.61）mg ·L^-1、（0.38±0.31）mg ·L^-1、（25.74±37.00）μg ·L^-1和（6.35±0.81）mg ·L^-1.河流总氮污染季节差异明显,表现为冬、春季劣于夏、秋季,河流总磷污染表现为秋、冬季劣于春、夏季,空间差异表现为北 > 西北 > 南 > 东部,河流处于中~高度富营养化状态.湖区TN、NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N、TP和Chla平均质量浓度和高锰酸盐指数分别为（2.25±0.94）mg ·L^-1、（0.98±0.47）mg ·L^-1、（0.19±0.14）mg ·L^-1、（0.11±0.03）mg ·L^-1、（18.71±8.76）μg ·L^-1和（4.59±1.09）mg ·L^-1,氮、磷质量浓度均超过Ⅲ类水标准,在空间上表现为从西部向东、南部降低的趋势,湖区处于轻~中度富营养状态.丹金溧漕河、通济河与薛埠河等河流是长荡湖流域河湖水系的主要污染物输送通道,丹金溧漕河干流输送氮、磷年通量最大,约为通济河和薛埠河年通量总和的10~12倍.长荡湖流域河流氮、磷污染同时受到农业面源污染物流失与城镇污水排放的影响.土地利用方式转变和大气沉降是导致长荡湖流域河湖系统氮、磷污染加剧的重要驱动因素.     

CuFeO2改性生物炭对四环素的吸附特性

利用共沉淀和水热法于生物炭（BC250、BC350、BC450、BC550和BC650）负载CuFeO₂,得到的复合材料对水中四环素（TC）具有较好的去除效果.CuFeO₂与BC450质量比为2 ：1的CuFeO₂改性生物炭（CuFeO₂/BC450=2 ：1）对TC的吸附性能最强.TC于CuFeO₂/BC450=2 ：1的吸附符合颗粒内扩散模型,表明吸附是界面和孔隙扩散控制的过程.在中性pH、298 K下,CuFeO₂/BC450=2 ：1对TC的Langmuir最大吸附量为82.8 mg ·g^-1,远大于BC450的13.7 mg ·g^-1和CuFeO₂的14.8 mg ·g^-1.热力学结果表明,CuFeO₂/BC450=2 ：1对TC的吸附是自发和吸热过程.随pH增加,CuFeO₂/BC450=2 ：1对TC的吸附去除呈先增加后降低的趋势,中性条件时效果最佳.CuFeO₂/BC450=2 ：1对TC的强吸附得益于CuFeO₂负载对材料孔隙结构的改善、比表面积的增大和表面官能团、电荷属性的改变.研究结果为净化抗生素污染提供了一种高效的磁性吸附剂.     

壳聚糖复合树脂对亚硝酸盐氮的吸附性能

采用反相乳液交联法制备了活性炭负载壳聚糖的新型复合树脂,研究了该树脂对亚硝酸盐氮（NO^-₂-N）的吸附性能.结果表明,复合树脂表面具有发达的微孔,与壳聚糖树脂相比,活性炭的加入使复合树脂的堆积密度、骨架密度和孔度参数值略有降低.壳聚糖复合树脂的吸附量远大于活性炭与壳聚糖树脂简单机械组合的吸附量.当温度低于40℃时,吸附类型是以静电引力为主要作用力的物理吸附,树脂对NO^-₂-N的吸附选择性会受共存阴离子浓度及其所带负电荷数的影响,吸附平衡时间约为60 min,平衡吸附量计算值为0.479 mg/g,吸附速率较快,吸附量较小;当温度高于40℃时,吸附类型为化学吸附,吸附热力学特性为吸热、自发、熵增,吸附平衡时间约为90 min,平衡吸附量计算值为0.700 mg/g,吸附速率下降,但吸附量增大.化学吸附和物理吸附的等温方程符合Freundlich模型,二者的吸附速率方程都更符合二级吸附速率模型.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.