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1.
Ronald W. Ward G. Michael DeGraeve 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1978,14(3):696-709
ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to determine the comparative acute toxicity of chlorine, bromine chloride and ozone in wastewater, and to determine any acute toxicity associated with chlorinated wastewater which had been dechlorinated with sulfur dioxide. Toxicity tests were conducted with several species of cyprinids, salmonids and centrarchids, and the freshwater macroinvertebrate, Daphnia magna. Chlorinated effluent exhibited the greatest potential for residual toxicity of any disinfected stream tested. The reduced residual toxicity of chlorobrominated or ozonated effluent was largely the result of the more rapid dissipation of these disinfectants in wastewater. The acute residual toxicity of chlorinated effluent was eliminated by dechlorination with sulfur dioxide. 相似文献
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高级氧化技术在油田水处理中的应用 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8
概述了高级氧化技术的基本原理和发展历程,介绍了臭氧氧化、二氧化氯氧化及光催化氧化等典型的高级氧化技术及其在水处理中的应用进展情况。结合目前油田水处理中出现的新问题,如硫酸盐还原菌含量高、有机物浓度高、微生物易于繁殖以及结垢严重等现象,对高级氧化技术在油田水处理中的应用前景进行了论述。同时提出应进一步加强对油田采出污水杀菌、油田水的灭藻和除泥、油田地面水体油污染控制等方面的研究。 相似文献
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海水反渗透膜生物污染是由微生物在膜表面沉积和生长而形成的生物膜造成的污染,因此控制膜生物污染可从杀死微生物和抑制其生长两方面进行。目前常用的控制膜生物污染的两大方法是通过投加杀菌剂(如氯、二氧化氯、臭氧、UV、DBNPA)来杀死微生物和去除碳营养元素来抑制其繁殖。应用"在线混凝+MF/UF"的预处理方法,通过去除磷来控制海水反渗透膜生物污染将成为未来的研究趋势。 相似文献
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Fuzzy synthetic evaluation of disinfection by-products--a risk-based indexing system 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed when disinfectants such as chlorine, chloramine, and ozone react with organic matter in water. Chlorine being the most common disinfectant used in the drinking water industry worldwide, significant attention has been focused on chlorinated DBPs. A new indexing method using fuzzy synthetic evaluation is proposed to determine the health risk associated with the two major groups of chlorinated DBPs--trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Initially, membership functions for cancer and non-cancer risks associated with THMs and HAAs are used to establish the fuzzy evaluation matrices. Subsequently, weighted evaluation matrices for both types of risks are established by performing cross products on the weighted vectors (founded on the analytic hierarchy process) and the fuzzy evaluation matrices. In the final stage, the weighted evaluation matrices of cancer and non-cancer risks are aggregated to determine the final risk rating. Two case studies are provided to demonstrate the application of this method. 相似文献
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Pulp mill effluent was treated by different advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) consisting of UV, UV/H2O2, TiO2-assisted photo-catalysis (UV/TiO2) and UV/H2O2/TiO2 in lab-scale reactors for total organic carbon (TOC) and toxicity removals. Effects of some operating parameters such as the initial pH, oxidant and catalyst concentrations on TOC and toxicity removals were investigated. Almost every method resulted in some degree of TOC and toxicity removal from the pulp mill effluent. However, the TiO2-assisted photo-catalysis (UV/TiO2) resulted in the highest TOC and toxicity removals under alkaline conditions when compared with the other AOPs tested. Approximately, 79.6% TOC and 94% toxicity removals were obtained by the TiO2-assisted photo-catalysis (UV/TiO2) with a titanium dioxide concentration of 0.75gl(-1) at pH 11 within 60min. 相似文献
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Nguyen Thi Yen N. T. K. Oanh Lars Baetz Reutergardh Donald L. Wise Nguyen Thi Thu Lan 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》1996,18(1-4)
An integrated investigation on wastewater characterization and the environmental effects from the COGIDO pulp and paper mill in Bien Hoa Industrial Estate, Vietnam, a chlorine bleached soda integrated pulp and paper mill operating without a chemical recovery system, on the receiving water body was conducted during the rainy and dry seasons in 1993 and 1995. The pollution load from the mill was very high in terms of BOD, COD and SS (CODm: 58.7 t/d; BOD: 33.3 t/d and SS: 25.1 t/d). The effluent toxicity was determined using four toxicity tests: the green micro-alga, Selenastrum capricornutum, Microtox (marine bacteria: Photobacterium phosphoreum), the duckweed, Lemna aequinoctialis, and fish (silver barb: Puntius gonionotus, and Tilapia: Tilapia nilotica). Selenastrum capricornutum was the most sensitive among the tested organisms. The mill toxicity emission rate (TER) was as high as 338 610 (Selenastrum test). The bleaching-pulp and semi-chemical pulp plants which contributed the largest pollution load to the total COGIDO effluent, therefore, were targeted for abatement measures. Physico-chemical parameters as well as qualitative and quantitative aquatic organism composition for the river water were established. The BOD5 and COD values exceeded the potable surface water standard by a factor of 2 to 4. The species diversity and abundance of the phytoplankton, zooplankton and zoobenthos were found to be lower (20–40%) than that of unpolluted rivers in Vietnam, whereas pollution-indicator species increased up to four times during the dry season 1995. 相似文献
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Taiwan's implementation of the 1997 Air Pollution Emissions Fees Program will conceivably lead to long-term reductions in pollution emissions. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the benefits to Taiwan from the expected reduction in crop losses as a direct result of such a decrease in air pollution. We employ a demand-supply framework for rice production to estimate the change in social welfare resulting from changes in the concentration of certain pollutants in the atmosphere. Our empirical results show that, in the year 1997, social welfare increments resulting from the decline in sulfur dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere ranged between US dollars 946200 and US dollars 2435800. Meanwhile, during the same period, the increase in social welfare due to the decline in the ozone concentration in the atmosphere ranged between US dollars 838100 and US dollars 1927000. The average benefit from the reduction in both sulfur dioxide and ozone concentrations is calculated to be between US dollars 2.67 and US dollars 6.86 per acre (for sulfur dioxide), and from US dollars 2.36 to US dollars 5.43 per acre (for ozone). 相似文献
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The degradation and detoxification performance of ozonation in treating pentachlorophenol (PCP) contaminated wastewater was determined. All experiments were conducted in a bench scale glass column equipped with ceramic diffuser and a lab-scale ozone generator under ambient temperature and pH 7. The decomposition rate of PCP in this study was primarily controlled by the ozone mass transfer rate from gas to liquid phases. Principal intermediates found were 2,3,4,6- and 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenols (TeCP) and phenol. PCP seems to be more vulnerable to ozone than its intermediates. A bioluminescence technique was used to evaluate the toxicity of PCP with Vibrio fisheri NRRL B-11177 as the test bacterium, and the EC(50) of PCP was found to be 1.0 mg l(-1). Detoxification occurred as the PCP and TeCP reacted with ozone and decomposed to less chlorinated congeners and phenol. 相似文献
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本文对某印染工业园区的混合废水处理装置开展了连续两年的运行调查,并对其进行了完善和提标改造的技术探讨。研究表明,污水处理装置的出水氨氮、总磷达标,BOD5、色度接近排放标准,而CODCr、SS难以达到一级排放要求。在现有工艺流程条件下对出水进行砂滤和二氧化氯强氧化能够保证出水达到一级A排放标准。 相似文献
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H. D. Burkett J. H. Faison H. H. Kohl W. B. Wheatley S. D. Worley N. Bodor 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1981,17(5):874-876
A new chloramine agent, 3-chloio-4, 4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone, has been tested in a laboratory scale water treatment plant as to its efficacy in water disinfection. The agent seems to be equally effective as compared to chlorine gas in this application. The results of preliminary toxicity studies on the agent are very encouraging. The agent has a long shelf life both in water solution and in the solid state. Being a solid, the agent is clearly less hazardous to handle than chlorine gas. The agent appears to inhibit oxidative corrosion of metals as well. The agent is less likely to produce toxic halocarbons (e.g., chloroform) in water than is chlorine gas. Possibly most important from the standpoint of water disinfection, the agent is a “slow release” one for its positive chlorine, which provides prolonged bactericidal activity. 相似文献
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Arthur Scheier William Connell H. D. Gominger 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1979,15(1):75-87
ABSTRACT: A laboratory boat designed to investigate toxic effects on site and its use as a bioassay tool in the study of a refinery effluent discharged into the Schuylkill River, a tributary of the Delaware River, is described. Three-hundred thirty-six-hour continuous-flow bioassay s exposing the bluegill sunfish, the channel catfish, the tadpole snail, the grass shrimp, and the sheephead minnow to concentrations of refinery effluent in Schuylkill, Delaware River, and Delaware Bay water, with and without the addition of sediment were performed. Results indicated that the toxicity (lethality) of fresh samples tested aboard the boat (refinery effluent, dilution water, sediment) were considerably higher (i.e., refinery effluent at full strength was 2.2X as lethal to the bluegill, 1.4X as lethal to the channel catfish, 1.5X as lethal to the sheep-head minnow and 100X as lethal to the grass shrimp) than the same test material collected from the refinery outfall and brought to a central laboratory for testing. Chemical analysis and bioassay data is presented showing the effects of aging and irradiation upon the refinery effluent. 相似文献
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The standard idea for deep saline aquifer sequestration is to separate carbon dioxide from a process stream, compress it, and inject it underground. However, since carbon dioxide is less dense than water, even at the high pressures found in aquifers, it is buoyant and will move towards the surface unless trapped by an impermeable seal. Also, significant energy expenditure is required to separate and compress carbon dioxide, even though neat carbon dioxide is not a desired product. These issues may be addressed by combining the idea of fast dissolution at the surface with supercritical water oxidation (SCWO). By burning coal at high pressure in supercritical water drawn from an aquifer, and then sequestering the entire pre-equilibrated effluent, all carbon from the fuel is captured, as well as all non-mineral coal combustion products including sulfur and metals.A possible block diagram of an SCWO-based electric power plant is proposed, including processes to handle salts from the aquifer brine and minerals from coal. The plant is thermodynamically modeled, using an indirectly fired combined cycle to convert energy from hot combustion products to work. This model estimates the overall thermal efficiency that can be achieved, and reveals unanticipated interactions within the plant that have significant effects on efficiency. The assumptions and results of the model highlight design challenges for an actual system. 相似文献
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Merits of ozonation and catalytic ozonation pre-treatment in the algal treatment of pulp and paper mill effluents 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Balcioğlu IA Tarlan E Kivilcimdan C Saçan MT 《Journal of environmental management》2007,85(4):918-926
Since the performance of algal treatment for pulp mill effluent decreases with increasing color intensity and AOX content, which mainly originate from the chlorine bleaching of Kraft pulp, the separated CEH bleaching effluent was pre-treated by both the conventional and the heterogeneous catalytic ozonation processes. An increase in the BOD(5)/COD ratio from 0.11 to 0.28 and 87% color abatement in terms of Pt-Co were achieved by catalytic ozonation, which had the best treatment performance. Biodegradability enhancement of the CEH effluent correlated well with a decrease in toxicity, high-molecular-weight-compound content, and AOX abatement. By the pre-treatment of the CEH bleaching effluent, the overall efficiencies of algal treatment of the combined pulp mill effluent in terms of the fractional removal of COD and color were increased from 76% and 53% to 86-90% and 96-99%, respectively. Effects of both the conventional and the catalytic ozonation pre-treatments on subsequent biological treatment were close to each other and they reduced the filling period of the Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) cycle from 8 to 5 days. 相似文献
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The Microtox toxicity and Oxygen Uptake Rate (OUR) inhibition tests were conducted to monitor the variation of toxicity during ozonation of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), 3-chlorophenol (3-CP) and 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) under neutral conditions. The results revealed that the oxidized 2-CP solution exhibited new toxicity to pure bacteria and mixed microorganisms in the early stage of ozonation. The largest inhibition of OUR appeared at one mol of applied ozone dosage per mol of initial 2-CP, and the percentage of inhibition was 63.8%. In addition, ozonated 3-CP and 4-CP also significantly induced new aqueous toxicity, if these toxic intermediates were not further ozonated. Comparing the variation of toxicity and the hydroxylated/chlorinated intermediates formed, 3-chloro-catechol, 2-chloro-2, 4-hexadienedioic acid and the dimmer compounds may be related to the sources of toxicity during the ozonation of 2-CP. 相似文献
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A number of industries monitor levels of chemicals in their effluent, but few have undertaken prolonged biological monitoring of this wastewater. The focus of the present study was to determine whether past chemical data for effluent from a lead smelter could be used to estimate its past toxicity. Since the interactive effects of metals in effluents are often assumed to be additive, it was hypothesized that an additive model, 100/[sigma(metal concentration in effluent/EC50 for individual metal)], could be used to generate an EC50 from chemical data (where EC50 is the concentration of test material that affects 50% of the test organisms). To test the approach, a larval development toxicity test with the marine polychaete, Galeolaria caespitosa, was used to test 26 separate samples of effluent from a lead smelter, generating empirical EC50 values. EC50 values for each individual metal in the effluent were also generated using the larval development toxicity test. The concentrations of trace metals in each effluent sample were determined and, using the additive model, EC50 values were calculated. For the majority of effluent samples tested, the additive model underestimated toxicity, suggesting the presence of additional unidentified contaminants in the effluent samples. Additionally, a nonlinear rather than linear regression curve was found to best describe the relationship between the model and empirically derived EC50 values. This relationship was then used to estimate past trends in toxicity of the smelter effluent. Forty-eight percent of the variability in measured toxicity was explained by the model, with the model underestimating toxicity in the majority of samples. 相似文献
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The contribution of chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs) to environmental problems in the Netherlands is discussed in an economic
context. The economic interactions within the chlorine market, including the link to caustic soda production, are described,
and PVC is taken as a case study. Key policy options are evaluated in terms of their potential for environmental improvement.
It appears that 95% of CHC emissions causing environmental problems are due to dissipative applications. With respect to the
specific problems of ozone depletion and global warming, only a small group of compounds is responsible for most of the impact.
Moreover, economic interactions within the group of CHCs can strongly influence the net effect of environmental policy measures.
Policies aimed at a reducing volume output of certain specific groups of CHCs will inevitably lead to trade-offs between environmental
problems. The environmental impact of a hypothetical ban on CHCs is discussed in relation to the use of PVC as a sink for
chlorine. Both these options appear to have drawbacks. Moreover, no absolute conclusion can be drawn until the environmental
impact of CHC substitutes is known. 相似文献