土壤改良剂改良酸化土壤的研究进展

推进酸化土壤改良,提高农业生产力是实现作物提质增收和发展绿色农业的重要任务.土壤改良剂具有降低土壤酸度、增加土壤养分、优化土壤结构、提高微生物活性、改善土壤微环境等作用,在修复酸化土壤方面具有重要意义.基于上述背景,从离子迁移转化角度阐明土壤酸化成因,总结酸性改良剂分类、作用机理、改良效果及其对作物长势的影响;指明现有...     

土壤硒污染对土壤酶的生态毒理效应

通过室内培养和盆栽试验,研究了Se对黄棕壤过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、转化酶的生态毒理效应.结果表明,土壤Se对脱氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、转化酶有“抗性酶活性”现象.土壤Se对土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性有抑制作用,脲酶受Se的抑制作用最强.土壤Se含量与脲酶抑制率之间具有显著相关性,脲酶抑制率可作为Se生态风险评价的一项生物指示物.     

除草剂对水稻土微生物的影响

以阿特拉津、丁草胺和甲磺隆 3种除草剂为例 ,采用熏蒸提取法和BIOLOG碳素利用法研究了土壤中除草剂污染与水稻土微生物之间的关系及其环境意义 .结果表明以 10mg·kg-1含量施入水稻土的甲磺隆在施用初期导致微生物生物量下降 ,随培养时间的推移 ,生物量有所恢复 ;相同浓度的阿特拉津和丁草胺对水稻土微生物生物量影响不明显 .BIOLOG数据显示 ,3种除草剂施用初期 (第 2d)微生物碳源利用多样性变化不明显 ,随着培养时间的增加微生物碳源利用多样性发生变化 ,变化趋势因除草剂类型不同而异 :甲磺隆除草剂污染水稻土微生物碳源利用多样性先有明显降低 ,培养后期呈上升趋势 ;阿特拉津和丁草胺除草剂污染水稻土微生物碳源利用多样性基本不受影响 .     

Effects of pesticides on soil biochemical characteristics of a paddy soil

IntroductionThemaintenanceofsoilfertilitydependsonthesizeandtheactivityofthesoilmicrobialbiomasswhichisoffundamentalimportanceinbiologicalcyclesofalmostallmajorplantnutrients(Robert,1992 ) .Thereisconsiderableinterestinstudyofsoilbiochemicalcharacteristic…     

雨水资源、土壤水资源与土壤水分植被承载力

在我国北方少雨地区开展雨水资源、土壤水资源与土壤水分植被承载力研究对于防治林草地土壤旱化和林草植被经营具有重要意义。2002年4月以来,在上黄生态实验站对多年生人工林林外和林内降水、地表径流、植物生长和土壤水分动态进行了定位观测,结果表明:次降雨林冠层截留量为0.2～6.47mm,为降水量的3.1%～53.3%,截留总量占降水量的16.9%;地表径流量为0.24～1.5mm,是降雨量的1.6%～6.8%;柠条林地土壤剖面水分垂直变化可分为活跃层、次活跃层和相对稳定层;年内土壤水分胁迫时,植物通过改变叶的颜色,降低自身的含水率、落叶或产生大量落叶来适应干旱的土壤水环境,但不会死亡。土壤水分植被承载力为土壤水分承载植物的最大负荷,是指在较长时期内,当根层土壤水分消耗量等于或小于降雨补给量时,所能维持特定植物群落健康生长的最大密度。     

退耕地养分和微生物量对土壤酶活性的影响

为了解侵蚀环境下植被恢复土壤酶活性对土壤养分和微生物量指标的响应规律,以典型侵蚀环境黄土丘陵区纸坊沟流域生态恢复1~50年撂荒地长期定位试验点为研究对象,采用典型逐步回归和非线性拟合来分析各指标间的耦合关系.结果表明,土壤酶活性除a淀粉酶外,均与土壤养分因子和微生物量指标有较高的相关性(P<0.05).在土壤酶活性和养分因子间,尿酶和纤维素酶主要受总氮影响,碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和多酚氧化酶主要受可利用氮影响,蔗糖酶和多酚氧化酶还受到有机质的影响;在土壤酶活性和微生物量指标间,尿酶主要受微生物量磷影响,碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和多酚氧化酶均受微生物量碳影响,纤维素酶则受微生物量氮影响,但多酚氧化酶与可利用氮、有机质和微生物量碳呈负相关;此外,它们之间均存在良好的对数关系(y=b+alnx, P<0.05).     

响应土壤阴离子类型的盐碱土古细菌群落多样性研究

为初步解析我国黑龙江苏打盐碱地（HA）、新疆荒漠盐碱地（XD）、山西平原盐碱地（SY）、江苏滨海盐碱地（JD）和天津滨海盐碱地（TB）5个地区的土壤古细菌群落结构多样性,以及其响应土壤不同阴离子类型的分布特征,采用基于Illumin-Hiseq平台的高通量测序技术获得489~604个古细菌可操纵分类单元（OTU）.OTU多样性分析结果表明XD的古细菌群落物种丰富度最高,SY和HA分别具有最高和最低的古细菌群落多样性和均匀度;OTU的物种注释结果表明HA以奇古菌门（Thaumarchaeota）为优势菌门,其他土壤均以广古菌（Euryarchaeota）为优势;综合5个样品古细菌群落结构、优势古细菌属和土壤阴离子进行的典范对应分析（CCA）结果显示,XD古细菌群落结构和Haloterrigena属（XD中最优势,相对丰度20.2%）明显的响应土壤SO₄^2-浓度;HA古细菌群落结构和Nitrososphaera属（HA中最优势,62.3%）明显的响应土壤HCO₃^-/CO₃^2-浓度和pH;JD、SY和TB古细菌群落结构、Halorubrum属（JD和TB中最优势,24.4%和15.6%）,和Natronomonas属（SY和JD中第二优势,8.1%和9.2%）明显的响应土壤Cl^-浓度.研究结果说明我国不同地域分布的盐碱土受其土壤阴离子类型及其浓度的影响,呈现不同的古细菌群落结构和分布特征.研究结果为我国不同类型盐碱土古细菌资源的挖掘提供依据,也为揭示我国不同类型盐碱土古细菌群落的生态功能提供参考.     

含氧非烃在土壤剖面上迁移行为的土柱淋滤模拟研究

为了揭示土壤剖面中含氧非烃污染物的迁移特征,以及TOC和淋滤水量等因素对迁移作用的影响,选择了部分典型的含氧非烃开展了纵向迁移的土柱淋滤实验,对原土及添加污染物的土柱淋滤实验后样品中含氧非烃的含量及组成进行了对比分析.结果表明,土柱淋滤实验后,土柱表层添加的含氧非烃主要残留在土柱表层0~5 cm范围内,但相比所添加的化合物的量均有不同程度的降低,土柱深部(>10 cm)土壤中含氧非烃含量仍然很低,甚至低于原土中的,在TOC较高的土柱中,这种现象尤为突出.说明土柱淋滤实验过程中,不同剖面含氧非烃均存在向下迁移的现象,且以水溶方式迁移为主.不同含氧非烃单体含量均有随深度增加而降低的趋势,表明其在土壤剖面淋滤过程中均具有一定的迁移性,但不同性质的含氧非烃单体在表层土中残留量及组成差别较大,说明不同化合物迁移能力存在差别,其中,胆甾醇、β-谷甾醇、正构十六烷酸和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯迁移性较强.土壤TOC和淋滤水量对含氧非烃在土壤剖面的迁移作用都有不同程度的影响,淋滤水量相同时,TOC含量越高,土壤中有机质越丰富,越容易富集含氧非烃;TOC相同时,淋滤水量越大,含氧非烃迁移量越大,迁移的深度越大,尤其在TOC含量较低时更明显.     

淋洗与电化学还原联用处理镉-铅污染土壤

为探究螯合剂淋洗与电化学还原联用能否提高土壤重金属去除效率,提出了一种基于两种技术联用的处理方法.比较了淋洗与联用技术Cd和Pb的去除效率,探究了使用联用技术时土壤悬为重金属的传质机制,分析了不同螯合剂处理的成本效益.研究发现,联用技术能有效地提高重金属的去除效率,协同增强效应与螯合剂的螯合能力及再生能力有关.氨基多羧...     

Biogeography of soil nematodes

Biogeography is the study of distributions of organisms, plus an attempt to explain the distributions. Two approaches to explanation of biogeographic patterns may be termed ecological biogeography and historical biogeography. Most nematologists have taken the ecological approach, with a goal of determining why a particular species is restricted to certain areas, and not present in nearby areas. Historical biogeography is based on the premise that present-day patterns of taxa result largely from the history of the taxa and of the areas of the earth in which they have lived. Nematologists generally adhere to the classic view of dispersal in which a center of origin is postulated and long-range dispersal over barriers is invoked. The dispersal mechanism is often assumed to be man himself. Challenges to this approach exist in the form of methods which infer the biogeographic history from phylogeny. Vicariance biogeographers postulate fragmentation of widespread ancestral biotas, resulting from geological, climatic or other disjunctions, and further allopatric speciation among descendant biotas. Distributions amenable to general explanation can be distinguished from those which require unique dispersal events. Biogeography of soil nematodes is hampered by present limitations in systematics, including our inability to determine species limits with certainty.     

修复"毒"土--珠三角土壤治理或迎新契机

由国家环保总局牵头的一项调查显示,珠三角部分城市近40%的农田菜地土壤重金属污染超标,其中10%属严重超标。对此本刊在第7期曾作专门报道。如何治理被重金属污染的土壤,也成为人们关注的问题,大量专家电在进行修复土壤的试验。广东省生态环境与土壤研究所研究员陈能场博士正是其中的一位,最近陈能场正在和他的团队在韶关的大宝山做一个土壤修复的项目。     

Unraveling the size distributions of surface properties for purple soil and yellow soil

Soils contain diverse colloidal particles whose properties are pertinent to ecological and human health, whereas few investigations systematically analyze the surface properties of these particles. The objective of this study was to elucidate the surface properties of particles within targeted size ranges (i.e. > 10, 1–10, 0.5–1, 0.2–0.5 and < 0.2 μm) for a purple soil (Entisol) and a yellow soil (Ultisol) using the combined determination method. The mineralogy of corresponding particle-size fractions was determined by X-ray diffraction. We found that up to 80% of the specific surface area and 85% of the surface charge of the entire soil came from colloidal-sized particles (< 1 μm), and almost half of the specific surface area and surface charge came from the smallest particles (< 0.2 μm). Vermiculite, illite, montmorillonite and mica dominated in the colloidal-sized particles, of which the smallest particles had the highest proportion of vermiculite and montmorillonite. For a given size fraction, the purple soil had a larger specific surface area, stronger electrostatic field, and higher surface charge than the yellow soil due to differences in mineralogy. Likewise, the differences in surface properties among the various particle-size fractions can also be ascribed to mineralogy. Our results indicated that soil surface properties were essentially determined by the colloidal-sized particles, and the < 0.2 μm nanoparticles made the largest contribution to soil properties. The composition of clay minerals within the diverse particle-size fractions could fully explain the size distributions of surface properties.     

Accumulation and relationship of metals in different soil aggregate fractions along soil profiles

Different aggregates vary in their ability to retain or adsorb metals in soil. Five soil profiles were sampled from different soil horizons and grouped, and the concentrations of Al, Mg,Ca, Fe, Mn, Cd, Cu and Pb were determined in six sizes of aggregates(> 2, 2-1, 1-0.6, 0.6-0.25,0.25-0.053, < 0.053 mm). Significantly high(p < 0.05) structural stability indexes(SSI) and aggregate stability indexes(ASI) were recorded in the topsoil horizon, which may be attributed to the high soil organi...     

氯酚污染土壤的生物强化修复及其微生物种群动态变化的分子生物学监测

在氯酚污染的土壤中接种氯酚降解菌,研究了受污染土壤的生物强化修复.利用传统的微生物计数方法和现代分子生物学手段,研究了生物强化修复过程中微生物种群的动态变化情况.在受氯酚污染的土壤样品中,以氯酚为唯一碳源和能源,分离出了多株对氯酚具有较高降解能力的微生物,利用16S rDNA序列分析方法对部分微生物进行了种属鉴定.土壤中存在的土著的氯酚降解菌可以对低含量的氯酚(100mg·g-1)进行降解;但是当土壤中氯酚含量较高(500 mg·g-1)时,土著微生物的降解能力受到限制,这可能是高浓度的氯酚对土著的氯酚降解菌会产生毒性作用.接种外来微生物后,土壤中可以培养的氯酚降解菌的总数从开始的106CFU·g-1增加到108CFU·g-1,并且,在氯酚含量为100 mg·g-1的土壤样品中,微生物数目的增加比在氯酚含量为500 mg·g-1土壤样品中更快.这表明接种的外来微生物可以在土壤中很好地生长繁殖,有效地促进土壤中氯酚的生物降解.接种外来微生物可以减轻土壤中氯酚对土著微生物初期产生的不利影响.土壤中的氯酚可能会改变微生物种群结构.DGGE分析结果表明,在未受氯酚污染和受氯酚污染的土壤样品中,存在一些共同的DNA谱带,但谱带强度有明显的差异.在受污染的土壤中接种外来微生物进行生物强化,可以促进污染物的生物降解过程,是生物修复过程中的一种重要手段,有着广泛的应用前景,将在我国受污染环境的生物修复中发挥重要作用.     

Microencapsulated chlorpyrifos: Degradation in soil and influence on soil microbial community structures

Degradation kinetics of microencapsulated chlorpyrifos （CPF-MC） in soil and its influence on soil microbial community structures were investigated by comparing with emulsifiable concentration of chlorpyrifos （CPF-EC） in laboratory. The residual periods of CPF-MC with fortification levels of 5 and 20 mg/kg reached 120 days in soil, both of the degradation curves did not fit the first-order model, and out-capsule residues of chlorpyrifos in soil were maintained at 1.76 （±0.33） and 5.92 （±1.20） mg/kg in the period between 15 and 60 days, respectively. The degradation kinetics of CPF-EC fit the first-order model, and the residual periods of 5 and 20 mg/kg treatments were 60 days. Bacterial community structures in soil treated with two concentrations of CPF-MC showed similarity to those of the control during the test period, as seen in the band number and relative intensities of the individual band on DGGE gels （p 〉 0.05）. Fungal community structures were slightly affected in the 5 mg/kg treatments and returned to the control levels after 30 days, but initially differed significantly from control in the 20 mg/kg treatments （p 〈 0.05） and did not recover to control levels until 90 days later. The CPF-EC significantly altered microbial community structures （p 〈 0.05） and effects did not disappear until 240 days later. The results indicated that the microcapsule technology prolonged the residue periods of chlorpyrifos in soil whereas it decreased its side-effects on soil microbes as compared with the emulsifiable concentration formulation.     

农田土壤磷酸酶活性与土壤N2O排放通量的相关性

 以黄土高原南部旱地小麦田和空闲地为研究对象,设置6种处理,研究了耕作措施、肥料条件变化对小麦不同生育期土壤磷酸酶活性和土壤N²O排放通量的影响.结果表明,耕层土壤磷酸酶活性与土壤N²O排放通量呈显著负相关,相关系数为0.4660.在小麦生育期内,N²O排放通量在拔节期最高,苗期和成熟期最低;磷酸酶活性变化与之相反.农田种植小麦和覆膜均增加了土壤磷酸酶活性和N²O的排放.施肥可以提高磷酸酶活性,单施磷肥比同时施用氮、磷肥时N²O的排放量高.     

土壤水分对土壤中硝态氮水平运移的影响

对硝态氮示踪的风沙土和黄潮土中水分及其扩散率进行了研究.结果表明,硝态氮水平运移速率受土壤含水量的影响较大,并随土壤含水量增加而增加.硝态氮水平运移速率随土壤水分扩散率的变化呈指数曲线变化趋势.硝态氮水平运移浓度随土壤含水量的增加而减少,并呈幂函数曲线变化,硝态氮水平运移浓度与含水量的相关系数达到极显著水平.硝态氮水平运移浓度还受到土壤水分扩散率的影响,随土壤水扩散率的升高而下降,并在湿润锋(土壤干湿交界)面上达到最大值.     

Degradation of chlorpyrifos in laboratory soil and its impact on soil microbial functional diversity

Degradation of chlorpyrifos at different concentrations in soil and its impact on soil microbial functional diversity were investigated under laboratory conditions. The degradation half-lives of chlorpyrifos at levels of 4, 8, and 12 mg/kg in soil were calculated to be 14.3, 16.7, and 18.0 d, respectively. The Biolog study showed that average well color development (AWCD) in soils was significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by chlorpyrifos within the first two weeks and thereafter recovered to the similar level as the control. A similar variation in the diversity indices (Simpson index 1/D and McIntosh index U) in chlorpyrifos-treated soils was observed, no significant difference in the Shannon-Wiener index H' was found in these soils. With increasing chlorpyrifos concentration, the half-lives of chlorpyrifos were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) extended and its inhibitory effects on soil microorganisms were aggravated. It is concluded that chlorpyrifos residues in soil had a temporary or short-term inhibitory effect on soil microbial functional diversity.     

土壤水分对稻田土壤有效砷及碱性磷酸酶活性影响

采用室内模拟方法,在35%、65%和110%最大饱和持水量（WHC）条件下,系统地分析了稻田土壤有效砷及碱性磷酸酶活性变化规律.结果表明：砷污染稻田土壤后有效砷含量随砷污染浓度增加而增大,随培养时间延长逐渐降低,15d后趋于稳定;淹水降低了土壤有效砷含量及碱性磷酸酶活性;采用U=A/（1+B×C）模型较好拟合了不同水分下土壤碱性磷酸酶活性（U）与砷浓度（C）关系,表明碱性磷酸酶活性在一定程度上可表征不同水分下稻田土壤砷污染程度;计算得到稻田土壤砷轻度污染临界浓度（ED₁₀）为总砷67mg/kg和有效砷11mg/kg.研究表明适当调控土壤水分含量是控制稻田土壤砷毒性的有效方法之一.     

油田土壤微生物群落碳代谢与理化因子关系研究

基于对我国主要油田区的土壤理化性质等场地信息调查,应用Biolog和统计学方法分析理化因子与土壤微生物群落碳代谢特性的关系,揭示了不同区域油田土壤理化因子对微生物群落代谢的综合影响作用.结果表明:油田区土壤理化特性呈现地理性分布特性;总氮、总磷、速效磷、有效态铜、锌等环境因子与微生物群落的多样性正相关;可溶盐含量、pH值、总氮、总有机碳等对样点间微生物群落碳代谢的差异性贡献最大.对各油田碳代谢影响因子比较表明,不同区域的油田区土壤中影响微生物群落代谢特性的主要因子各不相同,同一理化因子在不同油田区对微生物群落碳代谢的影响程度不同.这种代谢特性与理化因子关系的区域性差异可能是土壤物化性质地理性分布以及微生物群落结构区域性差异共同作用的结果.