镉汞齐还原——偶氮光度法测定水中硝酸盐氮

在环境水质监测中,用于测定硝酸盐氮的方法有酚二磺酸法,紫外光度法和镉汞齐还原法等.酚二磺酸法易受共存离子的干扰,处理水样手续烦琐;紫外法对测定硝酸盐含量低、有机物含量高的水样准确性差,而镉柱法具有操作简便、快速、灵敏度高、准确度好、抗干扰能力强等优点.本文提出了镉柱法测定NO_3~--N的最佳实验条件,并与其它几种测定NO_3~--N的方法进行了对比,讨论了对于不同污水选用不同的预处理方法,介绍了干扰离子共存的情况。     

北京市妫水河水质现状评价

2017年分3个时期(丰水期、平水期、枯水期)采集妫水河及其支流12个断面表层水样,分析了COD、氨氮、TP、DO、pH值等水质指标,采用单因子评价法、水污染指数法、主成分分析法和模糊综合评价法对水质进行评价,根据4种水质评价方法的评价结果,分析4种方法在小流域河流评价中的适用性。结果表明:目前妫水河12个断面中S2、S10和Z2 3个断面水质较差,基本属于地表Ⅴ类水,污染程度为重度污染;其他9个断面水质等级为地表Ⅳ类水,污染程度为中度污染;中段世园会段水质较好,优于上段和下段,主要污染指标为COD;妫水河主要污染源于农业和生活,枯水期水质优于平水期和丰水期。水污染指数法更适合小流域水体水质的定性定量评价,且计算方便简单。     

烟气尘粒采样中湿度测定的新方法——定量取气法

在1986年国家环保局下发的《环境监测技术规范》中关于烟气尘粒的采样要求应用预测流速法,在该方法中湿度的测试是关系到采样是否准确的重要因素。《规范》中介绍了三种湿度测定的方法:重量法、冷凝法、干湿球法。这三种方法在实际采样中都不很理想。重量法、冷凝法测试复杂,测试条件要求高,测试时间长;干湿球法测试简单,但误差大。     

西藏尼洋河水环境重金属元素水平与风险评估

在西藏尼洋河流域布设13个代表性采样点采集水样,通过现场测试水样的pH值、电导率等指标和实验室分析水样中18种元素含量,并运用综合指数评价法和Pearson相关性分析法对尼洋河水环境质量状况进行评价。结果表明:尼洋河水样的pH值为8.10~8.80,呈碱性至弱碱性;元素含量基本达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅰ类标准要求;除2、3号采样点重金属元素WQI在1~2之间外,其余11个采样点的WQI均1,表明尼洋河水环境质量良好,尚未受到重金属明显影响。     

固定污染源烟气在烟道中流速分布的研究

针对固定污染源烟气在烟道中流速分布对净化方法的效率和排放总量计算的影响,采用自主研制的组合式流场的流速采样枪和国标方法对某电厂矩形烟道进行了烟气在烟道中流速分布的研究。实验结果表明,组合式流场的流速采样枪在烟道同一断面上各测点进行同时、同步、多点测量,其测量数据既能反映同一断面各测点上的流速特征,又能反映断面上各点的均值。组合采样枪各测点的伸入深度与流速之间呈对数关系,相关系数为0.960 6,数据具有真实性和准确性。烟气流速在烟道分布相当不均匀,呈现高流速、中流速、低流速3个区域。烟气流速由烟道内侧向外侧逐步增大,由内侧3 m/s,增加到外侧16 m/s。烟道顶部流速要高于烟道底部流速。     

南阳市饮用水源区生态监测

2012年1月—2013年12月在鸭河口水库设南河店、安庄、库心、坝下4个监测站,在其下游白河盆窑段面设1个监测站,进行水质的生物监测和理化监测。按水样采集标准方法采样,采用营养状态指数法和污水生物系统法对鸭河口水库水质进行营养状态评价。结果表明,浮游藻类有7门40科90属208种(含变种),其硅藻、绿藻和蓝藻所占的百分比依次为57.79%、23.60%和11.62%;浮游藻类污染指示种5门19科25属36种(含变种),中污型藻类指示种占污染指示种的80.56%;浮游动物有28科30属36种(含变种),仅检出1种β-中污型指示种;除总氮超标外,其他理化指标和微生学指标均符合Ⅰ类水质标准。综合评定,南阳市饮用水水源区水质处于中营养状态。     

水中乙醛、丙烯醛和丙烯腈3种测定方法的对比

对比研究了大体积直接进样填充柱气相色谱法、顶空-气相色谱法和吹扫捕集-气相色谱法等3种测定水中乙醛、丙烯醛和丙烯腈的方法.结果表明,大体积直接进样法设备简单,但手动进样耗力费时,且灵敏度低,精密度差,直接水样分析易影响色谱柱和检测器的使用寿命;顶空法稳定性好,线性范围宽,相关性和精密度好,适合较高浓度水样的分析;吹扫捕集法操作简便,峰形好,检出限低,回收率高,适合低浓度水样的分析.顶空法和吹扫捕集法自动化程度高,均适用于大批量样品分析.     

无机盐成分标准水样用于现场监测质量控制初探

pH-电导率混合水样用于水质采样现场测定，控制了现场监测项目数据的质量，也检验了监测仪器的精密性。     

花溪区思雅河水质分析与评价

在花溪区思雅河大学城段布设10个采样点,监测pH值、温度(T)、悬浮物(SS)、化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH_3-N)、总磷(TP)和细菌总数(TPC)等指标,并采用单因子指数法、综合指数法和模糊综合法3种方法对水质进行评价。结果表明:河流主要污染指标为COD,且增势最明显,TPC和NH_3-N测定值的RSD均超过1,比其他指标变异程度更大;COD和TPC春冬季测定值高于夏秋季,NH_3-N测定值秋季最低,TP季节变化不明显,而冬季测定值较其他季节更稳定;思雅河大学城段水质较差,上游水质等级为Ⅳ类,中下游为劣Ⅴ类,主要污染源自农业和高校生活用水;3种方法中,模糊综合法更适用于小流域河流水质的定性定量评价,评价结果更加科学合理。     

负压式水质采样器的研制及应用

概述了我国目前水质采样技术规范和水质采样器的现状 ;阐述了负压式水质采样器的结构组成、工作原理及采样方法。该采样器不需电源、携带方便 ,可有效地控制采样深度并实现分层采样。     

美国EPA地表水质监测与评估的点位设计介绍

介绍了美国EPA地表水质监测与评估的点位设计。首先,指导性文件《基本水质监测方案》中的环境监测计划要求建立1个不少于1 000个点位的国家地表水质环境监测网,并提出了点位设计的标准,包括4点基本要求和针对每一类水域的具体要求。其次,另一指导性文件《准备州综合水质评估(305b报告)和电子升级:报告内容的准则》提出了1种新的对水质的综合性评估技术,要求在传统的判断点位设计的基础上增加概率统计点位设计方法。最后,全国一致的概率统计点位设计是相当有效的获知全国范围的水质情况及变化趋势的方法,EPA完全支持通过这种概率统计点位设计的方法来评估更多的水质状况。概率统计点位设计是EPA地表水质监测与评估的点位设计的发展趋势。     

燃煤电厂烟气中汞的采集与分析方法

汞的测试技术包括采样和分析两部分,其中汞含量的分析方法已经相对比较成熟,限制测试技术发展的诸多问题主要来源于取样过程。根据不同的取样方式,将现有测试技术分为湿式采样分析法、干式采样分析法以及在线分析技术3种,重点介绍了3种方法的采样原理、系统构成、过程的影响因素以及适用范围。最后针对CVAAS、CVAFS、AES 3种汞含量测定技术在Hg CEMS测试系统中的应用进行了对比介绍。     

不同采集原理的油烟采样方法研究

通过采用玻璃纤维滤筒采集、吸收液吸收和S材料滤筒采样三种不同采集原理的油烟采样方法的试验,研究出一种油烟采样新材料--SM材料,其填充后制成的S材料滤筒的油烟采集效率大于96%的采样方法.     

环境空气中多环芳烃的采样与分析技术

文章对环境空气中多环芳烃的采样与分析方法进行了概述,侧重介绍了样品的采集、净化、采样效率的评估方法和采样分析全过程的质量控制.     

Comparison of macroinvertebrate sampling methods for nonwadeable streams

Bioassessment of nonwadeable streams in the United States is increasing, but methods for these systems are not as well-developed as for wadeable streams. In this study, we compared six macroinvertebrate field sampling methods for nonwadeable streams adapted from those used by three major programs: the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program-Surface Waters, the U.S. Geological Surveys National Water Quality Assessment Program, and the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, Division of Surface Water Biocriteria Program. We performed all six methods at 60 sites across four rivers and measured water chemistry and physical habitat at each site to assess abiotic conditon. Sites were divided into two groups: those influenced by navigational lock and dam structures (restricted flow, or RF) and those free-flowing or with lowhead dams (run-of-the-river, or ROR). Metrics based on passive Hester-Dendy artificial substrate samplers differed greatly from active sampling methods (i.e., using nets) but represented abiotic conditions well in both ROR and RF sites. Although metric values were similar across certain sampling methods, the metrics significantly correlated with abiotic variables varied among methods and between ROR and RF sites. These results emphasize that methods are not interchangeable, and the ability to detect certain stressors depends on sampling method.The U.S. Governments right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

北方缓流水体水质在线自动监测系统采样口的设计思考

以DO作为水体的污染指标来判定水质类别存在一定的缺陷,北方缓流水体在不同季节常存在不同的DO分层现象,现设在河床底以上0.5米处的自动监测采样口设计缺少科学性。在叙述缓流水体DO特点的同时,介绍一种新的水质在线自动监测采样口的方案,便于类似水体水质自动监测设计中借鉴。     

Evaluating the effectiveness of routine water quality monitoring in Miyun reservoir based on geostatistical analysis

This study used geographic information system techniques and geostatistics methods to evaluate the effectiveness of routine water quality monitoring in the western segment of the Miyun reservoir in Beijing. Methodologies as well as the sampling design are evaluated. The single-layer evaluation and three integrated evaluation methods including principal component analysis (PCA), ordinary kriging (OK)_Mean, and Mean_Layers were used to validate the effectiveness of evaluation methods, and the effectiveness of each sampling design was validated by comparing their errors. Results indicated that, while a single-layer evaluation only shows the trophic state of water at a specific level, an integrated evaluation synthetically analyzes and evaluates the trophic state of the entire water body. Furthermore, results of the integrated analysis show that a PCA method is more accurate and can represent the trophic state of the entire water body. The OK_Mean and Mean_Layers methods are only able to represent the mean level for trophic state of the entire water body but cannot reflect local trophic state and distribution details. Although methods used in the routine monitoring of Miyun reservoir have some similarities to the OK_Mean and Mean_Layers methods, their range of errors and uncertainty are greater because of a lack of detailed spatial continuous information. The analysis on the number of sampling points shows that, within a certain range of error, minor changes of sampling points will have no obvious impact on the monitoring results. For the routine monitoring of western Miyun reservoir, using only three to five sampling points for monitoring is inadequate. According to our analysis, it is more appropriate to use at least ten sampling points for monitoring these areas.     

Siting analyses for water quality sampling in a catchment

Pollution loads discharged from upstream development or human activities significantly degrade the water quality of a reservoir. The design of an appropriate water quality sampling network is therefore important for detecting potential pollution events and monitoring pollution trends. However, under a limited budgetary constraint, how to site an appropriate number of sampling stations is a challenging task. A previous study proposed a method applying the simulated annealing algorithm to design the sampling network based on three cost factors including the number of reaches, bank length, and subcatchment area. However, these factors are not directly related to the distribution of possible pollution. Thus, this study modified the method by considering three additional factors, i.e. total phosphorus, nitrogen, and sediment loads. The larger the possible load, the higher the probability of a pollution event may occur. The study area was the Derchi reservoir catchment in Taiwan. Pollution loads were derived from the AGNPS model with rainfall intensity estimated using the Thiessen method. Analyses for a network with various numbers of sampling sites were implemented. The results obtained based on varied cost factors were compared and discussed. With the three additional factors, the chosen sampling network is expected to properly detect pollution events and monitor pollution distribution and temporal trends.     

Assessing temporal representativeness of water quality monitoring data

The effectiveness of different monitoring methods in detecting temporal changes in water quality depends on the achievable sampling intervals, and how these relate to the extent of temporal variation. However, water quality sampling frequencies are rarely adjusted to the actual variation of the monitoring area. Manual sampling, for example, is often limited by the level of funding and not by the optimal timing to take samples. Restrictions in monitoring methods therefore often determine their ability to estimate the true mean and variance values for a certain time period or season. Consequently, we estimated how different sampling intervals determine the mean and standard deviation in a specific monitoring area by using high frequency data from in situ automated monitoring stations. Raw fluorescence measurements of chlorophyll a for three automated monitoring stations were calibrated by using phycocyanin fluorescence measurements and chlorophyll a analyzed from manual water samples in a laboratory. A moving block bootstrap simulation was then used to estimate the standard errors of the mean and standard deviations for different sample sizes. Our results showed that in a temperate, meso-eutrophic lake, relatively high errors in seasonal statistics can be expected from monthly sampling. Moreover, weekly sampling yielded relatively small accuracy benefits compared to a fortnightly sampling. The presented method for temporal representation analysis can be used as a tool in sampling design by adjusting the sampling interval to suit the actual temporal variation in the monitoring area, in addition to being used for estimating the usefulness of previously collected data.     

Developing an optimal sampling design. A case study in a coastal marine ecosystem

The development of a sampling design for optimisingsampling site locations collected from a coastalmarine environment has been the purpose of the presentwork; application of statistical analysis and spatialautocorrelation methods have been carried out. Thedataset included data collected from 34 sampling sitesspaced out in the Strait of Lesbos, Greece, arrangedin a 1×1 NM grid. The coastal shallow ecosystem wassubdivided into three zones, an inner one (7stations), a middle one (16 stations) and an offshorezone (11 stations). The standard error of thechlorophyll-a concentrations in each zone hasbeen used as the criterion for the sampling designoptimisation, resulting into reallocation of thesampling sites into the three zones. The positions ofthe reallocated stations have been assessed byestimation of the spatial heterogeneity and anisotropyof chlorophyll-a concentrations usingvariograms. Study of the variance of the initialdataset of the inner zone taking into account spatialheterogeneity, revealed two different sub-areas andtherefore, the number of the inner stations has beenreassessed. The proposed methodology eliminates thenumber of sampling sites and maximises the informationof spatial data from marine ecosystems. It isdescribed as a step-by-step procedure and could bewidely applied in sampling design concerning coastalpollution problems.