城市环境美学及其评价

城市环境美是自然美与人工美的结合。它的主要组成因素有：自然景观、城市建筑艺术、人文景观、环境气氛美和社会服务好。本文系统论述了城市环境美的基本因素及其美学特征，还介绍了评价城市环境美的科学方法。     

物质结构边界层与环境

本文从分析物质结构、物质运动形式的角度出发,以大量实例的考察和分析为基础,正确应用对立统一的矛盾法则,提出并论证了物质结构边界层这一新的、严格的环境定义。事物的本质属性及其运动功能是决定事物间相互关系的两项基本条件,物质结构边界层是事物间相互关系的普遍机制。本文以这种观点对构成地球环境的诸要素进行了鉴别,指出了实际存在于客观物质世界之中并分别反映其本质特征和功能特性的实体,即质体与功能体,指出并区别两种不同性质的关系,即中心与环境的关系和功能关系。文中最后以这种新的环境定义,以质体、功能体的新概念对环境科学、生态学的研究对象、属性、方法论等基本问题进行了初步的探讨和论述。     

新书《生态平衡与自然保护》简介

正确处理发展经济和维持生态平衡的关系是经济建设中的一件大事。本书根据这个宗旨由杭州大学生物系诸葛阳教授编著。内容分十二章,即生态学概述;生物与环境关系;种群和群落;生态系统的结构与功能;维护自然的生态平衡;森林的生态效益;生物资源的保护和利用;自然保护区的建设;海岛的生态特点和开发利用;环境污染与防治原则;有害动物的综合防治;环境管理的生态学基础。     

中国固体废物法规体系框架分析

固体废物污染与其它环境污染不同,具有综合性、长期性和潜在性。固体废物管理更为强调综合利用和全过程管理,必须通过立法建立科学完善的法律制度来加强固体废物的管理。有关固体废物污染防治的法律、法规、部门规章、地方法规和环境技术标准构成了固体废物法规体系的基本框架。在系统分析现有固体废物法规中存在的问题的基础上,对固体废物管理的法规框架进行了探讨。通过立法,以“统一协调,分工负责”的原则规范各部门对固体废物的管理职能。还强调通过立法、健全监督机制、从法律上限制个人对行政权的滥用、制订技术政策与环境技术标准。除了行政责任外,论文还着重强调了环境违法者的民事责任和刑事责任。     

工厂绿地对改善小气候的作用

发展工业,提倡文明生产,大搞“工厂花园化”,工厂绿化是极为重要的方面。工厂绿化不仅绿化环境,美化厂容,而且可以起到调节气候、净化空气、减轻污染、保护环境的作用。一、工厂绿地的降温增湿作用我们于1980年7月选择了北京首都钢铁公司不同类型的工厂,实地调查观测了工厂     

生态住宅结构功能与效益分析

生态住宅是根据现阶段我国社会、经济、科技的发展状况而设计建造的一种新型村镇住宅。它按照生态学原理和生态平衡规律,把人、生物与居栖环境构成一个良性循环系统,是生态学与建筑学相结合的产物,也是一项多学科交叉的应用综合技术。本文论述的生态住宅结构功能与效益分析引例浙江省永康县唐先镇金畈村吕新岩的我国首幢生态住宅。     

构建企业生态学人格

本文认为和法学、社会学与企业管理学把企业视为“社会人”一样,必须从生态学的角度赋予企业以生态学人格,诠释了企业生态学人格的涵义;分析了构建企业生态学人格的意义。     

环境材料及其评价方法

本文综述了环境材料的实质、特点及其与传统材料在主要内涵、研究重点、评价指标体系和材料选择原则的差异 ,并介绍了环境材料的评价体系与方法和设计原则     

环境保护的哲学思考

阐述了环境工作的哲学属性，对所谓环境工作(包括环保工作)认为就是遵循客观规律，主要是自然规律和市场经济规律，综合运用行政的、经济的、法律的、教育的、技术的等手段，主要是运用经济的和法律的手段，调节环境与发展之间的关系，促使其间的矛盾由“两难”向“双赢”转化，不断在更高层次上寻求环境与发展的相对统一，为环境和经济、社会的可持续发展作出贡献。     

浙江省公众环境意识万卷调查报告

通过浙江省公众环境意识万卷调查活动，了解公众对环境问题的认识和看法，以及他们对环境保护事业的希望和要求，为环境保护工作的决策提供了信息。1调查概况1.1调查的形式、范围及步骤调查采用现场问卷形式，在浙江省内发放近12000份问卷。调查大致分为4个阶段：（1）调查研究，设计问卷；（2）发放问卷；（3）收集问卷，统一编号。输入计算机进行统计分析；（4）撰写浙江省公众环境意识万卷调查的分析报告。1.2被调查公众的基本情况调查共计发放11800份问卷，回收9367份，其中有效问卷8599份。被调查公众的基本情况如下：（1）被调查公众…     

论生态环境监测

通过对生态环境监测，特别是基层生态环境监测体系、现状、监测内容、实施原则等进行了初步探讨，以推动生态环境监测工作的进展。     

我国畜禽养殖业引致的环境问题及主要对策

在阐述目前畜禽养殖业引致的主要环境问题及其与可持续发展关系的基础上 ,从生态系统学的角度提出应强化规模化畜禽养殖废弃物的综合利用 ,开展固体废弃物和污水治理等相关领域的研究 ,进一步做好畜禽养殖污染防治工作 ,有效地保护和改善农村生态环境 ,以期促进畜禽养殖环境与经济的协调发展。     

Should biodiversity and nature have to earn their keep? What it really means to bring environmental goods into the marketplace

Pursuit of economic gain has sponsored much of our planet’s despoliation. Yet conservation increasingly operates as an economic sector that markets biodiversity, ecosystems, and nature as natural capital, service provider, or option value. This essay first elucidates what basic moral theory says about the principle that the goodness of biodiversity and nature is largely economic. It explains why economic valuations may be morally unimportant, inapt for environmental goods, and subversive of more important ideals. It also shows why neither econometric notions of option value nor Daniel Faith’s qualitative one credibly applies. The essay then turns to what an economic conception of goodness implies for conservation practice. It refers to two prominent conservation organizations, whose conservation principles match the market-based ones of the World Business Council on Sustainable Development’s. The environmental record of the latter organization’s practices according to these principles predicts what their adoption for conservation entails.     

Greening China Naturally

China leads the world in afforestation, and is one of the few countries whose forested area is increasing. However, this massive "greening" effort has been less effective than expected; afforestation has sometimes produced unintended environmental, ecological, and socioeconomic consequences, and has failed to achieve the desired ecological benefits. Where afforestation has succeeded, the approach was tailored to local environmental conditions. Using the right plant species or species composition for the site and considering alternatives such as grassland restoration have been important success factors. To expand this success, government policy should shift from a forest-based approach to a results-based approach. In addition, long-term monitoring must be implemented to provide the data needed to develop a cost-effective, scientifically informed restoration policy.     

Disharmony between society and environmental carrying capacity: a historical review, with an emphasis on China

Nature can survive without humans, but humans cannot survive without nature. Despite a clear understanding of this dependency, humans continue to exist in disharmony with nature, and our current environmental and human dilemmas reflect old problems with a long history. Societies have historically experienced many transitions from harmony between nature and society to a crisis of disharmony, followed by a subsequent transition from crisis to harmony. Such ecological crises arise when society no longer practices sustainable consumption of resources within the limits imposed by the environmental carrying capacity. Over the long term, the growth in human desires has always exceeded the growth in the environmental carrying capacity. Science, technology, and social institutions must all be improved to resolve the ecological crises that arise from this imbalance. This paper discusses how increasing understanding of the problem by the public and by decision makers is the key to minimizing the undesirable impacts of the coming bottleneck for sustainable development. Furthermore, we emphasize how this awareness must be translated into fundamental political and economic changes.     

Damage Caused to the Environment by Reforestation Policies in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas of China

Traditional approaches to ecosystem restoration have considered afforestation to be an important tool. To alleviate land degradation in China, the Chinese government has therefore invested huge amounts of money in planting trees. However, the results of more than half a century of large-scale afforestation in arid and semi-arid China have shown that when the trees are not adapted to the local environment, the policy does not improve the environment, and may instead increase environmental degradation. When precipitation is lower than potential evaporation, surface soil moisture typically cannot sustain forest vegetation, and shrubs or steppe species replace the forest to form a sustainable natural ecosystem that exists in a stable equilibrium with the available water supply. The climate of much of northwestern China appears to be unsuitable for afforestation owing to the extremely low rainfall. Although some small-scale or short-term afforestation efforts have succeeded in this region, many of the resulting forests have died or degraded over longer periods, so policymakers must understand that these small-scale or short-term results do not support an inflexible policy of large-scale afforestation throughout arid and semi-arid northwestern China. Rather than focusing solely on afforestation, it would be more effective to attempt to recreate natural ecosystems that are better adapted to local environments and that thus provide a better chance of sustainable, long-term rehabilitation.     

系统仿真方法在环境规划预测中的应用

讨论了环境规划中区域社会-经济-环境模型建立的原则，提出了适合非定态城市发展过程中规划因子的预测方法，并给出了江苏靖江“十一五”期间环境规划中的具体应用。