家蚕斑纹限性品种SC1的RAPD差异DNA片段的克隆及其酶切？…

利用ＲＡＰＤ技术对家蚕根性普斑品种ＳＣ１的雌雄体分别进行ＰＣＲ扩增。通过１２０种引物的筛选，得到１个雌体特异的ＲＡＰＤ ＤＮＡ片段。将该片段克隆到ｐＵＣ１９质粒，并进行了限制性内切酶图谱分析。     

用简并引物扩增与克隆D.radiodurans超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶基因片段

依据超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ） 和过氧化氢酶（Ｃａｔ） 的保守性氨基酸序列,设计简并引物,自Ｄ．ｒａｄｉｏｄｕｒａｎｓ 基因组ＤＮＡ扩增并克隆了ＳＯＤ和Ｃａｔ 基因片段．ＳＯＤ 和Ｃａｔ 基因片段分别长４５３ ｂｐ 和６７３ ｂｐ,各编码１５１和２２４ 个氨基酸,氨基酸序列与不同生物来源的ＳＯＤ或Ｃａｔ 具有高度同源性     

用简并引物扩增与克隆D.radiodurans超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化 …

依据超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）和过氧化氢酶（Ｃａｌ）的保守性氨基酸序列,设计简并引物,自Ｄ．ｒａｄｉｏｄｕｒａｎｓ基因组ＤＮＡ扩增并克隆了ＳＯＤ和Ｃａｔ基因片 Ｃａｔ基因片段分别长４５３ｂｐ和６７３ｂｐ,各编码１５１和２２４个氨基酸,氨基酸序列与不同生物来源的ＳＯＤ或Ｃａｔ具有高度同源性。     

盐胁迫下耐盐与盐敏感水稻的RAPD和POD同工酶检测

对耐盐、一般耐盐和盐敏感３种水稻材料进行了ＲＡＰＤ和同工酶检测，结果发现：３３个引物（Ｎ－１－Ｎ－１２，Ｓ４５０－Ｓ４７０）中，２７个引物具有拉增产物，拉增片段大小分布在０．２－３．４ｋｂ之间，说明在一定程度上反映了３种对盐具有不同耐盐性水稻在基因组ＤＮＡ分子水平上的差异，以Ｓ４５０为引物，在强耐盐的７７９中扩增出１个１．１ｋｂ的特异ＤＮＡ片段（Ｓ４５０１１００），而在对盐敏感的早花２号中，以Ｎ－     

朱■的随机扩增多态DNA分析与种内亲缘关系研究

利用随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ技术对朱（Ｎｉｐｐｏｎｉａｎｉｐｐｏｎ）８个个体进行了随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ分析．用２０个１０ｂｐ的随机引物对每只朱的基因组ＤＮＡ进行扩增,共得到１６８个扩增片段,其中共有片段为１０２个．根据聚类分析所得到的树状图确定了８只朱的亲缘关系,这为进一步构建全部朱个体的谱系关系图打下了基础,有利于制定更有效的朱保护计划     

大豆栽培种和野生种豆类胰岛素的基因分析

以栽培大豆和野生大豆的基因组ＤＮＡ为材料,利用ＰＣＲ技术扩增并克隆了豆类胰岛素基因,分析了两者的ＤＮＡ序列．结果表明,测定的ＤＮＡ序列分别为８４１ｂｐ和９０３ｂｐ,有４个核苷酸差异;在信号肽编码区域内各存在一个内含子,大小分别为３６８和３７０个核苷酸;在ＯＲＦ范围内,与前人报导的ｃＤＮＡ序列分别有１个和２个位点的核苷酸差异,从而导致相应位点的氨基酸发生变化．Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交表明,栽培大豆和野生大豆的豆类胰岛素基因分别以单拷贝和多拷贝形式存在于基因组中     

RAPD标记鉴别中华绒螯蟹种群的初步研究

用２００个随机引物对中华绒螯蟹（Ｅｒｉｏｃｈｅｉｒｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）辽河种群、长江种群和瓯江种群进行了ＲＡＰＤ遗传标记鉴别研究,其中引物ＨＸ０１和ＨＸ０２检测到瓯江种群和辽河种群所有样品共有的ＨＸ０１０．４和ＨＸ０２０．７扩增片段,Ｍｒ分别为０．４ｋｂ和０．７ｋｂ．这两个扩增片段在模板ＤＮＡ浓度作上下５０％的改变、或在镁离子和引物浓度分别作上下２５％的改变时仍稳定出现,而长江种群样品的ＰＣＲ反应中无这两个扩增片段出现,因而可作为长江种群的鉴别标记．用上述标记检查一些人工养殖的河蟹,发现一些苗种场的蟹苗种质严重混杂．未发现可以区分瓯江种群和辽河种群的标记     

抗砷载体的构建及在氧化亚铁硫杆菌中的表达

利用ＤＮＡ体外重组技术，将抗砷质粒ｐＵＭ３经ＨｉｎｄⅢ酶切后得到的４．３ｋｂ抗砷片段克隆到有广泛寄主的ＩｎｃＱ质粒ｐＪＲＤ２１５的ＨｉｎｄⅢ位点上，构建了一个新的抗砷质粒ｐＳＤＸ３。砷抗性研究表明，在大肠杆菌中，ｐＳＤＸ３的抗砷水平与ｐＵＭ３相近。将ｐＳＤＸ３通过接合的方式引入氧化亚铁硫杆菌Ｔｆ－５９中并得到了表达，与对照相比，含质粒ｐＳＤＸ３的Ｔｆ－５９抗砷水平有了很大的提高。     

干扰烟草GA 20-氧化酶siRNA植物表达载体的构建及矮化烟草的产生

根据烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)GA 20-氧化酶基因序列,设计2对分别含有特定酶切位点的特异引物,以烟草基因组DNA为模板,扩增目的基因(约250 bp)片段.将正、反向目的片段分别插入中间载体的内含子两侧.再经BamH I和Sac I双酶切回收约700 bp的目的片段,插入到双元载体质粒p2355中,成功构建了含GA 20-氧化酶基因片段的反向重复序列植物表达载体p23700,其转录产物能形成发夹RNA(hpRNA),产生小分子干扰RNA,干扰目的基因的表达.将p23700质粒导入根癌农杆菌EHA105中并转化烟草叶片细胞,经选择分化培养,获得表型矮化的转基因烟草.图4参14     

EoNPV的限制性酶切图谱及polyhedrin基因和egt基因的定位

用８种限制性内切酶酶解茶尺蠖Ｅｃｔｒｏｐｉｓｏｂｌｉｑｕａ核型多角体病毒（ＥｏＮＰＶ）基因组ＤＮＡ，获得大于０．８８ｋｂ的片段数分别为７、３８、１９、１７、１６、９、３２和１４．由此统计，基因组平均大小大于１１８．５ｋｂ，即Ｍｒ约大于７８．６×１０６．用ＢｍＮＰＶ的多角体蛋白（ｐｈ）基因和ＡｃＭＮＰＶ的ｅｇｔ基因为探针，应用Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交方法，将ＥｏＮＰＶ的ｐｈ基因定位于ＢａｍＨＩＡ、ＣｌａＩＤ、ＥｃｏＲＩＭ、ＥｃｏＲＶＬ、ＨｉｎｄⅢＦ、ＰｓｔＩＡ、ＳａｌＩＨ和ＸｈｏＩＢ片段上，将ｅｇｔ基因定位于ＢａｍＨＩＡ、ＣｌａＩｌ、ＥｃｏＲＩＫ、ＥｃｏＲＶＡ、ＨｉｎｄⅢＨ、ＰｓｔＩＡ、ＳａｌＩＢ、ＸｈｏＩＩ片段上．通过克隆和酶切鉴定ＥｃｏＲＩＭ和ＥｃｏＲＶＬ片段，测定ｐｈ基因部分序列，并以ＥｃｏＲＩＭ为探针对基因组酶切印迹进行杂交，制作了ＥｏＮＰＶｐｈ基因和ｅｇｔ基因区的酶切图谱，推定ｅｇｔ基因保守区位于ｐｈ基因上游约４．５５ｋｂ处．     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.