基于陆海统筹的海洋生态环境管理体系研究

经过近60年的探索和实践,我国海洋生态环境管理机制体制不断完善,海洋生态环境综合管理能力显著提升。本文立足我国海洋生态环境管理现状,重点从强化制度约束性、机制协同性和政策指导性等角度分析了存在的主要问题,阐述了陆海统筹的海洋生态环境管理体系框架,并提出了构建以生物多样性保护为核心的海洋生态环境管理分区、建立以氮磷污染物为重点的陆海协同排放管控制度、完善以监测评估为核心的海洋生态监管制度、建立以入海河流和海湾为重点的区域联防联控机制和完善以海洋生态补偿和赔偿为核心的财政政策等重点任务,可为建立陆海统筹的生态环境治理制度提供参考。     

Towards Concerted River Management in Belgium

River basin management is a highly complex issue, involving scientific uncertainties and competing interests between many groups. One approach is to build consensus between different users and to agree a common basis for operation. The King Baudouin Foundation in Belgium has supported the idea of 'river contracts' as a way of producing agreed strategies for river management. Examples of early contracts are described and their wider significance reviewed.     

最小生态安全距离在“多规合一”中的地位与作用

"多规合一"是未来规划编制与管理城市的必然发展趋势。最小生态安全距离不仅是探索"多规合一"的重要技术工具,也是"多规合一"中空间管控的重要内容。最小生态安全距离以资源环境承载力为基础核心,是城市开发不能逾越的距离。划定最小生态安全距离是为了满足城市生态系统良性循环、生态系统服务功能正常运转以及环境容量不超载,城市间或城市功能单元间经济社会活动空间间隔的最小距离。利用最小生态安全距离划定出的基本规避空间,可以让环规、城规和土规实现统一的空间管控的最终目标。依靠最小生态安全距离,能够科学地划定城市布局,提升城镇化发展质量和空间管控质量,更好地实现城市规划的编制与管理。     

Land Use Planning and Environmental Capacity: Reassessing the Use of Regulatory Policy Tools to Achieve Sustainable Development

Just as it is now widely accepted that the planning system has a role to play in achieving sustainable development, so the concept of environmental capacity has achieved increasing prominence as a means of realizing that role. This paper considers the debate on the concept of environmental capacity, reviewing both the mainstream model and Jacobs' more nuanced social constructionist model. In doing so, it raises concerns about the appropriateness of regulatory policy tools and the implications for the distribution of environmental and other impacts. The discussion highlights the potential for using the planning system to promote change rather than resist it. In doing so, it suggests the need to consider a wider range of policy tools to achieve change at the local level and to clarify the dimensions of sustainable development that local planning can contribute to.     

改革开放40年与中国生态环境规划发展

改革开放40年,生态环境保护随着社会经济的发展而深入发展,生态环境规划与生态环境保护事业同时起步。40年,来编制了9个五年生态环境规划,经历了从无到有、从简单到完善的发展过程,逐步形成了有层次、分类型、多样化的规划体系,规划理念、技术、方法取得了重大进展,规划实践探索丰富多样,对我国生态环境保护工作发挥了统领性作用。十八大以来,生态文明建设体制改革深入推进,十九大确立了美丽中国的宏伟目标,经济高质量发展和生态环境高水平保护统筹推进。在新的历史阶段,生态环境规划将进一步发挥基础性、统领性、战略性和创新性作用,为美丽中国建设作出更大贡献。     

基于流域视角的水环境综合治理规划研究——以江苏省淀山湖为例

以流域为单元进行水资源综合规划和管理是实现水环境改善的重要途径。本文以太湖流域第二大省界湖泊—淀山湖为例,在综合分析流域水环境质量基础上,利用GIS 分析工具划分流域治理片区并制定分区管控策略。根据流域所含骨干河流流向、骨干河流与淀山湖交汇特点、上中下游不同河段及镇域行政边界,将淀山湖流域分为吴淞江流域、千灯浦- 淀山湖流域、昆南湖荡流域、元荡湖荡流域、太浦河流域五大片区138 个子评价单元。通过水环境容量与压力两类空间叠加分析,构建形成污染重点减排区、污染综合治理区、产业绿色化提升区、生态环境保育区等四个类型区域,并提出差异化的产业准入和环境治理措施。本研究不仅为以流域为治理单元的水环境治理规划提供了较为可行的技术体系,而且为太湖流域水环境综合整治思路创新提供了可借鉴的案例。     

Polyphonic environmental planning processes: establishing conceptual connections between procedural and recognition justice

By drawing on Mikhail Bakhtin's notion of polyphony, this paper theorises polyphonic environmental planning processes. It argues that Bakhtin's vision of polyphony reveals new insights about the nature of inclusive and transformative environmental planning processes that align and contrast with existing traditions of participatory planning. The polyphonic environmental planning processes are theorised as having two criteria: difference and relationship. The conditions needed to satisfy these criteria are explained through procedural and recognition justice accounts. The paper intervenes in the ongoing scholarly discussion about the ethical base of contemporary planning theories by suggesting that the polyphonic construction of environmental planning processes will have implications on the form and content of these processes. In terms of the form, the polyphonic environmental planning processes imply the creation of an inclusive, dialogical space. In terms of the content, recognising the intrinsic value of otherness will alter the self–other relationship.     

我国地方生态环境规划院（所）建设情况与发展展望

环境规划队伍是环保铁军的重要一员,随着生态文明建设和生态环境保护工作不断深入,我国环境规划院（所）建设逐步从无到有,人才队伍逐步发展壮大,支撑生态环境保护综合决策能力日益提高。本研究面向各省（区、市）及部分副省级城市环境规划院（所）开展了问卷调查,分析我国环境规划研究队伍和机构建设现状,围绕管理制度、市场发展、人才培养、交流合作等方面对未来发展进行展望。     

RIVER BASIN PLANNING: OBSERVATIONS FROM INTERNATIONAL AND CANADA-UNITED STATES EXPERIENCE

From a discussion of the main objectives of river basin planning, the author develops the elements needed to assure successful river basin planning at the multinational level. Functions of some existing international river basin commissions are described and a fourfold classification based on the degree of planning undertaken is proposed. The Canada—United States experience in river basin planning is placed in a historical framework and the political, legal and economic factors which influenced the operations of the Canada—US International Joint Commission are described. The central point about Canada—US experience appears to be that direct planning is less frequent than indirect “planning.” The two main functions of the Canada—US International Joint Commission are regulation on the one hand and dispute settlement on the other. Partant d'une discussion sur les principaux objectifs de la planification des bassins fluviaux, l'auteur analyse les éléments nécessaires à la planification efficace de ces bassins au niveau multinational. II décrit les fonctions de certaines commissions internationales de bassins fluviaux et propose une classification en quatre parties basée sur le degré de planification envisagé. L'auteur situe les travaux du Canada et des Etats-Unis en matière de planification de bassins fluviaux dans un contexte historique et analyse les facteurs politiques, juridiques et économiques qui influencent les activités de la Commission internationale mixte du Canada et des Etats-Unis. Le résultat principal des travaux de cette Commission semble être que la planification directe est plus rare que la planification indirecte. Les deux fonctions principales de la Commission sont la réglementation d'une part et le règlement de disputes de l'autre. Después de discutir los objetivos principales la Planificación de Cuencas Hidrográficas, el autor desarrolla los elementos necesarios para asegurar una planificación apropiada de cuencas a nivel multinacional. Se describen las funciones de algunas Comisiones de Cuencas Internacionales y se propone una clasificación basado en el grado de planificación emprendida. Se pone en un marco histórico la experiencia de Canadá y los Estados Unidos en materia de planficación de cuencas hydrográficas y se describen los factores politicos, legales y económicos que influenciaron las operaciones de la Comisión Conjunta Internacional Canadá-Estados Unidos. El punto central de la experiencia Canadá—Estados Unidos parece ser que la planificación directa es menos frecuente que la “planificación indirecta.” Las funciones principales de esta comisión son establecer regulaciones y dar solución a las disputas existentes.     

我国城市水体黑臭治理的基本思路研究

城市水体黑臭已经成为继雾霾之后公众关注度较高问题。消除城市水体黑臭是全面建成小康社会和环境质量改善的关键,也是现阶段向水污染宣战的重点问题。本文分析了我国城市水体污染现状、问题与成因、整治存在的难点,从工程治理、管理和制度建设等角度提出了相关建议,为城市水体黑臭治理提供参考。     

The Environment and Postmodern Spatial Consciousness: A Sociology of Urban Environmental Agendas

Planning generally views the environment as an objectively definable set of natural resource systems and relies on the natural sciences to reveal and describe its problems, such as pollution, loss of biodiversity, energy consumption or waste disposal. But why do the mass of people with little scientific knowledge or interest in the environment as a 'big issue' accept and even contentiously push forward planning's environmental agenda? This paper explores the sociological basis of environmental concern. It argues that the social dilemmas arising from the contemporary experience of space are drawn towards the environment and that it is this non-ecological, non-expert field of preoccupations which both legitimizes the environmental turn of contemporary planning and provides the real impetus behind environmental issues.     

BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN A GREAT PLAINS STREAM RECEIVING FEEDLOT RUNOFF1

ABSTRACT The effect of feedlot runoff on the environmental quality of the Cottonwood River in east central Kansas was evaluated by analysis of community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates using the species diversity index, (d). The benthic fauna along the study reach was dominated by mayflies, caddisflies, midges, riffle beetles, and the pelecypod, Sphaerium. Sixty-five taxa were identified during the study; the benthic fauna was most abundant during the 1968–69 segment of the study. However, the mean 3 per station indicated the river was subject to moderate environmental stress, and 3's of those stations immediately downstream from feedlots were significantly lower than the 3 at the control station. There was a significant increase in d's during the 1970–71 segment of the study, following the closing of two feedlots. The results indicate periodic feedlot runoff had a continuing adverse affect on the environmental quality of the river, but recovery was rapid as the organic load on the river was reduced.     

Revised Agri-environment Policy Objectives: Implications for Scheme Design

The new objectives for agri-environment policy recommended by the Policy Commission for the Future of Food and Farming are reviewed and proposals to achieve them are assessed. The Commission proposes a unified scheme, with a 'broad and shallow' tier that would incorporate a whole-farm environmental plan and audit. Participation at this level would be a prerequisite for entry into higher tiers focused on securing regional and national ecological, landscape and bio-diversity priorities. However, the Commission recognizes that further resource protection measures need to be developed to substantiate its design, particularly to enable the delivery of 'wider bio-diversity and landscape benefits'. Innovations in addition to those recommended by the Policy Commission are advocated here. These include adding Cultural options and a two-option Enhanced Level tier. The specifications of the first Enhanced Level option would be based on each farm's Sustainability Index Score. The second option would overcome the 'economics of configuration' problem by encouraging farmers to co-operate to deliver environmental outputs as members of 'environmental clubs'. The possibility of using web-based technology to increase the transparency of agri-environmental payments is also discussed. The design proposed here streamlines, simplifies and increases the efficiency of the existing agri-environment schemes.     

New Zealand's Planning Revolution Five Years On: A Preliminary Assessment

It is now five years since New Zealand radically changed its environmental planning regime by introducing the Resource ManagementAct 1991 (RMA). The RMA swept away the entire tradition of town and country planning which New Zealand had inherited from Britain, replacing this with an integrated framework for resource management that attempts to emphasize efficiency, sustainability and public participation in the new system of development control. These new emphases of the RMA reflect the agendasof New Zealand'sgreen and New Right lobbies which gained political influence during the 1980s.However,the green and neo-liberal agendaswhich the RMA attempts to embrace are potentially contradictory. In this paper we investigate this potential contradiction through a preliminary assessment of the first five year's of the new legislation's implementation.In particular, we focus on the operational success, or otherwise, of three 'efficiency' innovations of the RMA, and consider the consequences of these for the environmental and public participation ideals of the legislation.     

环境管理的信息化视角——美国环境信息生命周期模型研究

有效、可靠的数据和信息是环境管理的基础和主线,是政府部门确定环境管理目标、衡量进展以及同所有利益相关方共享信息的基础。美国环保局(EPA)从整体视角和跨学科观点提出环境信息生命周期模型,能够更好地理解环境信息的生产者、管理者、提供者和使用者等不同角色的作用。本文介绍了环境信息生命周期模型的各环节和要素,包括政策、规划和项目,数据采集和管理,信息交换和共享,信息管理,发现、获取信息,理解、使用信息,用户/公众反馈等,用于评估环境管理业务的数据和信息需求,帮助提高数据质量,增强公众获取环境信息的能力。环保部门需要关注数据质量的不确定性以及不同部门之间缺乏信息共享的问题,将环境信息生命周期的方法融入中国的环境管理和信息化建设,将提高环境数据的质量和政府透明度。本文针对中国的环保信息化建设提出了若干政策建议。     

中国改革开放40年生态环境保护的历史变革——从“三废”治理走向生态文明建设

中国改革开放的40年也是生态环境保护管理体制不断改革和飞跃的40年。自1972年开展生态环境保护工作起,围绕着解决不同发展阶段突出环境问题的需要,每10年左右实现一次环境管理体制改革"大跨跃",不断改革、创新和发展了具有中国特色的生态环境保护治理体系与模式。坚持在发展中解决环境问题,以改善生态环境质量为核心,逐步构建了符合不同发展阶段特征的生态环境保护管理体系,包括完备的生态环境规划政策体系、完善的生态环境治理体系、完整的生态环境保护法律体系。在新时代中国特色社会主义建设过程中,应瞄准建设美丽中国的战略目标,立足中国、放眼世界,坚持绿色发展,做好顶层设计,构建生态环境管理体系新格局,共建清洁美丽世界。     

高质量绿色发展形势下环境统计的问题与建议

环境统计是环境保护的一项重要基础性工作。推动我国经济实现高质量绿色发展,更需要调整和建立新的环境统计指标体系,科学衡量中国经济增长的质量,评判中国经济增长的短板。本文在回顾国内外环境统计发展历程的基础上,针对当前高质量绿色发展形势,分析了环境统计工作中存在的统筹制度缺乏、统计指标不完善、统计数据质量不高、统计体系法律法规不健全等问题。最后从完善环境统计方法体系、建立监测统计数据收集和审核机制、建立和完善环境投资统计体系三方面提出有针对性的对策与建议。本文可为完善我国环境统计制度和政策、提高环境统计科学准确性提供决策支持,为推动我国经济向高质量绿色化发展奠定坚实基础。     

《大气污染防治法(修订草案)》的若干修改建议

《大气污染防治法》(修订草案)有很多突破,但是针对性、策略性、特色性和可实施性均存在欠缺,需要进一步把生态文明、绿色化、区域协同发展的要求纳入立法目的,体现在体制制度和机制的设计中;理顺立法体例,保证规定的逻辑性;坚持空间管控和多规合一,坚持空气质量目标管理的思路,采取实际大气环境容量和实时排放流量控制相结合的工作模式;明确行动计划与现行环境保护规划、各专项环保规划的关系;理顺监管体制,创新区域联合防治的制度和机制,弥补侵权法律责任和法律救济规定的不足,保持信息公开申请和环境民事公益诉讼提起条件的前后贯通性。只有这样,才能既体现立法修改的必要性和针对性,又体现立法规定的时代性和特色性,展现法律措施的严格性和法律责任的严厉性。     

城市河流环境规划方案分析

河流流域的概念从20世纪30年代起开始被应用于环境规划管理中,相关的环境规划方法有很多。本文对城市中河流的环境规划从其原理、意义及各种具体措施等方面进行了论述,阐述了目前城市河流环境规划所具有的特点及面临的问题,对该规划的发展进行了展望。     

Municipal Environmental Policy in Norway: From 'mainstream' policy to 'real' Agenda 21?

The Brundtland report and Agenda 21 focus on the global environment and development problems. Though Norway is usually considered a pioneer with respect to sustainable development, analyses have shown that this has not been the case with respect to Local Agenda 21. Still, Norwegian municipalities have strengthened their institutional capacity on environmental policy, and have thereby strengthened their ability to follow up the recommendations in Agenda 21. Through the high-profile government-financed reform programme, Environment in the Municipalities, which ran from 1988 to 1996, a great majority of the municipalities have employed their own environmental officers, and environmental considerations have gradually obtained a footing in municipal planning. So far, however, it is the local environmental problems that have received most attention rather than global environmental and development problems. By the start of the 21st century a crucial question is, therefore, whether the growing number of Local Agenda 21 initiatives in Norway will in fact adopt the global perspectives outlined by the Brundtland report and Agenda 21, or just keep on with a 'business as usual' environmental policy approach. So far national environmental policy in Norway seems to be reluctant to face the global problems, leaving the municipalities with the great challenge of being the 'engine' in steaming up Norwegian environmental politics.