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1.
Charcoal fragments in forest soils give evidence of prehistoric and historic natural and anthropogenic wildfires in the equatorial rainforests and in seasonal monsoon forests of continental and insular South Asia. Conditions favourable for the occurrence of historic and contemporary rainforest fires are associated with droughts, especially during dry spells caused by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event. Historic land-use fires and wildfires can be reconstructed from a number of narrative reports, including documents that reveal drought and famine. In the eastern part of Borneo prehistoric and historic records of coal fires reveal a unique natural source of wildfires. Starting with modern transmigration programs and systematic conversion of primary and secondary vegetation, including peat-swamp ecosystems, into farmland and industrial plantations, the use of fire as a land-clearing tool escalated in the 1990s. During droughts land-clearing fires additionally contribute to wildfires. A detailed study of the ecological consequences of the episode of land-use fires and wildfires of 1982–1983 was conducted on an area of 2.7 million ha of dipterocarp rainforest in East Kalimantan. The results show that dipterocarps are highly susceptible to fire and are replaced by pioneers and fire-tolerant species that occupy the disturbed sites or survive the immediate fire effects. Smoke from forest conversion burning caused considerable environmental problems, reducing visibility and affecting human health and security. Emissions from vegetation burning influence chemistry and functioning of the global atmosphere. The situation is different in those parts of mainland and insular Southeast Asia that are characterized by seasonal climate. Through long-term influence of climate variability, fire influence, and anthropogenic pressure the vegetation is better adapted to extrinsic stresses. During the 15 years between the extreme ENSO events and fire episodes of 1982–1983 and 1997–1998 the national and international communities have been alerted and prepared to respond to the escalating fire situation in Indonesia. The response to the onset of the 1997–1998 fire and smoke episode, however, was absolutely inadequate and erratic. Meanwhile a whole continent – the maritime continent of Southeast Asia – has been degraded by excessive fire application for more than 20 years. 相似文献
2.
Forest and agroecosystem fire management in Ghana 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mark Appiah Lawrence Damnyag Dominic Blay Ari Pappinen 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2010,15(6):551-570
The threat of wildfires to the economic potential of forestry and agriculture is one of the persistent national and international
concerns. Improving and applying indigenous wildfire management (IWM) approaches is seen as one of the main hopes for mitigating
and adapting to this threat to rural forest communities. Identifying the contextual causes and adaptation measures practiced
by local people is essential for planning an appropriate mechanism for IWM. Yet only limited studies are available on IWM
practices and most of those studies were conducted outside of this study region. To fill this gap, this study examined the
wildfire mitigation and adaptation methods of forest communities in Ghana using interviews with 266 farming households. Their
perceptions of the causes, cost and risk factors were also examined. The result suggests that wildfires are annual events.
More than half of the wildfires reported were caused by slash-and-burn land preparation, with hunting-related fires in second
place. Forest households loose about 208 Ghana cedi (US$ 231 in 2006) in value due to damaged crops and tree seedlings annually
(i.e. about 50% of annual income of a Ghanaian farmer). The respondents had the operational skill and coping abilities to
deal with small-scale wildfires and were supported by well-established local arrangements, community rules and silvicutural
techniques. In addition, they were well informed about the basic risk factors (e.g. fuel load, climate, and presence of ignition
triggers) and how these can interact to cause devastating wildfire. Therefore it is critical that policies and institutions
that promote IWM initiatives build on the strong underlying community knowledge and local networks to enhance their effectiveness. 相似文献
3.
William J. de Groot Robert D. Field Michael A. Brady Orbita Roswintiarti Maznorizan Mohamad 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(1):165-180
Forest and land fires in Southeast Asia have many social, economic, and environmental impacts. Tropical peatland fires affect
global carbon dynamics, and haze from peat fires has serious negative impacts on the regional economy and human health. To
mitigate these fire-related problems, forest and land management agencies require an early warning system to assist them in
implementing fire prevention and management plans before fire problems begin. Fire Danger Rating Systems (FDRS) were developed
for Indonesia and Malaysia to provide early warning of the potential for serious fire and haze events. In particular, they
identify time periods when fires can readily start and spread to become uncontrolled fires and time periods when smoke from
smouldering fires will cause an unacceptably high level of haze. The FDRS were developed by adapting components of the Canadian
Forest Fire Danger Rating System, including the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI) System and the Canadian Forest Fire
Behavior Prediction (FBP) System, to local vegetation, climate, and fire regime conditions. A smoke potential indicator was
developed using the Drought Code (DC) of the FWI System. Historical air quality analysis showed that the occurrence of severe
haze events increased substantially when DC was above 400. An ignition potential indicator was developed using the Fine Fuel
Moisture Code (FFMC) of the FWI System. Historical hot spot analysis, grass moisture, and grass ignition studies showed that
fire occurrence and the ability for grass fires to start and spread dramatically increased when FFMC > 82. The Initial Spread
Index (ISI) of the FWI System was used to develop a difficulty of control indicator for grassland fires, a fuel type that
can exhibit high rates of spread and fire intensity. This ISI-based indicator was developed using the grass fuel model of
the FBP System, along with a standard grass fuel load and curing level estimated from previous Indonesian studies. Very high
fire intensity is expected in grasslands when ISI ≥ 6. To provide early warning, the FDRS identifies classes of increasing
fire danger as the FFMC, DC, and ISI approach these key threshold values. The Indonesian FDRS is now operated nationally at
the Indonesian Meteorological and Geophysical Agency. The Malaysian Meteorological Service operates the Malaysian FDRS and
displays regional outputs for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The FDRS are being used by forestry, agriculture,
environment, and fire and rescue agencies to develop and implement fire prevention, detection, and suppression plans. 相似文献
4.
Dicky Simorangkir 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(1):147-164
During the last two decades Indonesia has experienced immense forest and land fires. Often these fires are associated with
extended drought and widespread use of fire to clear previously logged forest and other degraded land in preparation for oil
palm, rubber, or pulpwood plantations. There are many reasons for the use of fire in land clearing activities, but probably
the most important one is economics. There is still acceptance that fire is the cheapest, fastest, and most effective land
clearing method with the added benefit of providing nutrients from ash residues.
This paper provides a review of existing information on the financial costs and benefits of using fire for land clearing in
agriculture and forestry plantations as compared with zero-burning techniques. The findings indicate that the economic advantage
of fire use varies widely and depends on many factors, such as soil fertility, vegetation density, labour cost, equipment
and training costs, and the costs of fire management. For large-scale land clearing, the financial analysis of the costs and
benefits of fire versus zero-burning shows that when applied to low-volume vegetation, zero-burning methods are not more expensive
than burning – and may actually be more cost effective in the long term. This is the case for clearing oil palm or rubber
plantations for replanting, low secondary vegetation, and heavily logged-over forest. Under high-volume forest conditions,
burning remains less expensive because it is more difficult, time consuming, and costly to dispose of high volumes of piled
wood mechanically. 相似文献
5.
E. N. Valendik J. C. Brissette Ye. K. Kisilyakhov R. J. Lasko S. V. Verkhovets S. T. Eubanks I. V. Kosov A. Yu. Lantukh 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2006,11(4):883-896
Mechanical treatment and prescribed fire were used to restore a mixed conifer stand (Picea-Abies-Pinus) following mortality from an outbreak of Siberian moth (Dendrolimus superans sibiricus). Moth-killed stands often become dominated by Calamagrostis, a sod-forming grass. The large amount of woody debris and the sod hinder coniferous seedling establishment and development
as well as creating conditions favorable to the establishment and propagation of wildfires. Fire has been demonstrated to
be an effective method of reducing woody debris and eliminating sod, but the random nature and timing of wildfires often do
not create conditions favorable for conifer regeneration. Our study was conducted in a mature fir dominated stand that died
during an outbreak 6–8 years previously with most of the dead trees still standing. A bulldozer drove through the stand downing
standing snags in late summer with 15–20 m between passes. Snags knocked down by the bulldozer and additional snag fall throughout
the following winter increased downed dead wood 50–60% and large downed dead wood 80% compared to an adjacent untreated area.
In June, a prescribed fire was set and fuel load consumption averaged 70%. Average soil temperatures during the burn ranged
from 47 ∘C at a depth of 2 cm to 10 ∘C at 10 cm; hot enough to kill the grass. Following treatment, the potential for wildfire was reduced and the area was suitable
for either natural conifer regeneration or planting without further mechanical site preparation. 相似文献
6.
7.
Vulnerability of land systems to fire: Interactions among humans,climate, the atmosphere,and ecosystems 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Sandra Lavorel Mike D. Flannigan Eric F. Lambin Mary C. Scholes 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(1):33-53
Fires are critical elements in the Earth System, linking climate, humans, and vegetation. With 200–500 Mha burnt annually,
fire disturbs a greater area over a wider variety of biomes than any other natural disturbance. Fire ignition, propagation,
and impacts depend on the interactions among climate, vegetation structure, and land use on local to regional scales. Therefore,
fires and their effects on terrestrial ecosystems are highly sensitive to global change. Fires can cause dramatic changes
in the structure and functioning of ecosystems. They have significant impacts on the atmosphere and biogeochemical cycles.
By contributing significantly to greenhouse gas (e.g., with the release of 1.7–4.1 Pg of carbon per year) and aerosol emissions,
and modifying surface properties, they affect not only vegetation but also climate. Fires also modify the provision of a variety
of ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, soil fertility, grazing value, biodiversity, and tourism, and can hence
trigger land use change. Fires must therefore be included in global and regional assessments of vulnerability to global change.
Fundamental understanding of vulnerability of land systems to fire is required to advise management and policy. Assessing
regional vulnerabilities resulting from biophysical and human consequences of changed fire regimes under global change scenarios
requires an integrated approach. Here we present a generic conceptual framework for such integrated, multidisciplinary studies.
The framework is structured around three interacting (partially nested) subsystems whose contribute to vulnerability. The
first subsystem describes the controls on fire regimes (exposure). A first feedback subsystem links fire regimes to atmospheric
and climate dynamics within the Earth System (sensitivity), while the second feedback subsystem links changes in fire regimes
to changes in the provision of ecological services and to their consequences for human systems (adaptability). We then briefly
illustrate how the framework can be applied to two regional cases with contrasting ecological and human context: boreal forests
of northern America and African savannahs. 相似文献
8.
9.
面向导弹贮存延寿的PHM技术研究与工程应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
目的通过应用故障预测和健康管理(PHM)技术,实现导弹武器的可靠寿命预测和健康管理。方法在分析国内外现状的基础上,对某型导弹贮存延寿的系统架构进行设计,并对工程应用中的数据采集、寿命退化分析、预测方法,以及使用和贮存寿命预测等主要过程的技术途径和研究方法进行论述。结果工程应用证明了PHM技术在导弹贮存延寿中的可行性,相关关键技术也存在有效的解决方法。结论面向导弹贮存延寿的PHM技术体系在实现导弹武器全寿命周期管理和寿命科学评价的同时,能够有效降低装备的延寿升级经济成本。 相似文献
10.
以国家生态文明试验区(贵州)作为研究区,以植被覆盖度(FVC)作为研究对象,基于2000~2019年的NDVI数据分析了贵州省近 20年FVC的时空演变特征,利用地理探测器方法识别并量化了经济持续增速下维持植被恢复的主要驱动力,结果表明:(1)近20年来贵州省FVC整体呈增加趋势,FVC分布整体水平较高,主要以中等、中高和高度覆盖为主,三者面积占比之和约为89.7%,年均增长率为0.52%,平均FVC为0.53.(2)近20年来贵州省FVC变化趋势以轻微改善、基本不变为主,两者面积占比之和为68.94%,改善区域面积占比为57.93%,西部区域得到明显改善和提升,退化区域主要集中在城镇周边,总体动态变化趋于稳定且向好改善.(3)FVC空间分布格局演变深受人类活动与自然环境因子的双重影响,且人类活动对于植被恢复的驱动作用更强,国内生产总值(GDP)和降水是经济持续增速下维持植被恢复的人类活动与自然环境因子主导驱动力.(4)积极推动产业结构优化升级、大力推进第三产业快速发展以及不断贯彻落实退耕还林还草政策等积极的人类活动为贵州省实现经济增速与植被恢复协调发展的“双赢”局面做出了巨大贡献. 相似文献
11.
海洋塑料垃圾污染是人类面临的最为急迫的全球海洋环境问题之一,已引起各国政府、公众、科学界、媒体及非政府组织等的广泛关注,并成为当前海洋生态与环境研究的热点问题之一,亟待应对和解决.从水体、沉积物及生物体内海洋塑料垃圾及微塑料污染特征、来源及归趋角度,阐述了海洋微塑料垃圾的分布特征、潜在生态风险和应对措施,以及国内外应对海洋塑料及微塑料污染所采取的管控措施,介绍了各国政府和非政府组织所提出的法律法规和公约倡议.鉴于当前鲜见典型区域塑料污染管控和生态风险评估体系研究,从科学研究和管理控制两个方面,进一步指出现阶段在海洋塑料垃圾及微塑料研究和管控方面存在的诸多问题,如方法学(采集、预处理和分析)的差异性,来源、输运与归趋尚不明确,生态风险评估体系未建立及相关管控的法律法规待健全等.在此基础上对我国海洋塑料和微塑料研究提出建议:①深入研究与国际接轨的标准化塑料及微塑料研究方法学(样本采集、预处理和分析)问题、准确估算入海通量、环境归趋及环境浓度下潜在的生态风险等;②支持开展海洋塑料垃圾和微塑料研究专题的大洋航次(太平洋和印度洋等),系统地开展河流系统-深海海盆-极地等的海洋微塑料综合研究;③研发水环境中塑料和微塑料垃圾的拦截和处理技术,制定和强化塑料及微塑料管控的法律法规和政策措施;④建立完善的海洋塑料垃圾污染公共环境意识教育体系,以唤起公众对海洋污染的关注. 相似文献
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加油站火灾爆炸故障树分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
采用安全系统工程的方法,对加油站的火灾爆炸事故进行了故障树分析。通过故障树分析,得出4个最小径集,指明了预防事故发生的可能途径;从而确定出加油站火灾爆炸事故的预防措施,并做出安全检查表,以供现场实施参考。 相似文献
14.
基于RVI分区的淀山湖蓝藻暴发期叶绿素a的遥感估测 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以淀山湖为研究区域,利用MODIS数据探讨蓝藻暴发期叶绿素a质量浓度〔ρ(Chla)〕的遥感估算方法.为了提高估算精度,解决蓝藻暴发期因ρ(Chla)差异较大而产生的估测模型的参数适应性问题,引入比值植被指数(Ratio Vegetation Index,RVI)分类法,将RVI>0.95的区域界定为高蓝藻含量水体,将RVI≤0.95的区域界定为较清洁水体,并基于分区分别建立遥感估算模型.结果表明,分区后MODIS数据叶绿素a估测模型能更好地映射ρ(Chla)的变化,基于RVI的分类估算方法可以有效地提高淀山湖水体蓝藻暴发期ρ(Chla)的估算精度. 相似文献
15.
李云波 《防灾科技学院学报》2011,13(4):94-97
改革开放和社会进步,给消防工作的发展提供了难得的机遇和挑战。强化政府消防行政职能,改善消防安全环境,构建服务型消防管理新模式成为社会发展的必然。本文分析了当前政府在消防行政管理中存在的问题,从消防行政管理理念、消防监督模式以及消防工作机制等方面给出了构建服务型消防行政管理模式的对策。 相似文献
16.
A. Heil B. Langmann E. Aldrian 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(1):113-133
Numerical modelling of fire-related smoke haze episodes in Southeast Asia is important for both prediction and assessment of atmospheric impacts, especially when observational data are fragmentary, as is the case in Indonesia. This work describes the atmospheric fate of smoke particles emitted during the 1997 Indonesian fires modelled with a regional atmospheric chemistry model. We established a new fire emission inventory and calculate that 55 teragram (Tg) of particulate matter and 1098 Tg of carbon were released during this fire episode. Our emission estimate is an intermediate value compared with other studies. Utilising different scenarios, we demonstrate the variable atmospheric impacts of surface vegetation fires and peat soil fires separately and also investigate the sensitivity of smoke dispersion to the differing meteorological conditions of an El Niño and a normal year. When peat fires are included in the emission inventory, modelled ambient particle concentrations exceed the ambient air quality standard across transboundary scales. In a scenario including only surface vegetation fires, ambient air quality standards are exceeded only in areas close to the main fires. This scenario demonstrates the prominent role of fires in peat areas in causing regional air pollution episodes. In years with normal meteorological conditions, intermittent precipitation and associated wet deposition during the dry season are predicted to remove most of the particulate emissions close to the sources. Strongly reduced rainfall and generally stronger southeasterly winds during El Niño years provide favourable conditions for larger scale smoke haze pollution. 相似文献
17.
土地利用和土地覆盖变化研究模型综述 总被引:112,自引:6,他引:112
本文综述了全球变化研究中土地利用和土地覆盖变化(LUCC)的主要模型,重点介绍了植被模型和引入社会驱动力的LUCC模型,并归纳出LUCC模型的以下发展趋势:①新一代的LUCC模型应该能够模拟LUCC的主要社会经济和自然驱动力,包括从LUCC到驱动力和全球变化的主要反馈关系;②具有明确的空间关系,能够以适当的空间分辨率,比较好地预测长期的(50~100a)土地利用和覆盖变化及有关的生物物理参数,如植被特征、资源的积聚和退化等;③能够更好地认识LUCC与其主要驱动力之间的关系在局地、区域和全球尺度上的动态和后果;充分考虑土地利用和覆盖变化对政策、技术进步、人口增长、经济发展、市场变化等社会变量的灵敏性,此外,还应注意意识、信仰等文化因素的影响;④发展新的LUCC建模方法,使LUCC模型能够与其它类型的全球变化模型,特别是气候模型建立联系。 相似文献
18.
This paper summarizes the results of a primarily qualitative (with certain quantitative elements) socio-ecological study on three Greek islands of the Aegean Archipelago to characterize fire science and policy at regional and local levels, and perceptions of fire risk. Among the most important factors influencing dynamics of fire regimes on the islands are changing land use patterns and practices, and changes in climate and fuel conditions. While use of scientific information is not widespread, there are individuals in all three islands who regularly consult scientific sources. Although fire policy is largely controlled at the national and European Union levels, local activity also occurs, most notably through the volunteer fire fighting organizations, interactions with local officials, and public education efforts. However, though seen as important, significant lack of financial support and resources exist to support prevention and pre-suppression programs. Prevention of fires on the islands, including the use of prescribed burning, is relatively inadequate, and while an intense interest in preventing the loss of communities and ecosystems is frequently encountered, public participation in fire prevention remains limited. The findings suggest that relying on local knowledge, in combination with fire managers’ decision-making abilities, could improve fire management options and reduce wildfire suppression costs and ecological disasters. 相似文献
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20.
E. A. Loupian A. A. Mazurov E. V. Flitman D. V. Ershov G. N. Korovin V. P. Novik N. A. Abushenko D. A. Altyntsev V. V. Koshelev S. A. Tashchilin A. V. Tatarnikov I. Csiszar A. I. Sukhinin E. I. Ponomarev S. V. Afonin V. V. Belov G. G. Matvienko T. Loboda 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2006,11(1):113-145