浙江遂昌柘岱口地区酸性碎斑熔岩地质特征及成因

通过野外地质调查及室内综合研究,进一步阐明浙江遂昌柘岱口地区碎斑熔岩地质特征及成因。宏观上划分了碎斑熔岩相带,查明了碎斑熔岩时空分布及与围岩的接触关系;微观上通过岩石地球化学、同位素年代学及锆石饱和温度计算等方法研究该碎斑熔岩。研究区碎斑熔岩受控于柘岱口—湖山NE向大型火山构造洼地复活型破火山,具有侵出—溢流特点,为复合穹丘状地质体。岩浆演化在时空上具有连续性,具有分异岩浆"溢流—侵出—侵入"过程。岩石具有典型的连续不等粒碎斑结构和珠边结构,富碱,K2O+Na2O为8.54%~9.25%,A/CNK为0.88~1.04,为准铝质钾玄岩系列,富集Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等高场强元素和Rb、Sr、Ba、Th等大离子亲石元素。岩石成岩温度为803℃~884℃,具有高温浅成特点。全岩Rb-Sr等时线年龄为123 Ma,为早白垩世中期九里坪期岩浆活动的产物,是壳—幔混合I型碎斑熔岩,属于活动大陆边缘靠板内的构造环境。     

试论凝灰熔岩——碎斑熔岩——花岗斑岩的成因联系

本文从岩相岩石学特征、地球化学演化,讨论了凝灰熔岩、碎斑熔岩、花岗斑岩三者之间的成因联系:它们是同源岩浆经分异结晶,形成岩浆房成分梯度和分带后,分别代表岩浆房从上到下不同部位成分岩浆依次侵位、在不同成岩条件下形成的一套岩石,可建立“三位一体”成岩模式.     

中国东南部碎斑熔岩基本特征及成因机理的探讨

我国东南沿海的火山岩地区,例如浙江、福建、江西等省,分布着一种具有特殊地质意义而在成因上又有争议的岩石——碎斑熔岩。50年代,这种岩石被普遍确定为花岗斑岩、微花岗岩或花岗岩类侵入体的边缘相带。60年代以后,岩石学工作者将其归属于火山岩或次火山岩。总之,到目前为止,对这类岩石的岩相归属、岩石命名和成因尚有不同的意见。争论的问题大体上包括二个方面:其一,关于“粒状碎斑熔岩”,有角岩化熔结凝灰岩及次火山岩相、碎屑熔岩相、侵出相等不同观点;其二,关于“粒状碎斑熔岩”外围的一套与之呈过渡关系的岩石,有定为熔结凝灰岩,也有定为凝灰熔岩,相应地其成因机理说法也就很不一致。碎斑熔岩问题,是从1:20万区域地质测量和普查找矿中提出来的,随即引起了人们广泛的兴趣。正确认识碎斑熔岩不仅具     

粤东一个类型独特的锡矿床

作者对西岭凤地山锡矿床的成矿地质条件,特别是火山构造、岩浆演化与成矿的关系进行了研究,认为:西岭锡矿是一个与火山侵出相碎斑熔岩时、空、成因关系密切的次火山热液脉状锡矿床。根据西岭锡矿的地质环境和成矿物理化学条件、矿质、水介质来源建立了理想的成矿模式。进而指出粤东斑岩锡矿的远景。西岭锡矿类型的确定,对粤东和赣南火山岩地区锡矿普查具有重要意义。     

桐庐碎斑熔岩岩穹地质、岩石特征及其成因机理探讨

碎斑熔岩是火山—侵入杂岩体的重要岩相组合。这类岩石在我国东南沿海火山岩区均有一定分布,但桐庐地区所发育的无论在宏观或微观特征上都较有代表性,桐庐火山洼地尤为典型。 关于碎斑熔岩的岩石命名和岩相归属、成因等问题,目前尚有不同的意见。仅就桐庐地区而言,就有二种回然不同的观点:其一,由熔结凝灰岩经热变质重结晶作用而成;其二,属于次火山岩侵入体。正确认识这类岩石,对于确定火山构造、阐明火山活动历史,对比火山活动旋回和普查找矿等均有一定意义。因此,这类岩石日益引起人们的关注。本文旨在从地质、岩石学特征方面对它的形成机理进行扼要的探讨。     

碎斑熔岩相特征与相模式

本文在研究侵出相碎斑熔岩体产出的地质特征基础上,总结了其结构构造和组分特征的规律性变化,建立了四种形式的相模式。     

香港世界地质公园核心景观—碎斑熔岩石柱林特征(二)

<正>本刊2015年第1期介绍了香港世界地质公园大面积出露的粮船湾组碎斑熔岩共有的特征之一为普遍发育柱状节理,本文继续介绍其共有的其它特征:(1)与围岩呈侵出接触关系。.碎斑熔岩本质上属熔岩,但其下部通过火山通道与岩浆房相连,因而与围岩呈侵出接触关系,接触面内倾,不同于侵入岩的外倾接触面。在清水湾半岛的龙虾湾等地,可见粮船湾组碎斑熔岩(Kkh)与槟榔     

香港世界地质公园粮船湾组碎斑熔岩柱状节理构造特征

在香港世界地质公园西贡火山岩园区,白垩纪粮船湾组流纹质碎斑熔岩普遍发育完整的柱状节理,构成世界上面积最大的流纹质火山岩石柱群。文章在详细野外观察与测量的基础上,分析了粮船湾组石柱群原生柱状节理构造特征,初步探讨了其成因。结果表明,该区火山岩石柱截面形态以六边形为主,少量五边形及不规则状,直径以1~3m为主;完整的单个石柱高一般20~30m;石柱整体向NW和SW陡倾。但是,粮船湾组火山岩非全部发育柱状节理,按石柱发育程度可分为极发育、一般发育(被破坏)和不发育三种类型。通过统计大量原生柱面的产状,发现各个方向的柱面均有发育,其无序性符合冷凝收缩的成因模式,认为后期次生节理构造及海蚀作用对原生柱状节理有一定程度的破坏。     

内蒙古正镶白旗火山杂岩基本特征及形成机制

正镶白旗火山杂岩为一不规则的穹丘状地质体,它是由渐变过渡的火山碎屑岩、流纹质碎斑熔岩和次火山岩构成的一个整体.可初步划分出三个近似同心环带.中环的流纹质碎斑熔岩是火山杂岩的主体,它的众多特征反映出初始岩浆含有较多的挥发分.岩浆在地下经过了较好的结晶分异,在地下——地上某个范围内存在隐爆——侵出区.火山作用是以小规模隐爆伴随缓慢的向上侵出为主.作用时间长,形成了规模较大的火山岩.正镶白旗火山杂岩属太平洋岩系钙碱质系列,原始岩浆由来源于上地幔和下地壳熔体的混熔作用形成.     

溧水地区火山岩中单斜辉石的研究

溧水火山岩地区位于长江下游南岸,东邻茅山山脉,西接宁芜火山岩盆地,是长江中下游一系列中生代陆相火山岩分布区之一。该区火山岩系,按喷发次序、岩石组合、喷发间断等,自下而上,可以划分为四个火山喷发旋回,即龙王山旋回,主要由中—基性熔岩、次火山岩和相应的火山碎屑岩组成,东芦山旋回,主要由中碱性和基性熔岩、次火山岩及相应的火山碎屑岩组成,观山旋回,主要由中碱性—碱性熔岩、次火山岩及火山碎屑岩组成;甲山旋回,全部由酸性熔岩、次火山岩及火山碎屑岩组成。有关各旋回的主要岩石类型和主要火山岩的岩石化学成份见表1、2。     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.