环境功能区划进展与展望

环境功能区划是生态环境空间管控的重要内容,是环境管理"由要素管理走向综合协调、由末端治理走向空间引导"的有效途径,是环境规划参与"多规合一"的重要抓手。本文回顾了环境功能区划启动以来的工作进展和主要成果,分析了当前生态环境空间管控存在的主要问题,从完善区划技术方法、整合生态环境功能区划、加强多规合一衔接、开展地方环境功能区划编制实践、分区环境政策试点等方面,提出了环境功能区划下一步工作展望。     

我国环境功能区划框架体系的初步构想

环境功能区划的编制和实施将是实现我国环境保护分类指导、分区控制,并进一步优化国民经济发展格局的重要手段.本文分析了未来我国环境功能区划的需求;总结了现行区划研究基础与管理实践的问题;提出我国环境功能区划框架体系构想:在宏观层面采用综合引导区划,在区域层面上采用要素控制区划;最后探讨了这一框架体系下的技术难点和实践要点.     

湖北省城市声环境功能区划技术研究：以潜江市为例

基于当前噪声污染防治形势及管理需求,文章以潜江市为例,通过分析现有声环境功能区划存在问题及调整的必要性,按照声环境功能区划的基本原则、各类依据,针对性地提出实际区划工作的技术路线,凝练了区划方案可行性分析要点,为湖北省其他地市声环境区划工作提供实用经验。     

广州市声环境功能区划及其实施管理的对策建议研究

2014年12月,环境保护部与国家质量监督检验检疫总局联合发布《声环境功能区划分技术规范》,该规范在声环境功能区划分的思路上有了重大变化.文章以此为背景,在归纳总结广州市目前区划存在的问题及划定需求、分析该规范对声环境功能区划分的新要求的基础上,吸收借鉴国内先进城市经验,提出广州市进行新一轮声环境功能区划及其实施管理应覆盖广州全域,建立区划电子地图,实现区划精细化、电子化、动态化管理,并制定配套的管理政策,以便更好地为声环境管理服务.     

基于生态管理的流域水环境功能区划——以浑河流域为例

从环境战略管理的高度,提出了一种基于生态管理的流域水环境功能区划分方法.在现行水环境功能区划的基础上,结合生态管理理念及相关理论,并充分考虑我国水环境管理能力及发展趋势,进行流域水环境功能区划分.流域水环境功能区划以流域水生态分区为基础,根据参考条件评估水体的生态状况,考虑水体生态保护功能和最小生态需水量,提出新的流域水环境功能区划的理论基础和技术方法体系.首次将水生态分区、水生态保护目标和生态需水量引入水环境功能区划之中,对原水环境功能区划的内涵进行了拓展.该方法以浑河流域为案例做了实证研究.     

以水环境功能区划工作促进环境信息能力建设

概述水环境功能区划是水环境分级管理工作和环境管理目标责任制的基石，是科学确定和实施水污染物排放总量控制的基本单元，是正确实施地表水环境质量标准、进行水质评价的基础。今年，国家环保总局下达任务，要求各省和环保重点城市环保局在水环境功能区划的基础上，开展水环境功能区划工作，进行汇总分析，提交统一格式的水环境功能区划数据表、分析报告、使用GIS软件Arc/info和Arcview在国家地理信息中心1：25万和1：5万比例尺电子地图上制作的彩图，构建包含水系图层、功能区图层、区域属性图层、环境专题图层等4大图层的数字水环境管…     

县域环境功能区划与信息化管理研究——以海宁市为例

环境功能区划是生态环境保护领域落实主体功能区战略、优化国土空间开发格局、保障生态环境安全格局的具体实践,是建立"分区管理、分类指导"的环境管理体系的基础性技术文件。本文以海宁市为例,研究环境功能区划分,以环境功能区划成果为基础,研发基于GIS的海宁市环境功能区划信息管理平台,以信息化手段推动区划有效实施。     

环境功能区划与主体功能区划关系的思考

环境功能区划与主体功能区划都是功能区划,两者既有联系又有区别。科学认识两者的异同,正确处理两者的关系,有利于更好地平衡国家主体战略与环境保护之间的关系,为新阶段的发展提供更加科学的决策引导。     

近岸海域环境功能区概念辨析及其存在的问题和对策

近岸海域环境功能区是进行近岸海域水环境管理的重要依据.随着经济和环境保护形势的发展,我国近岸海域环境功能区管理也应进行相应的调整.研究了近岸海域环境功能区与海洋功能区之间的差别,根据近岸海域环境功能区的定位,指出其应主要包含3个属性,即自然属性、社会属性和管理属性,因此近岸海域环境功能区划分应立足于保护当地的海洋生态系统,满足人类对近岸海域水体的使用功能,同时方便对近岸海域环境系统的管理.对近岸海域环境功能区目前存在的主要问题进行了分析,即超标严重、调整频繁、排污混合区设置不合理以及监管有待加强等.在此基础上,提出应突出近岸海域环境功能区战略定位,将近岸海域环境功能区划上升为国家标准,加强近岸海域环境功能区的生态保护功能,加快修编《近岸海域环境功能区划分技术规范》,并强化环境保护部对近岸海域环境功能区的监督管理等对策建议.      

天津市近岸海域环境功能区划调整研究

为适应新的海域使用功能要求,科学管理、严格保护海洋环境,结合全市海洋功能区划和总体发展规划,对天津市近岸海域环境功能区划进行调整。展现了调整方法、过程及成果。调整后的天津近岸海域环境功能区共分为四大类21个环境功能区,相比之前的区划,调整后的区划中一类环境功能区范围有较大缩小,二、三、四类近岸海域环境功能区面积均有增加。对本次区划调整过程中发现的主要问题进行了分析,在此基础上提出若干建议,包括将近岸海域环境功能区提升至战略高度,将《近岸海域环境功能区划分技术规范》上升为国家标准,修订《近岸海域环境功能区划分技术规范》及《近岸海域环境功能区管理办法》等。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.