城市环境污染治理设施运营管理的探讨

以哈尔滨市为例,现行管理模式存在资金压力运营能力薄弱、工作质量不佳等问题,阻碍环境污染治理工作有效进行。起步较晚的市场化管理模式能够实现环境污染治理设施的正常运转和污染物达标排放,但还处于较低水平,建议通过加强法制建设、建立激励政策、加强对运营机构的监管和采取双赢机制提高环境污染治理设施运营管理的市场化。     

包头市环境污染治理设施第三方运营利弊分析及对策建议

第三方运营管理模式是环境污染治理设施运营管理深入发展的必然趋势。本文就包头市区域性、集约式污染治理设施以及环境污染重点行业企业污染源治理设施实施第三方运营的制约因素和有利因素开展研究,为包头市推行环境污染源治理设施的治理集约化、产权多元化、运营市场化在制度机制建设和政策措施保障等方面提出合理化建议,从而使第三方运营的管理模式更好的为包头市环保工作服务。     

加强区域环境规划,提高环保管理水平

加强区域环境规划工作,实行目标管理是有效地管理城市环境,实现城市环境综合整治的主要手段。上海市的重要地位和作用,迫切需要我们提高环境管理水平。历史上遗留下来的工业布局不合理,已使上海环境问题欠债沉重。解放后,上海在经济和社会发展的过程中,虽然也曾采取了一些防治污染的措施,但总的说来,仍然是沿袭着“先污染、后治理”的路子。现在,严重的环境污染,已成了上海急待解决的社会问题之一。     

乡镇工业企业推行污染治理市场化运营思路

当前,乡镇工业企业污染管理面临的新问题是污染治理设施运行不正常,处理效果不稳定,并伴有偷排和漏排行为。虽然环保部门组织了一些强有力的联合执法行动,加大了执法力度,但是,这种集中式、阶段性的联合行动,不能从根本上消除污染反弹的隐患,势必在执法行动之后又会产生新一轮环境违法的回复。因此,必须寻求一种新的污染管理模式,从根本上解决乡镇工业企业污染治理难管理的局面,笔者认为,乡镇工业企业推行污染治理市场化运营的模式是值得探索的途径。一、污染治理市场化运营的基本理念所谓污染治理市场化运营,是指专门从事环境保护设施运营…     

污水处理厂节能运行相关问题探讨

作为城市环保基础设施的重要组成部分,污水治理厂的建设与运行是保阵城市环境质童和用水资源的有效措施,从污水设施管理角度提升城市污水处理的及时性与有效性是当前依法监管污水治理问题的必要路径。污水治理必须充分遵循市场经济原刘和企业运营锐律,从企业化管理角度实现对污水处理的市场化运作。纵观当前污水处理厂的建设与运营,在水资源治理和环境保护方面都或多或少地存在一些弊端,本文针对污水治理厂的节能运行问题进行了深入探讨。     

城市生活垃圾动态好氧堆肥技术研究——以青岛经济技术开发区垃圾治理技术为例

我国城市生活垃圾的治理水平一直很低，主要依靠直接堆放和其它简易处理方式进行消纳，大部分未进行无害化处理，致使城市生活垃圾污染治理问题欠帐严重。虽然近几年来，垃圾污染问题在少数城市有所缓解，但大部分城市的垃圾对环境污染日趋势严重，已发展到非加强管理、加快治理不可的地步。     

牡丹江市环境治理第三方运营对策研究

近年来,牡丹江市在城市污水和污染源在线监控两个方面引入第三方运营,取得了一定成效.从环境污染第三方治理实践来看,牡丹江市污染第三方治理存在费用补贴渠道需要完善、污染治理领域亟待拓展、相应扶持政策亟待完善等问题.在分析问题的基础上,提出了扩大污水市场化运营范围、引入多方参与环境治理第三方运营、建立完善相应的政策措施等对策,吸引社会资本投入环境治理,立足现有条件,扩大推广范围,从而引导牡丹江市环境治理第三方运营.     

环境污染第三方治理的应用与面临的挑战

随着我国环境管理模式的转变,近年来工业污染第三治理再次受到热议。本文通过梳理污染第三方治理模式,深入探讨发展环境污染第三方治理对我国环境管理模式转型的影响与意义,提出我国应明确划分环境污染治理责任、加强政府监管部门执法能力、完善第三方治理主体的评价体系,积极引导我国环境污染第三方治理健康发展。     

国家在“十五”期间将增加环境保护重点考核城市

国家从1989年起开展城市环境综合整治定量考核工作,最初只有32个城市,期间纳入“城考”的城市数逐年增加,至今已达47个城市,开展“城考”工作对加强城市基础设施的配套、治理城市环境污染、解决城市环境问题、改善城市生态环境起了重要的作用。但从全国范围来看,选定的城市占全国668个城市的比例还较小,成效还是有限。而     

关于环境监测对环境治理的促进性研究

随着社会经济不断地进步和发展,环境保护意识和健康生活的观念日渐深入人心,但是,城市中水环境的污染、空气污染和雾霾天气仍然是人们在日常工作生活中首要关注的重点问题。在城市建设的大环境下,加强对环境的治理,改善自然生态环境变成了和经济发展同等重要的课题。随着城市文明建设和科学技术的发展不断加强,人们已经开始利用环境监测的技术手段来分析城市环境污染的现行状况,以提出科学合理的,针对性强的环境改善方案和治理策略。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.