甲苯硝化废水的微电解-Fenton氧化预处理

采用铁碳微电解-Fenton氧化联合工艺处理甲苯硝化废水,探讨了溶液pH值、铁炭投加量、铁炭比例、H2O2投加量和反应时间等因素对微电解-Fenton氧化处理硝化废水的影响规律,获得微电解-Fenton氧化处理硝化废水的最佳工艺条件:废水pH在3左右,铁炭投加量为0.6 g/L,Fe/C质量比为4∶1,反应时间为1.5h,微电解后H2O2投加量为20 ml/L,反应时间为1 h。硝化废水经微电解-Fenton氧化处理后,COD由29 146mg/L降至6 477 mg/L,COD去除率达77.8%,BOD5/COD由0提高到0.37左右,废水可生化性显著增强。     

Fenton氧化法预处理垃圾渗滤液试验研究

采用Fenton氧化法处理长沙市黑糜峰垃圾填埋场垃圾渗滤液原液,考察了影响COD去除率的各种因素,包括初始pH值、FeSO4·7H2O投加量、双氧水投加量、反应时间及投加方式等,试验结果表明:在初始pH值为3、FeSO4·7H2O投加量为0.5%、双氧水投加量为18 mL/L、反应时间为100 min、投加方式为3次投加的条件下,可使垃圾渗滤液原液的COD去除率达40%左右,并提高了生化比,为后续生物处理改善了条件.     

微电解-Fenton联合工艺处理酸化压裂废水

采用微电解-Fenton氧化法对酸化压裂模拟废水进行处理,有效地降低了废水的COD,试验中考察了微电解反应进水pH值、铁碳质量比、反应时间以及联合Fenton工艺中废水的pH值、H2O2加入量、反应时间对COD去除率的影响。结果表明,微电解法工艺的优化条件:pH2.5左右,反应停留时间120min,铁碳质量比5∶1;Fenton反应的优化条件:微电解出水调pH4.0左右,反应时间75min,H2O(2质量分数为10%)加入量7.5ml/L,最终处理的出水COD去除率达64.8%,联合工艺的COD去除率比单一的微电解法提高了26.3%,为后续的处理创造了有利的条件。     

电Fenton法处理染料废水的研究

采用电Fenton法预处理染料废水,对影响COD及色度去除率的各种因素,包括内电解反应的初始pH值、铁的投加量、铁炭投加比,Fenton试剂氧化处理过程中初始pH值、H2O2的投加量及投加方式、反应时间等进行了研究。结果表明,内电解反应的最佳条件为：pH值为3.0,铁的投加量为25g/L,Fe/C为1：1.3;Fenton试剂氧化处理染料废水的最佳条件为：H2O2投加量为30mmol/L,pH值为内电解出水pH值（pH值为4.0左右）,反应时间为50min。COD去除率可达58%,色度去除率可达95%以上。     

Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

本文对Fenton试剂处理垃圾渗滤液进行了研究,探讨H2O2用量、n(H2O2):n(Fe2+)、pH值、反应时间等因素对COD和氨氮去除率的影响,结果表明:Fenton法对垃圾渗滤液中COD具有良好的处理效果,最佳条件是:初始pH值为4,n(H2O2)∶n(Fe2+)为2∶1,反应时间为1 h,垃圾渗滤液的COD去除率可达70.8%。但单独采用Fenton法对垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的处理效果不明显。     

腐蚀电池-Fenton工艺用于垃圾渗滤液的预处理研究

采用铁屑和颗粒活性炭通过原电池反应产生的Fe2 离子取代FeSO4组成腐蚀电池-Fenton工艺,采用该工艺对垃圾渗滤液进行预处理.结果表明,最佳运行条件为pH值为2、H2O2投加量为理论投加量的50%、铁屑投量为30 g(500 mL渗滤液中)、Fe/C质量比为2.5、反应时间为1 h、絮凝pH值为7,其COD去除率可达到60%(其中活性炭吸附占19%),TOC去除率可达47%(其中活性碳吸附占13%),BOD5/COD值从原水的0 35提高到出水的0.69;而传统Fenton工艺在H2O2/Fe2 比值等于5、其它条件与腐蚀电池-Fenton工艺相同的条件下,COD去除率为26%,TOC去除率为19%,BOD5/COD比值从原水的0.43提高到0.69.将腐蚀电池-Fenton工艺用于垃圾渗滤液的预处理,在有机物去除率和提高可生化性方面效果均明显优于传统Fenton工艺.     

微电解-Fenton氧化处理橡胶助剂CBS废水的实验研究

采用微电解-Fenton氧化法对某化工厂的橡胶助剂CBS生产废水进行了实验研究,并进一步探讨了进水pH值、铁炭投加比、微电解时间、Fenton氧化H2O2投加量、反应时间等影响因素对废水处理效果的影响。结果表明:经该工艺处理后,COD总去除率达到70%,为后续生化处理创造了条件。     

微波催化氧化法预处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

采用微波-活性炭-Fenton催化氧化预处理垃圾渗滤液,研究了不同因素对垃圾渗滤液处理效果的影响.结果表明,COD和氨氮去除率随活性炭用量、微波辐射时间和微波功率增加而增加;随Fe2+用量和H2O2用量增加,COD和氨氮去除率先增加而后下降;随pH值增加,氨氮去除率显著增加,COD去除率变化不明显.在微波功率为300W,pH值为8,活性炭9g/L,Fe2+用量为0.02mol/L,H2O2用量为7mL/L,辐射时间6min条件下,垃圾渗滤液中COD和氨氮去除率分别达到68.22%和78.08%,SS去除率达到78.55%,浑浊度去除率达到99.02%,颜色由黑褐色去除为接近无色,BOD5/COD由0.21提高到0.45;研究比较了不同处理对垃圾渗滤液的处理效果.结果显示,微波催化氧化对垃圾渗滤液中COD和氨氮去除率明显高于其他处理.     

混凝沉淀-微电解-Fenton组合工艺预处理香精香料废水

以香精香料生产废水为实验对象,其COD浓度为58421mg/L,采用混凝沉淀-微电解-Fenton组合工艺对该废水进行预处理,研究废水pH、药剂投加量、反应时间等因素对废水COD去除的影响。结果表明:以5%FeCl_3为混凝剂,在p H=7,FeCl_3投加量为10mL/50mL,0.06%PAM投加量为0.25mL/50mL时,废水COD的去除率为20.1%;铁碳微电解-铁碳材料与废水比例为2∶1(w/v),pH为3～4,曝气反应时间150min时,COD的去除率为14.6%; p H为4～5,双氧水投加量0.4mL/100mL,Fenton反应5h时,去除率为36.6%。经过该组合工艺的处理,香精香料废水总COD去除率可达60%。     

混凝-电解法处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

文章采用一种无机高分子混凝剂聚硅酸铝铁(PSAF)对垃圾渗滤液进行混凝预处理后,再用电解法对其进行深度处理。考察了混凝剂投加量、电解时间、废水pH值和电解电压等因素对垃圾渗滤液处理效果的影响。结果表明:混凝剂投加量为5mL/L、电解时间为40min、pH值为4.0、电解电压为4.0V时垃圾渗滤液的处理效果最好,其COD和色度的去除率分别达到82.6%和93.8%,COD和色度均已达了国家标准《生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准》(GB 16889-1997)中渗滤液二级排放标准要求。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.