石油石化企业污染源普查常见问题分析及对策

开展污染源普查是石油石化企业摸清污染物产生、排放和处理情况,加强污染源监管、防控环境风险、制定环保管理决策的重要依据。文章对石油石化企业在污染源普查过程中存在的对污染源普查工作认识不到位、普查数据填报质量差、污染源档案管理松散等问题进行了分析,提出加强宣传、提高认识、做好过程控制、加强和规范污染源普查档案管理的对策建议。     

高层信息

<正>国务院印发《关于开展第二次全国污染源普查的通知》10月26日,国务院印发了《关于开展第二次全国污染源普查的通知》,决定从2017年开展第二次全国污染源普查。通知明确要求,开展第二次全国污染源普查工作,掌握各类污染源的数量、行业和地理分布情况,了解污染物产生、排放和处理情况,建立健全重点污染源档案、污染源信息数据库和环境统计平台,并明确规定,凡在中华人民共和国境内有污染源的单位和个体经营户均属普查对象。具体包括:工业污染源,农业污染源,生活污染源,集中式污染治理设     

工业污染源的投入产出模型

环境污染是人类生产与生活活动产生的污染物在环境中积累造成的,而工业污染源——各种类型的工厂——生产过程中排放的污染物是造成环境污染的重要原因。因此,要防治环境污染必须重视污染源调查这项基础工作,只有通过污染源调查,准确、系统地掌握污染源的污染排放情况和排放规律,才能正确地选择污染源治理方案,制订可行的环境污染防治对策。     

伊宁市二氧化硫行业、区域分担率分析及对策探讨

总量控制是国家节能减排的主要手段,二氧化硫排放量控制是大气污染物削减的主要控制指标。在污染源普查数据统计分析的基础上,对伊宁市废气中二氧化硫排放按污染源和区域进行分担率研究,掌握并了解产生排放二氧化硫按污染源、区域、行业分布情况,确定伊宁市二氧化硫减排的重点行业和区域,为政府调整产业结构及企业合理布局提供决策依据。     

基于城镇污水处理厂运行情况的城镇生活污水污染核算方法——以滇池流域城镇生活污水污染核算为实例

根据城镇污水处理厂运行情况和城市供排水平衡分析提出一种简化的城镇居民生活污染源产排污总量核算的思路与方法,并以滇池流域为例核算了2010年滇池流域城镇居民生活主要污染物产生与排放总量。     

我国污染源监管业务流程研究

本文通过梳理我国污染源监管的历史沿革和日益严峻的环境污染问题,理清我国现阶段在污染源整个生命周期的不同阶段由不同环境部门主导的污染源监管模式和在此模式下形成的数出多源的数据库基本情况。从时间、空间、参与者三个角度分析该模式的缺点,针对环境统计、排污申报、排污收费等多个污染源数据库进行分析比较,列表找出各自数据的特点。通过分析指出我国污染源管理存在的不足,主要体现在污染源信息管理碎片化、多元化,数据互通性差,难以实现交换和共享,导致环境部门数据可靠性不高,信息公开不全面,社会公信力缺失。究其根本原因是我国目前缺乏一整套统一的、紧密衔接的污染源协同监管模式以及顺畅的污染源全过程管理数据流程。文章从实行排污许可证一证式管理制度、污染源企业报告制度、信息公开制度、加强违法处罚力度和完善企业环境信用等方面提出政策建议。     

环保修井作业配套技术研究

以吉林油田为例,对油水井修井过程中产生的污染源进行查找分析。针对井下作业工序多,工况复杂的特点,分析了修井作业施工过程的污染源,对污染源采取有效的清洁生产新工艺、新设备,在地面污染防治方面取得了较好的效果。该项技术在减少原油落地损失、降低劳动强度、改善工作环境以及节能等方面取得了较好的经济和社会效益。     

我国废铅酸蓄电池污染防治技术及政策探讨

废铅酸蓄电池回收环节产生的废渣、铅酸污泥等属于危险废物,必须按照危险废物进行管理;而废铅酸蓄电池铅回收过程也会产生二次污染,其生产过程和管理不当会产生严重的环境污染。本文在分析我国再生铅生产工艺技术现状、废铅酸蓄电池资源再生过程污染源的基础上,对废铅酸蓄电池资源再生过程污染源治理和污染预防措施以及目前废铅酸蓄电池铅回收相关政策和管理要求进行了较为系统的分析和总结。     

第二次全国工业污染源普查工作的思考与建议

针对第二次全国污染源工业源普查工作存在的不足进行归纳,对产生的原因进行分析,并就如何提高污染源普查数据质量提出合理建议。     

喷塑行业污染物源强估算及治理方法探讨

针对喷塑行业环境影响评价项目,以该行业生产工艺特点及污染物产生机理为基础,结合青岛市某工业园区10余家喷塑企业的实际排污情况,提出较为合理的废气、废水、固废、噪声污染源强的估算方法,并依据估算污染源强及相关环境标准要求,提出经济可行的治理措施,为喷塑项目的环评工作提供可靠依据。     

石油石化企业温室气体清单编制简析

文章通过简要阐述石油石化企业温室气体清单的编制全过程,确定石油石化企业温室气体排放种类、识别主要温室气体排放源、列举重点生产过程中温室气体排放量的核算方法,为石油石化企业实现温室气体减排和控制工作、为完成国务院规定的到2020年我国单位国内生产总值二氧化碳排放强度比2005年下降40%~45%的约束性指标,奠定数据理论基础。     

油气田挥发性有机物管控源项及排放系数研究

对美国油气田挥发性有机物(VOCs)管控要求、排放系数、可行技术及相关治理费用进行梳理总结,为我国油气田VOCs排放标准、排污许可申请技术规范、污染源核算技术指南等制定以及油气田企业VOCs治理提供借鉴。美国新建污染源控制标准主要对油气田油气井完井、储存、气动阀、气动泵、压缩机、设备泄漏、无组织逸散等VOCs污染源提出管控要求。参照我国当前石油化学工业VOCs管控理念,可将上述污染源归为设备和管道组件密封点、物料转移和输送、工艺无组织、储存4个源项进行管控。     

Applying Ecological Risk Principles to Watershed Assessment and Management

Considerable progress in addressing point source (end of pipe) pollution problems has been made, but it is now recognized that further substantial environmental improvements depend on controlling nonpoint source pollution. A watershed approach is being used more frequently to address these problems because traditional regulatory approaches do not focus on nonpoint sources. The watershed approach is organized around the guiding principles of partnerships, geographic focus, and management based on sound science and data. This helps to focus efforts on the highest priority problems within hydrologically-defined geographic areas. Ecological risk assessment is a process to collect, organize, analyze, and present scientific information to improve decision making. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sponsored three watershed assessments and found that integrating the watershed approach with ecological risk assessment increases the use of environmental monitoring and assessment data in decision making. This paper describes the basics of the watershed approach, the ecological risk assessment process, and how these two frameworks can be integrated. The three major principles of watershed ecological risk assessment found to be most useful for increasing the use of science in decision making are (1) using assessment endpoints and conceptual models, (2) holding regular interactions between scientists and managers, and (3) developing a focus for multiple stressor analysis. Examples are provided illustrating how these principles were implemented in these assessments.     

轮毂行业涂装车间环境污染与防治

轮毂行业快速增长的同时，涂装车间作业排放的废气、废水、废渣、噪声，对环境造成了严重的污染。分析了轮毂行业涂装车间的环境污染状况，包括污染物的来源和种类，指出采用低污染材料、先进的生产设备，并优化生产工艺，是解决涂装“三废”问题的有效途径。     

Computer-aided tools for pollution prevention: solvent-based processes

This paper provides an analysis of pollution prevention, treatment and cure with respect to solvent-based processes. It is postulated that, in new processes, considering environmental constraints in the early stages of process design can prevent pollution due to inefficient recovery of solvents or inefficient separation by solvents. Pollution in existing processes can also be prevented through early treatment that includes assessment of causes and effects of future changes in process conditions and/or environmental regulations. Pollution cure is more difficult, since the process is already violating some environmental constraints and any solution also needs to satisfy social and economic constraints. A technique for pollution prevention, treatment and cure that is based on the use of computer-aided tools is presented. Application of the technique is illustrated through a case study that highlights the important steps of the solution approach and serves as a proof of concept.     

含油污泥生物稳定的研究进展

生物法处理含油污泥，已经成为国内外石油化行业的研究热点。本文综述了含油污泥的来源、生物稳定化原理，介绍了生物稳定的主要研究技术和应用进展，指出利用生物方法对含油污泥实现无害化和资源化，具有处理效果好、运行费用低、可资源化利用、不产生二次污染等优点，是国内外含油污泥处理处置的发展趋势。     

页岩气勘探开发过程中的环境影响

当前,我国正积极推进页岩气资源的勘探和开发工作,但其对环境的影响尚缺乏科学评价和规范管理。在系统分析页岩气勘探开发主要流程:井场选址与建设、水平井钻井、水力压裂和投产等的基础上,辨识了其造成生态破坏和环境污染的主要因素以及可借鉴的技术和经验。结合我国页岩气资源的分布和勘探开发现状,从法规政策、企业责任以及技术创新三个层面,提出我国页岩气开发过程中环境保护和管理应努力的方向。     

炼化企业污水处理场恶臭气体治理技术探讨

文章通过对几种恶臭气体处理工艺的对比分析,提出炼化企业污水处理场物化单元采用活性碳吸附-催化氧化处理工艺,生化单元采用生物滤塔处理工艺,并对两种工艺进行了介绍,指出该工艺具有一定针对性,能够达到较好的处理效果。     

Establishing aquatic restoration priorities using a watershed approach

Since the passage of the Clean Water Act in 1972, the United States has made great strides to reduce the threats to its rivers, lakes, and wetlands from pollution. However, despite our obvious successes, nearly half of the nation's surface water resources remain incapable of supporting basic aquatic values or maintaining water quality adequate for recreational swimming. The Clean Water Act established a significant federal presence in water quality regulation by controlling point and non-point sources of pollution. Point-sources of pollution were the major emphasis of the Act, but Section 208 specifically addressed non-point sources of pollution and designated silviculture and livestock grazing as sources of non-point pollution. Non-point source pollutants include runoff from agriculture, municipalities, timber harvesting, mining, and livestock grazing. Non-point source pollution now accounts for more than half of the United States water quality impairments. To successfully improve water quality, restoration practitioners must start with an understanding of what ecosystem processes are operating in the watershed and how they have been affected by outside variables. A watershed-based analysis template developed in the Pacific Northwest can be a valuable aid in developing that level of understanding. The watershed analysis technique identifies four ecosystem scales useful to identify stream restoration priorities: region, basin, watershed, and site. The watershed analysis technique is based on a set of technically rigorous and defensible procedures designed to provide information on what processes are active at the watershed scale, how those processes are distributed in time and space. They help describe what the current upland and riparian conditions of the watershed are and how these conditions in turn influence aquatic habitat and other beneficial uses. The analysis is organized as a set of six steps that direct an interdisciplinary team of specialists to examine the biotic and abiotic processes influencing aquatic habitat and species abundance. This process helps develop an understanding of the watershed within the context of the larger ecosystem. The understanding gained can then be used to identify and prioritize aquatic restoration activities at the appropriate temporal and spatial scale. The watershed approach prevents relying solely on site-level information, a common problem with historic restoration efforts. When the watershed analysis process was used in the Whitefish Mountains of northwest Montana, natural resource professionals were able to determine the dominant habitat forming processes important for native fishes and use that information to prioritize, plan, and implement the appropriate restoration activities at the watershed scale. Despite considerable investments of time and resources needed to complete an analysis at the watershed scale, the results can prevent the misdiagnosis of aquatic problems and help ensure that the objectives of aquatic restoration will be met.