PAHs污染土壤生物修复强化技术研究进展

为提高生物修复多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤的效率,从PAHs生物修复的原理和强化措施出发,综述了PAHs污染土壤生物修复的物理化学强化技术和生物强化技术,分析了各种技术的原理与适用条件,提出了植物强化微生物修复是PAHs污染土壤生物修复的重要发展方向.在进行强化修复的过程中,要注重现场应用和安全性评价.     

化学与工程措施强化重金属污染土壤植物修复

作为植物修复的辅助措施,化学方法强化与工程技术强化能有效提高土壤重金属污染的修复效率.综述了化学方法与工程技术强化重金属污染土壤植物修复的研究进展,重点讨论了络合强化技术和基因工程技术用于强化植物修复的基本原理、相关化学物质或基因、主要技术步骤、存在问题以及解决方法,并在此基础上提出了今后研究的展望.     

PAHs污染农田土壤联合生物修复技术研究

以我国典型污水灌溉区--沈抚污灌区农田土壤为研究对象,采用植物修复并辅以高效微生物菌剂、污泥发酵肥等方式对PAHs污染农田土壤进行了植物-微生物联合生物修复的初步研究.结果表明,采用玉米、大豆、蓖麻、苜蓿与高效微生物菌剂联合修复PAHs效果可达到36.3%、44.1%、36.8%和48.3%,比单纯的植物修复显著增高了15%～18%;施加污泥发酵肥进一步提高了生态修复效率,其中苜蓿的联合修复效率最好,达到61.1%.同时,联合生物修复对高环PAHs的去除也有明显的效果.修复后农作物的PAHs质量比在安全范围内; 土壤微生物数量明显增加,微生物群落中的PAHs降解细菌和真菌分别增加了3和1个数量级.     

玉米对城市排污河萘污染沉积物的修复

为有效去除城市排污河沉积物中的多环芳烃类污染物,选择玉米作为供试植物,种植于排污河底泥与营养土以1∶1、1∶2、1∶3的质量比混匀的土壤中。通过90 d的盆栽试验,研究了玉米对土壤中萘的去除效果,以及植物和微生物去除土壤中萘的交互效应。结果表明,种植玉米后土壤中萘的降解率显著升高,在底泥与营养土配比为1∶1、1∶2和1∶3土壤中,种植玉米90 d后萘的降解率分别达89.7%、90.3%和86.7%,明显高于空白对照组,且底泥与营养土配比为1∶2的土壤中萘去除率最高。不同处理后土壤中的微生物数量并无明显差异。在萘的去除过程中,植物吸收作用比较明显,种植90 d后玉米植株体内的萘也基本降解。植物根际土壤中脲酶活性测定结果显示,萘浓度越低,脲酶活性越高,脲酶活性变化在一定程度上可以反映萘的污染状况。研究表明,种植玉米可以强化土壤修复萘污染的作用。     

植物根际对人工湿地系统中微生物的影响

通过测定美人蕉、花叶水葱和风车草3种不同植物根际及其周围基质微生物的蛋白质、多糖以及CO_2的释放,开展了根际对微生物影响的试验。结果表明:在植物种植的4个月内微生物生长繁殖的活性会随着时间的延长呈增长趋势;根据3种植物的系统微生物呼吸强度强弱,发现系统微生物的总活性为:花叶水葱美人蕉风车草;对比3种植物的根际与其周围基质微生物蛋白质和多糖的含量,表明湿地中植物的根际对微生物胞外聚合物具有一定促进作用。     

微生物促进植物修复重金属污染土壤机制研究进展

归纳总结了近10年来微生物促进植物修复重金属污染土壤的主要机制,包括微生物促进修复植物生长的耐性机制和影响植物提取/固定重金属的积累机制,并展望了今后的研究重点。对微生物促进机制的研究有助于更好地掌握及实施微生物-植物联合修复技术,进而提高污染土壤的修复效率。     

重金属污染土壤生物修复技术研究进展

综述了植物修复、微生物修复和动物修复等生物修复技术在重金属污染土壤修复方面的研究进展,分析了生物修复技术在实际应用中存在的问题.     

土壤重金属污染及生物修复研究进展

土壤重金属污染不会被微生物降解、迁移性小、很难被清除、易在土壤中富集,一直备受国内外学者关注.研究土壤重金属污染规律,积极探索更有效、经济的污染修复新技术具有重要意义.对土壤重金属污染的来源、赋存形态和迁移规律进行了综述.土壤重金属污染主要来源于工业、农业、交通和能源消费;土壤中重金属的赋存形态可分为水溶态、交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残留态6种;土壤胶体的吸附作用、土壤中重金属与腐殖质的反应、土壤Eh值、土壤的pH值和土壤中的生物转化作用都对重金属的迁移转化有一定的影响.探讨了土壤重金属污染的修复技术,侧重讨论当前研究较多的生物修复,包括植物修复、微生物修复、植物-微生物和动物的协同修复.提出了研究中存在的问题及研究方向.     

人工湿地植物根系分泌物与根际微环境相关性的研究进展

人工湿地中植物发挥着至关重要的作用.植物根系能向基质中释放糖类、酸类等分泌物,从而影响根际微生物种类及分布等微环境特征,因此植物根系分泌物与根际微环境的关系逐渐受到关注.综述了近10年来植物根系分泌物组成与分泌机理等方面的研究进展,分析了温度、pH值、光照等环境因子及养分含量、微生物等对根系分泌物的影响,探讨了根系分泌物在养分胁迫的改善、金属毒性的改善、对根际微生物的影响及化感作用等方面对微环境的影响.在此基础上提出明确植物根系分泌内在机制及其与植物抗逆性的关系等研究方向.     

煤矿区农田土壤多环芳烃生态风险评估方法比较

调查了迁安煤矿区农田土壤中优先控制的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)质量比,通过同一尺度对生态效应低中值、风险商值法(RQ)、有机碳归一化法及苯并(a)芘毒性等效当量4种常用评估方法的评估结果进行了比较,并尝试将商值法(RQ)与苯并(a)芘毒性等效当量(TEQBaP)相结合对该矿区土壤进行风险评估.结果表明,煤矿区农田土壤中16种PAHs总量为118.10～1 042.31 μg/kg,并以2～4环为主.4种生态风险方法评估结果与衡量尺度比较表明,生态效应低中值、RQ两种方法对PAHs处于低水平的地区适用性欠佳;有机碳归一化法及苯并(a)芘毒性等效当量两种方法能较好地表征该地区PAHs的生态风险水平,但不能对不同污染水平下的生态风险程度予以分级.RQ-TEQ复合法评估结果显示,11％土壤样品存在重度生态风险,11％处于中度风险,45％存在轻度生态风险,22％处于警戒线范畴,11％不存在生态风险.与单一方法相比,复合方法评估结果分级明确,与衡量尺度吻合较好,较适用于该煤矿区PAHs的生态风险评估.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失，提高滑坡预测的准确性，通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据，在获得多组模拟实验数据后，分析各变量的特性。首先，通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process，AHP)算法，对滑坡进行危险度划分；然后，通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine，SVM)建立模型，遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数，提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据，通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好，实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合，与单一SVM相比，精度更高，结果更好，更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

一起有机过氧化物爆炸事故的调查和分析

阐述一起重大爆炸伤亡事故的现场调查和原因分析，介绍如何通过人证物证材料，用鱼刺图法找出可能引起事故的诸原因，逐项加以分析，将与人证或物证材料相矛盾的原因子以排除，最后剩下无法排除亦即能与人证物证相符的那个原因，就是事故的真正原因。笔者是这起事故调查专家组组长，取证和数据可靠。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.