药物对A/A/O系统中NDMA及其总前体物去除的影响

在厌氧/缺氧/好氧(A/A/O)脱氮除磷系统中分别投加氯苯那敏和雷尼替丁,研究了这两种含有二甲胺基团的药物对A/A/O系统中N-亚硝基二甲胺(NDMA)及其总前体物去除效果的影响.结果表明, A/A/O系统对氯苯那敏和雷尼替丁的去除率较低,分别为32%和58%,且主要通过厌氧过程去除.外加氯苯那敏会导致系统对总氮的去除率从58%降至24%,同时引起出水氨氮浓度上升.雷尼替丁的投加会明显抑制系统对NDMA的去除,其去除率从90%降至66%.A/A/O反应器中NDMA的去除并不完全受生物脱氮过程的影响.由于具有较高的NDMA生成潜能,外加氯苯那敏,雷尼替丁会引起进水中NDMA总前体物浓度大幅增加,且导致A/A/O系统对NDMA总前体物的去除率明显下降 (从70%降到31%~33%).     

城市污水生物脱氮系统出水经氯胺消毒形成NDMA的影响因素研究

为了考察城市污水回用时氯消毒过程中NDMA的形成,以2套生物脱氮实验装置厌氧/缺氧/好氧(A/A/O)和缺氧/好氧(A/O)的二沉池出水为对象,研究了氯胺消毒过程中氯胺剂量、pH、NO2--N和NO3--N浓度对N-亚硝基二甲胺(NDMA)形成的影响.结果表明,二沉池出水中仍然含有微量的NDMA前体物,导致了氯胺消毒过程中NDMA的形成,而且NDMA的浓度会随氯胺浓度的增加呈线性增加;在中性或稍偏碱性(pH 7～8)的条件下,NDMA生成量最大;二沉池出水中NO2--N和NO3--N的浓度对NDMA的含量皆不会产生明显影响.     

厌氧酸化-缺氧-好氧生物膜法处理焦化废水的研究

用厌氧酸化-缺氧-好氧(A1-A2-O)生物膜法对上海焦化厂废水进行处理.试验结果表明,当进水COD为600～1000mg/L,@氨氮为200～280mg/L时,为同时达到较好的有机物去除和脱氮效果,系统的HRT至少应为34.5h;混合液回流比为4.0～5.0;好氧段pH值应维持在7.8～8.0,出水剩余碱度100～200mg/L;在缺氧段中需加入甲醇作为外加碳源,甲醇与硝酸氮的比为2.581为宜.在上述工艺条件下,系统中无亚硝酸氮的积累.     

水解反硝化+A/O工艺处理低碳氮比城镇废水试验研究

采用水解反硝化强化脱氮工艺,将水解酸化过程与反硝化脱氮过程相结合,研究此工艺对城镇低碳氮比废水的处理效果。实验表明,系统对COD、NH_4~+-N、TN的去除效果较为稳定,去除率分别为87.95%、99.42%、51.84%,出水COD及NH_4~+-N均优于国家一级A排放标准。当硝化液回流比为100%时,为最优工况,在进水C/N比为1时,系统对TN去除率为55.07%,去除量达45.43 mg/L;进水C/N比为0.82时,系统对TN去除率为50.45%,去除量达37.27mg/L。在C/N<1的条件下,系统仍然表现出较高的脱氮性能。对比水解池与后段A/O缺氧池的脱氮效果,水解池在反硝化脱氮能力及碳源利用率方面均优于缺氧段。     

A~2/O工艺内回流中溶解氧对反硝化的影响

溶解氧对微生物的生长影响很大,对A2/O工艺实际工程中缺氧反硝化、内回流中溶解氧对反硝化的影响进行分析,结果表明,在现行运行条件下,缺氧池反硝化不彻底,内回流液中溶解氧含量过高,是影响缺氧池反硝化的主要因子。硝化液回流中溶解氧在缺氧池去除的碳源量均值为137 kg/d,占到反硝化理论与实际消耗碳源差值量的69%。建议设置非曝气区,经过理论计算,可节约碳源0.58~3.46 mg/L,使缺氧池出水硝酸盐氮浓度降低0.1~0.73 mg/L。这不仅提高了脱氮的效率,还可以降低能耗。建议实施溶解氧自动控制,以减少能量消耗并提高脱氮效果。     

前置反硝化脱氮系统外加碳源在线控制基础

以低碳氮比(C/N)生活污水为研究对象,对连续流前置反硝化生物脱氮系统外加碳源的控制方法进行了研究,从而能使出水硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐(NO_x-N)的浓度在满足出水水质标准的情况下,尽可能减少外加碳源的投加量.试验结果表明:总回流比大于2碳源不足时,增加总回流比并不能提高脱氮效率;总回流比一定,缺氧区出水NO_x^--N的浓度达到2mg/L左右时,即使碳源投加量成倍增加,TN的去除率提高不多.在对总回流比与投加碳源量的相互关系分析的基础上提出了外加碳源量的控制方案:通过使缺氧区出水NO_x^--N浓度维持在2mg/L左右来控制外加碳源的投加量,总回流比由进水TN及出水NO_x^--N浓度的标准值来确定.该控制方案既容易判断碳源投加的最佳点又能节省碳源的投加量,易于在污水处理实践中实现.     

一种改良型A~2/O工艺脱氮除磷的影响因素研究

在传统A~2/O工艺基础上,提出了一种改良型A~2/O工艺(两级生物选择同步脱氮除磷工艺)。为了防止回流污泥中的硝酸盐进入厌氧区,在传统A~2/O工艺的厌氧区后耦合一小型缺氧选择池,进行反硝化和污泥回流;同时,在缺氧区通过反硝化除磷实现"一碳两用"。研究了C/N比、硝化液回流比、混合液回流比和污泥回流比对系统脱氮除磷的影响,结果表明:系统获得最佳脱氮除磷效果的工艺参数如下:进水为C/N=6、混合液回流比为150%、污泥回流比为100%、硝化液回流比为200%。     

广西贺州松木寨地下水中氨氮的自然降解过程分析

在传统A~2/O工艺基础上,提出了一种改良型A~2/O工艺(两级生物选择同步脱氮除磷工艺)。为了防止回流污泥中的硝酸盐进入厌氧区,在传统A~2/O工艺的厌氧区后耦合一小型缺氧选择池,进行反硝化和污泥回流;同时,在缺氧区通过反硝化除磷实现"一碳两用"。研究了C/N比、硝化液回流比、混合液回流比和污泥回流比对系统脱氮除磷的影响,结果表明:系统获得最佳脱氮除磷效果的工艺参数如下:进水为C/N=6、混合液回流比为150%、污泥回流比为100%、硝化液回流比为200%。     

回流液反硝化状态转变及脱氮效果提升研究

为探究工艺特性对硝化混合液液相主体及其中污泥分别从有氧、好氧呼吸状态转变为无氧、反硝化状态的影响。该文在A/O系统中研究了不同DO条件下,内回流液从好氧硝化状态转变为缺氧反硝化状态过程中液相主体物质及反硝化速率的变化,以及在不改变HRT及其他条件的情况下,在A/O系统上分别增设前置预反硝化池、后置预沉淀池,且好氧池均改用渐减曝气法,探究对系统脱氮效果的影响及氮的去除途径。结果表明：在保证充分硝化下,相对好氧池溶解氧较低时,无论回流液液相主体还是污泥的状态转变都较快,污泥反硝化速率在短时间内迅速提升;增设前置预反硝化池或后置预沉淀池可以将系统的脱氮效率从79%分别提高至83%和89%,且后置预沉淀池改善了沉淀池的污泥沉降性能。好氧池采用渐减曝气,系统脱氮率也会有所提高,无论是后置预沉淀池还是前置预反硝化池,都使好氧混合液中污泥快速转变为反硝化状态,提高了缺氧池污泥反硝化速率以及系统脱氮效率。     

回流比对投料A~2/O工艺脱氮除磷影响的中试研究

试验采用了投料A2/O脱氮除磷工艺在广州市某污水处理厂进行中试,考察了不同混合液回流比及污泥回流比对投料A2/O工艺脱氮除磷的影响。结果表明,混合液回流比对COD、TP和NH3-N影响较小,对TN的去除率影响较大,系统混合液回流比为200%时,系统处理效果最佳;污泥回流比对系统整体功能的影响较大,随污泥回流比的增大,各指标的去去除率随之增大,结合处理效果和能耗情况,污泥回流比为75%时系统效果最佳。     

Elucidating the removal mechanism of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamate in an anaerobic-anoxic-oxic activated sludge system

N,N-Dimethyldithiocarbamate （DMDTC） is a typical precursor of N-nitrosodimethylamine （NDMA）. Based on separate hydrolysis, sorption and biodegradation studies of DMDTC, a laboratory-scale anaerobic-anoxic-oxic （AAO） system was established to investigate the removal mechanism of DMDTC in this nutrient removal biological treatment system. DMDTC hydrolyzed easily in water solution under either acidic conditions or strong alkaline conditions, and dimethylamine （DMA） was the main hydrolysate. Under anaerobic, anoxic or oxic conditions, DMDTC was biodegraded and completely mineralized. Furthermore, DMA was the main intermediate in DMDTC biodegradation. In the AAO system, the optimal conditions for both nutrient and DMDTC removal were hydraulic retention time 8 hr, sludge retention time 20 day, mixed-liquor return ratio 3：1 and sludge return ratio 1：1. Under these conditions, the removal efficiency of DMDTC reached 99.5%; the removal efficiencies of chemical organic demand, ammonium nitrogen, total nitrogen and total phosphorus were 90%, 98%, 81% and 93%, respectively. Biodegradation is the dominant mechanism for DMDTC removal in the AAO system, which was elucidated as consisting of two steps： first, DMDTC is transformed to DMA in the anaerobic and anoxic units, and then DMA is mineralized to CO2 and NH3 in the anoxic and oxic units. The mineralization of DMDTC in the biological treatment system can effectively avoid the formation of NDMA during subsequent disinfection processes.     

污泥龄对A/A/O工艺反硝化除磷的影响

以实际生活污水培养驯化污泥的小试规模A/A/O工艺为研究对象,进行了污泥龄（SRT）为8、10、12和15 d时对反硝化除磷的影响研究.结果表明,随着污泥龄的延长,反硝化除磷对系统除磷所起的作用越大,反硝化聚磷菌缺氧利用单位PHAs的反硝化数量和吸磷量也迅速增加,聚磷菌好氧利用单位PHAs的吸磷量并没有受到影响,以SRT为12 d时反硝化除磷和系统脱氮除磷效果为最好.结果还表明,去除单位氮所需COD数量随污泥龄的延长呈减少趋势,而去除单位磷所需COD数量呈增大趋势.对于我国典型的城市污水而言,SRT为12 d和15 d时去除单位氮和磷所需的外碳源数量较8 d时要低,从而使反硝化除磷作用可真正地达到节省碳源和能源的目的.     

Influence of carbon sources on nutrient removal in A~2/O-MBRs:Availability assessment of internal carbon source

Both internal carbon source and some external carbon sources were used to improve the nutrient removal in Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic-Membrane Bioreactor(A~2/O-MBRs), and their technical and cost analysis was investigated. The experimental results showed that the nutrient removals were improved by all the carbon source additions. The total nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency were higher in the experiments with external carbon source additions than that with internal carbon source addition. It was found that pathways of nitrogen and phosphorus transform were different dependent on different carbon source additions by the mass balance analysis. With external carbon source addition, the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification occurred in aerobic zone, and the P-uptake in aerobic phase was evident. Therefore, with addition of C-MHP(internal carbon source produced from sludge pretreatment by microwave-H_2O_2 process), the denitrification and phosphorus-uptake in anoxic zone was notable. Cost analysis showed that the unit nitrogen removal costs were 57.13 CNY/kgN of C-acetate addition and 54.48 CNY/kgN of C-MHP addition, respectively. The results indicated that the C-MHP has a good technical and economic feasibility to substitute external carbon sources partially for nutrient removal.     

水蚯蚓-微生物共生系统脱氮除磷最佳运行工况数值模拟研究

以前置厌氧池的氧化沟工艺为研究对象,根据氧化沟溶解氧分布情况,将氧化沟简化为1个缺氧段以及3个好氧段,并在第1好氧段中悬挂生物填料接种水蚯蚓,建立"水蚯蚓-微生物共生系统",通过溶解氧、混合液回流比、污泥回流比的控制保持该系统的微生态平衡.从水蚯蚓动力学角度改进提出T-FCASM新模型,建立并校验"水蚯蚓-微生物共生系统"生物场-水力场耦合模型(T-FCASM-Hydro),根据单因素试验和多因素正交试验分别模拟不同水平溶解氧、混合液回流比、污泥回流比对氧化沟中"水蚯蚓-微生物共生系统"脱氮除磷效果的影响.正交试验的方差分析结果显示,当好氧段1溶解氧为6.5mg.L-1、混合液回流比为100%、污泥回流比为100%时氧化沟可保持最佳脱氮除磷效果.     

Advanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal in A2O-BAF system treating low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio domestic wastewater

A laboratory-scale anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic process (A²O) with a small aerobic zone and a bigger anoxic zone and biologic aerated filter (A²O-BAF) system was operated to treat low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio domestic wastewater. The A²O process was employed mainly for organic matter and phosphorus removal, and for denitrification. The BAF was only used for nitrification which coupled with a settling tank Compared with a conventional A²O process, the suspended activated sludge in this A²O-BAF process contained small quantities of nitrifier, but nitrification overwhelmingly conducted in BAF. So the system successfully avoided the contradiction in sludge retention time (SRT) between nitrifying bacteria and phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs). Denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organisms (DPAOs) played an important role in removing up to 91% of phosphorus along with nitrogen, which indicated that the suspended activated sludge process presented a good denitrifying phosphorus removal performance. The average removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and NH₄⁺-N were 85.56%, 92.07%, 81.24% and 98.7% respectively. The effluent quality consistently satisfied the national first level A effluent discharge standard of China. The average sludge volume index (SVI) was 85.4 mL·g⁻¹ additionally, the volume ratio of anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic zone in A²O process was also investigated, and the results demonstrated that the optimum value was 1:6:2.     

Influence of carbon sources on nutrient removal in A/O-MBRs: Availability assessment of internal carbon source

Both internal carbon source and some external carbon sources were used to improve the nutrient removal in Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic-Membrane Bioreactor (A²/O-MBRs), and their technical and cost analysis was investigated. The experimental results showed that the nutrient removals were improved by all the carbon source additions. The total nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency were higher in the experiments with external carbon source additions than that with internal carbon source addition. It was found that pathways of nitrogen and phosphorus transform were different dependent on different carbon source additions by the mass balance analysis. With external carbon source addition, the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification occurred in aerobic zone, and the P-uptake in aerobic phase was evident. Therefore, with addition of C-MHP (internal carbon source produced from sludge pretreatment by microwave-H₂O₂ process), the denitrification and phosphorus-uptake in anoxic zone was notable. Cost analysis showed that the unit nitrogen removal costs were 57.13 CNY/kg N of C-acetate addition and 54.48 CNY/kgN of C-MHP addition, respectively. The results indicated that the C-MHP has a good technical and economic feasibility to substitute external carbon sources partially for nutrient removal.     

强化内源反硝化脱氮及污泥减量化研究

为提高传统污水处理工艺内源反硝化脱氮效率,在系统内部实现污泥减量,设计了水解酸化/缺氧/好氧(H/A/O)生物脱氮及污泥减量化工艺.试验采用连续流处理装置,以实际生活污水为研究对象.结果表明,在进水COD(220～410 mg/L)、NH4 -N(36～58 mg/L)、总水力停留时间为11h、硝化液回流比为300%、无外加碳源和碱度条件下,COD、NH4 -N和TN的平均去除率分别超过90%、95%和75%.在缺氧段碳源充足的条件下,随着硝化液回流比的增加,系统TN平均去除率升高;当碳源不足时,随着硝化液回流比的增加,系统TN平均去除率降低.污水经水解酸化预处理后,反硝化速率大大升高.水解酸化段利用水解酸化作用对回流剩余污泥的减量达到56.2%,污水、污泥经过水解酸化处理,大大提高了系统脱氮效率.以水解酸化作为传统的城市污水及污泥处理工艺,既可有效地改善污水的可生化性,提高系统污染物平均去除率,增强污水处理系统运行的稳定性,又可实现污水、污泥一体化处理.     

碳氮比对分段进水生物脱氮的影响

探讨了6组不同的碳氮比(C/N)对分段进水生物脱氮工艺中进水流量分配、每一段中缺氧区好氧区容积比以及脱氮效率的影响.将进水总氮浓度恒定为42mg/L(凯氏氮浓度为40mg/L),以比较出水总氮浓度.结果表明,在一定C/N条件下,通过调整进水流量分配和每一段缺氧区与好氧区容积比可达到高于95%的总氮去除率.同时污泥体积指数也会随着进水流量分配系数的升高而增大.出水总氮浓度主要是由进水流量分配所决定,每一段中缺氧区好氧区的容积比影响不大.