区域资源环境与社会经济系统的非连续运动分析——以吉林省为例

针对区域资源环境与社会经济系统的非连续运动特征,基于尖点突变理论构建数学模型对区域资源环境与社会经济系统的突变过程及其响应机制进行定量描述与分析。吉林省社会经济进入快速发展时期,以吉林省作为研究区域进行实例分析,能够为区域社会经济与资源环境协调发展战略的制定与筛选提供技术手段和决策依据。研究结果表明,吉林省经济进入快速增长阶段;矿业的衰退将成为影响吉林省经济持续稳定发展的重要因素;吉林省资源消耗总量与万元产值消耗量的突变,标志着吉林省对钢铁和水泥等大宗固体矿产的消费进入快速增长阶段;受生态省建设战略影响,固体废物、SO2、粉尘的排放总量与万元产值SO2及固体废弃物排放量发生根本性转变,吉林省生态环境进入新的发展时期。     

节约型社会提出的现实背景、理论前提及其法律内涵

通过对节约型社会提出的现实背景的阐述,认为节约型社会的理论前提和基础有生态政治理论、环境资源承载能力理论、资源生态经济理论、资源生态化和环境资源化理论等。并对节约型社会的目标、节约型社会的理念、基本原则等进行了探讨。最后在以上分析的基础上对节约型社会的法律内涵进行界定。认为节约型社会在第一层面的涵义是以供定需的发展战略和资源禀赋导向型的发展规划;第二层面的内涵是资源生态承载能力范围内的经济发展道路选择;第三层面的内涵是对自然资源进入社会经济生产的全过程进行规划和调控。     

化学工业出版社图书推荐

《现代微生物技术丛书 - -资源环境微生物技术》2 0 0 4年 8月出版 ,4 8.0 0元本书系统论述了有助于改善人类生活和生存的微生物 - -资源环境微生物在农业、能源和环保等领域中的应用技术。作者首先简要介绍了资源环境微生物的概念、研究内容和发展趋势 ,并且对资源环境微生物利用的重要原料生物质的作用作了较为详细的说明 ;然后详细论述了各类有益微生物和酶在纤维素资源利用、冶金工业、石油工业、环境友好产品及污染环境生物修复等领域中涉及的理论背景、研究历史、技术要点、典型产品、存在问题和发展前景。本书将分子生物学、工程菌改…     

环境经济学的发展与创新

资源短缺、环境恶化，是人类社会发展所面临的突出问题，为解决这些问题，我国制定了保护资源、维护生态平衡的基本国策．而如何实施这些国策，并解决好有实施过程中出现的问题，还有待于理论上的指导，这个理论便是关于资源环境与经济发展过程中的内在联系的理论．因此，创建环境经济学，显得非常紧迫．     

资源环境承载力与区域可持续发展

实施"可持续发展战略"是世界各国的发展共识。可持续发展理念的核心是经济发展、资源保护和生态环境保护相协调统一。资源环境承载力是制定可持续发展战略规划的基础。只有准确衡量区域的资源环境承载力,才能从整体上以承载力为约束对国土空间进行科学规划,引导社会经济活动在资源节约、环境保护的基础上科学发展,从而实现区域的可持续发展。文章综述了与区域可持续发展密切相关的四大类资源承载力(包括土地资源、水资源、能源资源和生物资源承载力)和两大类环境承载力(包括空气环境和水环境承载力)的重要性。在综合我国国家标准文件和研究论文的基础上,总结了四大类资源承载力和两大类环境承载力的主要评价指标和评价标准。更进一步,结合我国的资源承载力和可持续发展的研究和实践现状,从研究内容和指标体系构建两方面着眼,指出应尽快制定符合我国国情的评价标准和综合评价体系,并通过简化评价过程来提高资源环境承载力评价的可操作性。     

中国环境基准理论与方法学研究进展及主要科学问题

环境基准是指环境介质中的环境要素对特定保护对象不产生不良或有害效应的最大限值,是环境标准制修订的科学依据。环境基准理论与方法学一直是国际环境科学和环境保护科学研究领域的前沿,也是国家环境管理的重大科技需求。本文在总结国际和我国环境基准研究成果的基础上,较为系统地阐述了环境基准的基本概况、理论方法学及重要进展。同时,结合学科特点和环境基准科技需求,综合分析了与环境基准理论方法学密切相关的系列关键科学问题。     

生态承载力研究进展

从生态承载力角度研究区域资源-生态-环境问题,是当今生态学、地理学和经济学等学科研究的热点与前沿领域之一。在调研现有研究成果基础上,阐述了承载力的起源、演化与发展以及国内外研究进展,对生态承载力的概念、研究方法、研究趋势及其与可持续发展的关系等进行了评述。生态承载力内涵可以概括为“特定时间、特定生态系统自我维持、自我调节的能力,资源与环境子系统对人类社会系统可持续发展的一种支持能力以及生态系统所能持续支撑的一定发展程度的社会经济规模和具有一定生活水平的人口数量”。今后生态承载力研究的发展方向是:研究对象趋向多元化,研究领域呈现交叉综合趋势;生态脆弱带将继续成为研究的热点地区;研究重点将继续向动态模拟化方向发展;新方法、新技术手段将不断应用于生态承载力研究。     

《资源环境与发展》稿约

<正>《资源环境与发展》是甘肃省新闻出版局批准,由西北师范大学地理与环境科学学院和环境教育中心主办的学术性季刊。《资源环境与发展》立足西北,面向全国,其宗旨是宣传党和国家有关资源开发、环境保护和区域发展的方针和政策,探讨当前西北地区资源、环境、人口与社会经济可持续发展的热点问题,交流相关研究成果和经验,为促进我国西部欠发达地区社会进步、经济发展服务。     

居民农产品消费系统氮磷流动环境影响分析

居民农产品消费中的氮磷流动造成的环境问题突出,基于生命周期评价方法,以居民农产品消费系统(包括作物初加工、畜禽屠宰加工、农村居民农产品消费和城镇居民农产品消费等过程)为研究系统边界,构建了居民农产品消费氮磷环境影响分析模型,并以安徽省为例,分析了2015年安徽省居民农产品消费系统氮磷流动造成的资源消耗、酸化、富营养化和全球变暖等环境影响,同时比较了不同子过程中氮磷物质流动对各类环境影响的贡献。结果表明:在农产品加工过程中,小麦对磷资源消耗量最大,猪对富营养化的贡献最大,分别达到43. 05%和41. 48%;另外,城镇居民和农村居民的谷物消费造成的磷资源消耗较高,分别达到51. 09%和65. 22%,农村居民粪便对环境的富营养化和酸化贡献率最大,分别达91. 05%和99. 49%,而农村固废对环境的全球变暖贡献率最大,达77. 76%。提高加工工艺,合理地改善饮食结构,加强对农村生活粪便、生活污水以及生活固废的处理是减轻居民农产品消费过程中氮磷环境影响的有效途径。     

环境承载力理论在北京市和房山区的应用

基于环境承载力的相关理论,建立环境承载力评价指标体系,并对北京市和房山区进行了实证研究。分析结果表明,北京市和房山区经济系统和社会系统的承载状况良好,资源环境系统存在较多问题,房山区的问题尤为突出。基于上述结论,进一步提出了区域经济环境协调发展的对策建议。     

Economic growth,international trade,and the depletion or conservation of renewable natural resources

Conservation of renewable natural resources and promotion of economic growth are both sustainable development goals. Here, we study the interdependency between economic growth, international trade, and the use of renewable natural resources—under alternative institutional settings of either open access or full property rights—in an endogenous growth model. We find that if the resource is depleted over time, consumption growth is reduced. Economic growth and international trade only impact resource use when the resource is harvested under full property rights. Then, widening international trade can lead countries to shift from conservation to depletion. Changes in the institutional setting of resource use in one country may have repercussions on trading partners. Our results indicate potential trade-offs between the sustainable development goals and imply that policies focusing on resource use or trade (e.g., international trade bans or certified trade) are not sufficient to prevent resource depletion.     

中国特大城市水资源消费及其与经济和气候的关系——以北京、上海和广州为例

选取了北京、上海、广州三个不同地理纬度、经济较为发达的代表性城市作为研究对象,应用多项式模型把气候耗水量从水资源消费总量中分离出来,用统计分析的方法探讨三个城市水资源消费变化及其与经济和气候的关系。研究表明:城市万元GDP用水量与经济水平有明显的对数相关关系,一般都随经济水平的提高而不断下降,三个城市中,上海的水资源利用率最高,广州居中,北京最低。温度是影响城市气候耗水量的主要气候因子,在1986—1991年,三个城市的气候耗水量与温度的相关性不明显,自1992年以来,气候耗水量与温度距平值的波动趋势愈来愈密切,这说明随着经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高,城市水资源消费与温度的关系越来越密切。     

Hartwick's rule and maximin paths when the exhaustible resource has an amenity value

This paper studies the maximin paths of the canonical Dasgupta–Heal–Solow model when the stock of natural capital is a direct argument of well-being, besides consumption. Hartwick's rule then appears as an efficient tool to characterize solutions in a variety of settings. We start with the case without technical progress. We obtain an explicit solution of the maximin problem in the case where production and utility are Cobb–Douglas. When the utility function is CES with a low elasticity of substitution between consumption and natural capital, we show that it is optimal to preserve forever a critical level of natural capital, determined endogeneously. We then study how technical progress affects the optimal maximin paths, in the Cobb–Douglas utility case. On the long run path of the economy capital, production and consumption grow at a common constant rate, while the resource stock decreases at a constant rate and is therefore completely depleted in the very long run. A higher amenity value of the resource stock leads to faster economic growth, but to a lower long run rate of depletion. We then develop a complete analysis of the dynamics of the maximin problem when the sole source of well-being is consumption, and provide a numerical resolution of the model with resource amenity. The economy consumes, produces and invests less in the short run if the resource has an amenity value than if it does not, whereas it is the contrary in the medium and long runs. However, and without surprise, the resource stock remains for ever higher with resource amenity than without.     

Water resource conservation promotes synergy between economy and environment in China’s northern drylands

•Considering evenness provides a more accurate assessment of sustainable development. •Water resource conservation drives industrial transformation. •Synergy between economic development and environmental protection is achieved. •Regional collaboration over water could promote sustainable development in drylands. Water resource availability is the major limiting factor for sustainable development in drylands. Climate change intensifies the conflicting water demands between people and the environment and highlights the importance of effective water resource management for achieving a balance between economic development and environmental protection. In 2008, Inner Mongolia, typical dryland in northern China, proposed strict regulations on water exploitation and utilization aimed at achieving sustainable development. Our study is the first to investigate the effectiveness and performance of these long-standing water conservation regulations. Our analyses found that the regulations drove industrial transformation, evidenced by the decreasing proportion of environmentally harmful industries such as coal and steel, and the increasing proportion of tertiary industries (especially tourism). Following industrial transformation, economic development decoupled from industrial water consumption and subsequently led to reduced negative environmental impacts. Based on these results, adaptive strategies were developed for 12 cities by revealing and integrating their development pathways and relative status in achieving sustainable development. Integration and cooperation between cities were proposed, e.g., a water trade agreement between eastern Inner Mongolia (an economically underdeveloped region with relatively abundant water resources) and central Inner Mongolia (an economically developed region with high water stress). Such an agreement may enable the holistic achievement of sustainable development across regions. By integrating the findings of our research, our study presents a reproducible framework for water-management-based sustainable development strategies in drylands.     

Clustering economic sectors in China on a life cycle basis to achieve environmental sustainability

To improve material efficiency, industrial structure optimization becomes a focal point in Chinese industrial and environmental policies. It is crucial to cluster economic sectors and determine their priority for industrial and environmental policy implementation. Integrating a set of criteria, a hybrid input-output model and the hierarchical cluster analysis, this study clusters China’s economic sectors and determines their priority on a life cycle basis. China’s economic sectors are clustered into three clusters. Industrial structure changes (industrial policy) should encourage the development of sectors in cluster 1 and limit the development of sectors in cluster 2. Technology development and materials recycling (two environmental policies) should mainly focus on sectors in clusters 1 and 2. Future industrial policies in China should limit the development of two sectors named Manufacture of metal products and Extraction of petroleum and natural gas. Instead of limiting some industries by command-and-control, the best policy option is to remedy environmental standards and law enforcement. Enterprises belonging to the identified key sectors from the viewpoint of direct production impacts should be concerned to achieve enterprise sustainability. To achieve sustainable production chains, the identified key sectors from the viewpoint of accumulative production impacts should be concerned. For sustainable consumption, the identified key sectors from the viewpoint of consumption impacts should be concerned to transform consumption styles. Most of environmental pressure can be alleviated not only by technical improvements and material recycling, but also by the development of economic sectors in cluster 1.     

烟台市生态经济系统的能值分析

利用能值分析方法分析了2013年烟台市生态经济系统的能值流动状况,并提出了相应的能值利用调控对策。2013年烟台市生态经济系统的能值总用量为2.630×1023 sej,人均能值用量为4.044×10^16 sej,能值自给率为22.6%,能值密度为19.14×10^12sej/m^2,能值货币比率为2.848×10^12sej/,电力能值占能值总用量的比例为5.6%,由可更新资源及其产品支持的人口承载力为16.19×10^4人,由可更新资源及其产品、进口产品及技术共同支持的人口承载量为518.6×10^4人,能值可持续指标值为4.986。将上述计算结果与其它国家和地区进行比较表明：虽然目前烟台市经济较发达,能值利用效率和人民生活水平较高,生态经济系统的能值使用总体上符合区域可持续发展的要求,但系统能值自给率较低,生态环境比较脆弱,经济增长对外部输入的能源和资源依赖性较强。据此,提出了调整产业结构、转变经济增长方式、加强电力资源开发、发展科学教育事业等能值利用的调控对策。     

Community composition and consumer identity determine the effect of resource species diversity on rates of consumption

The effect of species diversity on ecosystem function is commonly studied within a single trophic level, but less is known about how resource diversity affects species interactions between trophic levels. We conducted a grazing experiment to determine how resource species diversity affects rates of consumption by three species of freshwater zooplankton consumers. We measured the effect of resource diversity on rates of consumption for several resource community compositions. These compositions varied in terms of palatability for the consumers. The effect of resource diversity on consumption rates depended on the diet breadth of the consumer species (from specialist to generalist) and the community composition of resources. Overall, high resource diversity commonly caused a decline in consumption rates of consumers. The most selective grazer showed reduced consumption for nearly all community compositions, whereas the most generalist grazer showed accelerated consumption when all resource species were palatable. Our results demonstrate that resource species diversity can modulate rates of consumption through the action of multiple different mechanisms.     

Central and individual air-conditioning systems — A comparison of environmental impacts and resource consumption in a life cycle perspective

This paper compares individual (split) and central systems of air-conditioning in a life cycle perspective, taking into account the environmental impacts and resource consumption during resource extraction, material production, production of the air-conditioning units, their use, disposal and recycling. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used in conducting this comparison.

Central systems have a longer lifetime than individual systems, lower electricity consumption and maintenance requirements during the use phase, and a higher recycling potential during the disposal phase. However, to transfer cool air, central systems use a large quantity of water pipes or air ducts, the production of which contributes significantly to resource use. The LCA study reveals that, on the whole, the central systems generally use less resources than split systems and result in lower environmental impacts.

The paper suggests a need for producers of air-conditioners to consider a change from being suppliers of air-conditioning hardware to being suppliers of cool air in order to overcome the initial cost constraints of central systems and realize their environmental and economic improvement potential to the benefit of the environment, and the industry as well as customers.     

The transition from dirty to clean industries: optimal fiscal policy and the environmental Kuznets curve

This paper investigates privately and socially optimal patterns of economic development in a two-sector endogenous growth model with clean and dirty goods. We consider a second-best fiscal policy framework in which distortionary taxes jointly influence economic growth and environmental quality. In this policy setting, three conditions produce an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC): (i) dirty output is bounded; (ii) clean output grows endogenously; and (iii) growth in the dirty sector reduces growth in the clean sector. These conditions do not arise with a consumption externality, but can emerge with a production externality. Endogenous labor supply implications are also investigated. Although not necessary for producing an EKC, endogenous labor supply provides additional linkages that produce an EKC under circumstances in which it would otherwise not appear.     

生态经济学的价值观

农业产品因投入劳动和消耗自然界的资源形成价值。农业产品在生产和流通过程中，伴随其本身的价值，还会产生其经济效益。利用生态循环中可以再生的资源，可产生生态经济效益，运用先进的农业技术可产生技术经济效益，流通领域中的供求优势可产生社会经济效益。