人因脆弱性对安全注意力衰减的SEM研究

为深入研究人因脆弱性影响因素对安全注意力衰减的深层次作用关系,基于复杂系统脆弱性（CSV）理论,采用因子分析法对人因脆弱性进行主成分分析,提取8个人因脆弱性因子;然后,引入安全注意力配置作为中介变量,借助结构方程模型技术建立人因脆弱性对安全注意力衰减的SEM。结果表明:安全注意力配置与安全素质、安全意识、受教育程度、工作年限、安全知识、工作倦怠、安全心理等因子显著相关;安全注意力衰减与安全意识、安全自制力、工作倦怠、安全心理等因子显著相关;安全注意力配置与安全自制力的关系不显著;安全注意力衰减与安全素质、受教育程度、工作年限、安全知识的关系不显著。     

EMS与OSHMS的整合研究

近年来 ,在环境管理体系和职业安全健康管理体系的建立、认证和持续改进的实践中 ,企业、咨询与认证机构都发现 ,两体系独立建立、完善和持续改进 ,不断提升中 ,仍存在一些问题 ,人们提出 ,实现两大管理体系的整合 ,不仅有利于企业对环境管理和职业安全健康管理的资源共享 ,而且也是顺应国际认证发展的潮流。为此 ,笔者论述了两大管理体系整合的原因 ;讨论了整合的基本原则和难点 ;分析了两大管理体系整合的基本思路 ;研究了ESH整合型管理体系的实现过程。     

利用地理信息系统(GIS)开发多功能空管系统

在航空运输中 ,飞行安全最为重要 ,空管指挥是保证飞行安全的重要手段。地理信息系统 (GIS)能够将空间位置和性质属性结合在一起 ,非常适合空管指挥中直观性、安全性方面的需要。笔者在研究开发多功能空管系统的基础上 ,讨论了对地形、地物、航道、空管区、禁飞区等进行数字化的方法 ,提出了系统开发的主要技术 ,介绍了多功能空管系统的显示、控制、示警、辅助决策、智能纠错等功能 ,指出了空管系统的发展方向     

中国职业安全卫生一体化发展模式探索

一体化管理是现代企业安全管理发展的必然趋势,中国职业安全卫生在不断的发展和完善过程中正从狭隘的劳动保护朝着一体化可持续的方式发展。针对当前影响安全生产的主体要素,探讨了从安全观念、统一立法、管理体系、人才培养、社会保障5个层面构建中国职业安全卫生一体化发展模式的可能性和必要性,并指出了OSH一体化发展模式的要害与对策。     

一体化动态安全管理

管理(质量、安全、健康、环境)一体化是现代企业发展的目标之一,随其不断的完善和发展,安全管理正朝着一体化可持续的方向发展。安全管理的一体化不仅能解决安全管理中出现的各种具体问题,提高安全管理工作的效能,而且能深化企业管理的一体化,一体化动态安全管理是安全管理发展的必然趋势。笔者构建了一体化动态安全管理体系,一体化安全管理体系是一个“以人为本,以法律、制度以及规范为基础的可持续发展的全面控制动态体系”。在安全管理一体化的过程中,不仅实现了微观一体化———对象一体化和过程一体化,还实现了宏观一体化;阐述了一体化安全管理的几个基本原则;分析了一体化安全管理体系的特点。一体化动态安全管理的实施将从真正意义上实现以人为本,实现安全管理的可持续发展。     

PSA中人因失误模型化研究

主要研究PSA模型如何考虑人因失误的影响,系统地提出如何在电厂系统模型中建立相对应的人因失误分析模型。利用事件树把系统故障和人因失误相结合的方法,探讨如何最大可能地真实描述事故后的操纵员行为,确定重要人因事件发展序列以及根据系统响应确定合理可分析的人因题头,建立完整的人因失误模型化的体系,并以实例说明具体分析过程。此项研究能够较好地描述硬件可靠性和人因可靠性之间的关联关系,降低HRA出力并满足PSA对于事故后人员行为的概率分析需求。     

SESAR safety decision-making: Lessons from environmental,nuclear and defense modeling

SESAR, the ‘Single European Sky Air traffic Research’ program, envisages radical changes for European Air Traffic Management (ATM). It integrates and implements new technologies and information processing. This paper examines the safety decision-making in the implementation of SESAR projects. SESAR poses new safety problems because it adopts new paradigms for ATM safety – what lessons are there from environmental, nuclear and defense modeling? These disciplines have also had to confront the limitations of modeling the rates of rare and damaging – even catastrophic – events. A major conceptual change in SESAR is that of automated separation assurance systems. Some existing responsibilities transfer from the controller – either to the pilot or to computer systems – in a progressively phased approach. The major problem for SESAR safety validation is that mixed equipage/operations within a common airspace potentially generate new and different safety issues regarding the validation of safety predictions. A potential way forward uses high-fidelity Human In The Loop Simulations (HITLS) to generate confidence in the resilience of the ATM system. The focus changes from proving safety, i.e. through traditional kinds of validation processes, to extensive resilience testing using these simulations. The aim would be to test how resilient the system is to seeded errors, penetration testing, and crash/stress testing. This would be a high cost process because of the large investments required and the need for long sequences of testing. However, these demanding processes can provide ‘justified belief’ to the decision-maker that the changed ATM system is acceptably safe.     

Air Traffic Management accident risk. Part 1: The limits of realistic modelling

The prime goal of the Air Traffic Management (ATM) system is to control accident risk. Some key questions are posed, including: What do design safety targets really mean and imply for risk modelling? In what circumstances can future accident risk really be modelled with sufficient precision? If risk cannot be estimated with precision, then how is safety to be assured with traffic growth and operational/technical changes? This paper endeavours to answer these questions by an analysis of the nature of accidents, causal factors and practical collision risk modelling. The main theme is how best to combine sound safety evidence and real-world hazard analysis in a coherent and systematic framework.     

Operator-centred local error management in air traffic control

Introduction: A large number of air traffic control occurrences take place without resulting in loss of separation between aircraft. Unfortunately such occurrences are seldom reported and therefore not used for disclosing system weaknesses, such as inappropriate methods and procedures.The ATCC (Air Traffic Control Centre) Malmoe made a trial with local reporting of “learning occurrences”. The trial was ATCO-(Air Traffic Controller) centred. The study objectives were to evaluate if ATCOs would start to report after a defined training and marketing effort, if they could identify system weaknesses, if concrete actions for safety improvement would be taken as a result of the trial and to what extent expert support was necessary.Method and material: The trial period was eight months. The ATCO report would be made on a simple form, available on site. These reports would then be analysed in groups and the marketing and feedback efforts would be co-ordinated by the local flight safety group.Results: 43 reports were filed and analysed during the trial period. The initial motivational training and marketing was considered adequate. During the group discussions, the ATCOs identified system weaknesses within 40 of the reports. The resulting safety improvement actions included: the ATCC unit becoming more active in contacting the pilots and airline companies, the renaming of some waypoints (due to name similarities), the implementation of safer procedures when relieving ATCOs, the training of ATCOs in cockpit flight management systems, and the initiation of a research project primarily concerned with ATCO mental overload.Expert support was required in the beginning to help ATCOs focus on the system rather than on the individual.     

基于人机交互通信的重大危险源实时监测系统

阐述MSComm控件实现串行通信的两种方式和一般步骤,基于该原理和方法,将其应用于重大危险源状态参数(温度、压力、浓度等)的实时监测,在GIS集成的区域重大危险源事故后果三维动态可视化仿真系统与MSComm控件的串行通信技术相结合的基础上,设计了友好的人机交互界面,开发了重大危险源实时监测系统。通过在主控机上测试试验,其结果表明:该系统对重大危险源安全状态参数进行实时采集及动态可视化是成功可行的;实现人机友好交互通信,可增强系统的可视直观性和灵活性,使监测、预报、预警、预控形成一体化,从而提高重大危险源的监管水平。     

Issues of the Human Reliability Analysis in the Context of Probabilistic Safety Studies

This article addresses methodological issues of the human reliability analysis (HRA) in the context of probabilistic safety studies. Several conventional HRA techniques, more often used for the evaluation of the human error probabilities (HEPs), have been classified. A taxonomy of human actions, failure events, and related factors is outlined in order to distinguish action phases, human behavior types and incorrect outputs (errors of omission or commission), error types (slips, lapses, and mistakes), and performance-shaping factors (PSFs) influencing the human performance. A tree is proposed to facilitate the selection of a specific method for the evaluation of human reliability with regard to attributes of the situation analyzed. A software system based on the expert system technology to facilitate and document PSA and HRA is outlined. At the end of the article some research challenges in the domain are discussed.     

推行注册助理安全工程师制度的探讨

根据不同产业就业人数,估算我国企业所需的安全管理人员和安全工程师数量;从学历角度分析注册安全工程师与企业安全管理人员的差距;考察和研讨不同省(市)安全生产工作特点及对安全生产管理人员的需求;认为注册助理安全工程师准入门槛较低,更贴近企业安全管理人员的实际水平。笔者认为,推行注册助理安全工程师制度,地方可以根据需要培养安全生产管理和技术人员;将注册助理安全工程师定位于企业日常安全生产管理和技术工作,相当于企业基层或中层安全管理岗位。该制度的建立将成为安全生产人力资源开发工作的一种新思维、新手段。     

基于主成分分析法的空管多指标安全综合评估研究

在空中交通管制运行风险识别的基础上,建立反映其安全状况的指标体系,并确定指标的量化方式。运用主成分分析法对指标数据进行处理,建立管制安全综合评价模型;通过实例对管制安全的评价结果进行分析,认为管制员违规操作和技术水平是影响管制安全运行的重要因素,另外空管设备的完好程度对管制安全存在较大的隐患。根据建立的模型,对4个管制单位的安全性进行了评价。综合评估的结果为空管部门制定安全措施及预防对策提供科学的分析依据。     

飞机冲偏出跑道人为差错量化分析模型

为了分析飞机冲偏出跑道的人为差错,找到重点防控对象,提出了冲偏出跑道人为差错量化分析模型。首先应用STPA方法对飞机滑行、起飞及着陆程序进行建模,构建安全控制结构图,找出飞机冲偏出跑道的人为差错。然后将它作为BP神经网络的输入层节点,构建24-6-3的3层BP神经网络模型,从ASRS系统中抽取民航领域近5年的冲偏出跑道不安全事件报告作为数据源,根据发生阶段的不同将不安全事件报告分为滑行阶段、起飞阶段、着陆阶段3类,最后将数据源输入BP神经网络模型中进行训练,并利用测试数据检验模型的合理性,准确率为86. 7%。结果表明,特殊情况下机组人员操作不熟练、刹车系统/方向控制错误等是构成所有阶段冲偏出跑道的主要人为差错,飞机冲偏出跑道的发生阶段不同,影响因素的影响程度也不同。     

安全人因工程中的心理因素

心理因素在人因工程和系统安全管理中的作用越来越被人因专家所重视.总结了在安全人因工程中需考虑的人的心理因素,探讨了心理因素与行为的关系,心理与人的可靠性,以及心理因素在系统安全管理中的应用.     

System safety assessment using safety entropy

Safety assessment has a primary role in hazardous operations. Most studies on safety assessment focus on risk and accident modeling, in which safety is absent. These top-down methods are highly dependent on the occurred accidents to establish accidental scenarios, which may make the assessment approach lagging behind the evolving modern systems. Moreover, this “special to general” logic is scientifically suspect in safety assessment. There is a call for the development of safety assessment methods in the presence of system safety to complement risk-focused safety analysis. These methods should provide a framework based on a bottom-up approach to examine system safety from the operational perspective. This paper has attempted to provide a potential solution. In particular, a novel concept of safety entropy is proposed to integrate with The Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM), which is used to form the qualitative understanding of a system. A formula consisted of safety entropy, functional conformability, and system complexity has been established to determine the spontaneity of the safety state-changing process. The proposed method is applied to the safety assessment of a propane feed-control system. The results show the applicability of the method. Nevertheless, the model still needs to be further improved to fulfill better support for safety-related decision problems.     

以人为本确保安全生产

本文阐述了福建福人木业有限公司(原福州人造板厂)始终坚持“以人为本，安全第一”的思想，建立健全企业安全生产管理体系、安全生产科技文化体系、安全生产经费投入体系等，使企业连续15年实现安全生产，保障企业经济在新形势下可持续发展的措施。     

Recognition primed decision making and the organisational response to accidents: Überlingen and the challenges of safety improvement in European air traffic management

The pioneering work of Rasmussen, Reason and their colleagues has greatly improved our understanding of the longer term causes of adverse events in safety-critical systems. Far less attention has been paid to the organisational decision making that characterises the response to accidents and incidents. Therefore, this paper examines the interventions by national and international agencies after one of the most serious accidents in European Air Traffic Management. Insights from Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM) and Recognition Primed Decision Making (RPDM) are used to explain the complex ways in which technical, organisational and political constraints shape and support the decisions and actions taken by different agencies. These constraints affect national and international safety organisations in the aftermath of major accidents. In particular, this paper uses NDM and RPDM to assess the interventions made by Swiss Federal agencies and by the Air Navigation Service provider (ANSP) following the Überlingen mid-air collision in July 1st 2002. Later sections show that there are strong similarities between the technical, organisational and political constraints that informed their decisions and the factors that directed the work of the European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation (EUROCONTROL). Some of EUROCONTROL’s safety responsibilities (i.e. the safety regulation elements) will in the future pass to the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), an Agency of the European Commission. This transfer of responsibilities has the potential to increase the powers available to ensure the implementation of recommendations following future accidents. At the same time there is a danger that key aspects of existing safety and regulatory activities may be overlooked. It is critical, therefore, that the same level of audit and monitoring be conducted on the European agencies during the transition period as is proposed for service providers and national regulatory agencies. It is important to ensure that these changes do not inadvertently lead to the loss of insights from previous adverse events.     

CSHM: Web-based safety and health monitoring system for construction management

INTRODUCTION: This paper describes a web-based system for monitoring and assessing construction safety and health performance, entitled the Construction Safety and Health Monitoring (CSHM) system. METHOD: The design and development of CSHM is an integration of internet and database systems, with the intent to create a total automated safety and health management tool. A list of safety and health performance parameters was devised for the management of safety and health in construction. A conceptual framework of the four key components of CSHM is presented: (a) Web-based Interface (templates); (b) Knowledge Base; (c) Output Data; and (d) Benchmark Group. RESULTS: The combined effect of these components results in a system that enables speedy performance assessment of safety and health activities on construction sites. With the CSHM's built-in functions, important management decisions can theoretically be made and corrective actions can be taken before potential hazards turn into fatal or injurious occupational accidents. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: As such, the CSHM system will accelerate the monitoring and assessing of performance safety and health management tasks.     

建筑安全事故人为因素分类研究

为系统研究导致建筑安全事故的人为因素及对策,首先,在文献分析和专家访谈的基础上结合建筑行业特征提出人为因素分类分析系统（HFACS）框架中应增加社会环境层,在修正框架层次和人为因素的基础上构建建筑安全事故人为因素分类分析系统（C-HFACS）框架;其次,对150起建筑安全事故进行案例分析,探讨C-HFACS框架中对事故影响显著的人为因素及其内在关联性,验证了构建C-HFACS框架的合理性;最后,得出政府监管等九个人为因素对事故和下层人为因素影响显著,并从政府、企业、现场和个体四个维度提出独立第三方“飞行式”巡检等有针对性的对策,以期为建筑安全事故分析和管理提供新的方法和工具。