Deposition and resuspension of selected aerosols particles on electrically charged filter materials for respiratory protective devices.

The primary aim of the study was to analyse the non-steady state of filtration for selected electrostatic filter materials designed for use in respiratory protective devices. The obtained results showed that the filtration process in electrostatic filters was dependent in the main on the following factors: type of the filter material, electrostatic field strength of the material, and the charge of the aerosol. To a lesser degree the filtration process depended on the sign of the charge and the relative humidity of the air. A significant correlation was found between the increase in the penetration and the decrease in breathing resistance while the filter was being loaded. The effect of resuspension (tearing off and re-deposition of dust agglomerates inside the filter) on the filtration process very significant. It was also observed that under certain conditions electrostatic filter materials lost their protection properties.     

易燃易爆场所静电事故链路及断链减灾模式

为了探究易燃易爆场所静电事故形成过程及防护机理,基于事故链式理论,以及静电点燃源形成过程和爆炸性环境形成过程这2条并行支链,绘制了易燃易爆场所静电事故链路;通过事故案例说明了静电事故链路的实用性;研究了静电荷、易燃/可燃物质在外界扰动作用下的特征形态。研究结果表明:静电事故断链减灾模式包括静电点燃源断链减灾模式、爆炸性环境断链减灾模式以及降低事故影响的事故后果断链减灾模式;针对静电事故的各类断链减灾模式,提出了相应的防护措施,可为易燃易爆场所静电事故防护提供系统性的指导方案。     

覆膜滤料过滤性能分析

覆膜滤料以其高效低阻、透气性好等特点备受关注。选取4种典型的覆膜滤料,通过静态和动态过滤实验分析其阻力和效率特性,进而对覆膜滤料的过滤性能进行综合分析。结果表明:在清洁阶段,4种覆膜滤料的喷吹周期和残余阻力差异较大,粉尘剥离率平均值为83.2174%,最大偏差为2.32%;在稳定阶段,4种覆膜滤料的清灰周期、残余阻力差异减小且趋于稳定,残余阻力增长率接近且偏差均在5%以内,剥离率平均值为95.4485%,最大偏差仅0.55%。可以看出,稳定阶段覆膜滤料的种类对于阻力增长率和粉尘剥离率影响不大。通过细颗粒物过滤实验可知,评价覆膜滤料对PM2.5的过滤效果需要综合考察滤料清洁阶段和稳定阶段,可为覆膜滤料应用和评价提供指导。     

过滤材料声学性能的实验研究*

为探讨纤维过滤材料的吸声效果,扩展吸声材料的选择范围,并为噪声粉尘一体化控制提供指导,通过实验分析不同等级一般通风用纤维层滤料的过滤性能和吸声性能,研究叠加方式及空腔设置等对滤料吸声性能的影响。研究结果表明:一定条件下,滤料的过滤效率越高吸声性能越好;单层滤料吸声效果较差,通过多层叠加,可显著提升吸声效果,达到吸声材料水平;不同等级滤料组合叠加,按过滤效率降序排列整体吸声性能更好。滤料作为吸声材料应用时,在其后侧设置空腔可明显增强吸声效果;兼顾过滤和降噪时,考虑粗效对中效滤料的保护作用,可在粗效加中效滤料后再附加粗效滤料,达到在不显著增加阻力的同时改善吸声性能的目标。     

混合药物粉尘输运过程静电特性实验研

兽药制药粉尘加工工艺过程中,由于粉尘颗粒之间或颗粒与设备、管壁之间的碰撞、摩擦,导致装置内部静电荷量积聚,激发静电放电,粉尘燃烧或爆炸的事故频发。实验主要通过包括粉尘与管材摩擦的漏电电流测试和静电放电火花对粉尘云点燃敏感性测试两部分。结果表明:单一药物药粉的静电漏电电流随着管材管径的增大,管长的增长,静电漏电电流逐渐变大;随着倾斜角的增大,静电漏电电流先增大后降低;镀锌铁管的漏电电流大于PVC管,电荷逸散速度更快。单一兽药粉的粉尘云放电火花最小点燃能量随质量浓度的变化,呈现二次曲线的变化趋势。混合兽药粉与单一兽药粉的漏电电流和粉尘云放电火花最小点燃能量的测试结果的变化趋势是一致的。     

石油化工企业生产装置静电事故分析与对策

石油化工静电事故主要与特殊介质的处理（如污油、污水、粗油、混合油等）,特殊环境或特殊工艺过程物料的处理（如设备检修或开停车期间的物料处理）等密切相关。以近十年石油化工装置发生的一些典型事故为背景,论述了石油化工企业生产装置静电事故的特点,通过典型事故的分析,提出应对措施和策略有设计不足往往是事故频发的源头;在危险暴露频率较高和风险要求较高场所,建议增设静电消除辅助设备;结合工装特点,在设备改造时适当兼顾设备的防静电技术改造,有时可以收到事半功倍的效果;编制生产装置特殊作业场所防静电规定,是抑制当前静电事故趋势的重要举措。     

车用乙醇汽油静电起电特性试验研究

为研究乙醇汽油使用过程中存在的静电风险及带电变化规律,基于自主研发的油品电荷密度表,试验研究了乙醇含量对管输汽油静电带电规律的影响,获得乙醇体积含量0~5%的管输油品静电数据;对油库内乙醇汽油装车作业及加油站加油作业乙醇汽油静电起电特性进行了试验研究。研究结果表明:随着乙醇含量的增加,油品静电呈现先增大后减小的趋势;乙醇体积含量在0.5%~1%时,油品静电起电量最高可达到-77.2 μC/m3,为此需注意乙醇汽油调配过程中可能存在的静电风险;高电导率的车用乙醇汽油在加油作业时,油品静电起电量较低。     

加油站油流静电在线监测技术及应用

为提高加油站安全作业水平,分析了卸油、加油过程中油流静电起电因素和常用检测方法。根据高斯定理从理论上探讨了通过测量输油管道内中心电位得到油流静电电荷密度的检测原理,并基于杆球传感器以及压电传感器技术设计开发了油品静电在线监测仪,实现了对加油枪前后、加油机内部管线及过滤器油品带电情况的在线监测。测试结果表明:基于此静电监测技术,建立加油站油流电荷监测与联锁控制措施,可有效避免油品静电燃爆事故的发生,保障加油站安全生产。     

硫磺研磨起电特性的研究

工业生产硫磺粉的过程中,由于静电等因素导致生产过程中容易发生燃烧爆炸事故。本文就是为硫磺粉的生产安全进行基础研究。国内硫磺粉爆炸事故几乎一个月发生一次,给设备和人员带来很大的安全威胁。不同材料的特性是不同的,摩擦产生静电的情况也不一样,本实验主要研究硫磺粉和粉碎设备中主要材料摩擦产生静电的情况,了解硫磺粉的静电特性,为减少静电的产生或者消除静电寻找途径。硫磺粉碎设备———机械磨中主要的材料类型是不锈钢、刚玉和碳化钨,用这三种材料制成的研磨罐对硫磺粉进行研磨,测试表明硫磺全部带负电荷,碳化钨罐研磨起电效率最高,刚玉罐起电效果最小,静电量会随着时间的增加达到平衡。用不同粒径的硫磺粉进行研磨,实验表明粒径较大的硫磺粉比粒径小的硫磺粉产生的静电略少。     

非平衡式双极性离子风消电技术与应用

为实现风送管道物料静电监测与控制，预防料仓静电燃爆事故，提高聚烯烃装置料仓安全水平，基于非平衡式双极性离子风消电技术，开发了双极性离子风消电器；基于离子风消电器和静电监测器，探讨了石化粉体料仓用离子风消电控制系统组成、电路、气路布局；对非平衡式双极性离子风消电系统进行现场应用测试。结果表明:基于此管道粉体消静电技术，合理调节正、负侧控制电压，可有效控制管道物料荷质比稳定在±0.3 μC/kg以内，保障聚烯烃装置料仓安全、稳定运行。     

不饱和聚酯树脂钮扣粉尘静电爆炸敏感性研究

针对某不饱和聚酯树脂钮扣厂在除尘设备维修过程中发生的粉尘爆炸事故,探究静电引起此次事故的可能性并提出防护措施。通过实验测定不饱和聚酯树脂钮扣粉尘的爆炸特性参数,进而确定其静电爆炸敏感性。结果发现:不饱和聚酯树脂钮扣粉尘云最小点火能MIE为4～10 mJ、最低着火温度MIT为480 ℃、粉尘层最低着火温度LIT＞400 ℃。表明,此粉尘属易燃粉尘,其粉尘爆炸敏感度极高,被静电火花点燃的可能性极大,在生产过程中,应采取静电防护措施。     

基于改进LEC法的危化企业静电点燃危险评价

危化企业爆炸性危险环境下由静电放电引发的火灾爆炸时有发生,针对这一问题分析了危化企业气体、液体、固体、粉体及人体在不同生产工艺过程中静电电荷来源以及可能的静电放电形式。综合考虑静电点燃源形成可能性、爆炸性环境形成可能性、监控与控制措施有效性以及静电事故后果严重度,构建了基于改进LEC法的静电点燃危险评价方法,该评价方法能实现对危化企业静电点燃源危害的量化评估与分级。应用该方法对某加油站进行静电点燃危险评价,并根据评价结果提出了预防改进措施。     

防尘口罩结构/材料及其加工技术探讨

介绍了防尘口罩的结构及选用时应注意的一些问题,分析了作为防尘口罩核心组件的滤料的过滤机制。论述了一些非织造布材料和非织造布加工方式对于防尘口罩滤料生产的优点和不足之处。对于广泛应用于口罩滤料的聚丙烯材料及滤料的主要加工方式——熔喷法非织造布生产技术,进行了重点介绍。同时也简要介绍了为完善口罩的综合性能而采用的非织造布复合技术。最后研究分析了提高口罩过滤效率的一种非常重要的方法——非织造布驻极加工方法,并对目前防尘口罩应用中存在的问题进行了简要的分析。     

Electrostatic charges during liquid leakage

Leakage accidents of pressurized flammable liquids often occur in chemical plants. To investigate electrostatic hazards due to liquid leakage, the amounts of electrostatic charge during the leakage were observed. The electric field of the clouds generated by liquid leakage was also examined. Various types of pipeline have been designed in consideration of potential leakage that might lead to accidents during industrial processes. Leakage pressure in the range of 0.1–0.3 MPa was used. With regard to the materials, water and kerosene were used. The results obtained from the experiments show that electrostatic charges depend on leakage parameters, such as the type of liquid, the gasket material between flanges, and the pipeline pressure. In all tests, the amount of the electrostatic charges of water, 0.12–0.83 μC/kg, was larger than that of kerosene, ?0.04 to 0.16 μC/kg. The maximum value of the electric field, generated from the leakage liquid in this study, 40.9 v/cm, is a safe level. No incendiary electrostatic sparks, such as brush and/or spark discharges, were detected in our tests.     

瓶级聚酯切片静电起电特性试验研究*

为了分析瓶级聚酯切片（PET）生产过程中分析筛处理量对其静电带电特性的影响,基于颗粒振动摩擦带电模拟试验,研究单颗粒PET振动摩擦带电饱和量以及多颗粒PET振动带电荷质比数据。结果表明:瓶级PET产品静电半衰期超过80 ks;PET单颗粒与金属分析筛碰撞摩擦时带电量随振动时间增加趋于饱和,且单粒子荷质比大小可超过16 nC·g-1;随着分析筛内PET总质量增加,PET颗粒间碰撞几率增加,但PET的荷质比值迅速降低。利用工业振动筛处理PET时,应尽量提高总颗粒处理量以控制颗粒带电,抑制静电对粉尘吸附作用,有利于脱除切片中携带的粉尘。     

Experimental study on the relationship between the charge amount of polypropylene granules and the frequency of electrostatic discharges while silo loading

This paper is a report on the relationship between the charge amount (charge to mass ratio, q/m) of polypropylene (PP, 2–3 mm) granules and the frequency of electrostatic discharges that occur while loading a metal silo. The feedback control system was used in order to control the q/m of PP granules. The electrostatic discharges inside the silo were also observed using a conventional image-intensifier system. The charging control range for PP granules was from 0 to −12 μC/kg in the q/m. The results obtained from the experiments show that (1) two kinds of electrostatic discharges were clearly observed inside a metal silo while loading PP granules, i.e., brush discharges and incendiary bulk surface discharges; (2) the number of brush discharges and incendiary bulk surface discharges increased with the increase in the q/m of PP granules, almost reaching saturation; and (3) brush discharges and incendiary bulk surface discharges began to occur at the −1.16 μC/kg and −2.33 μC/kg points in the q/m, respectively, in this study.     

Characteristics and hazards of electrostatic discharges in air

In the assessment of electrostatic hazards in the process industries, a great deal of emphasis has been placed on the determination of energies in spark discharges. There are, however, other electrostatic discharge phenomena where this approach has severe limitations. The purpose of this paper is to describe the state-of-the-art with respect to electrostatic discharges in gases (air). An in depth review of the literature has been made, and the various types of discharges are tabulated and discussed.     

煤矿用多级过滤防尘面罩的设计及试验研究

为解决传统防尘面罩容尘量低、在高浓度粉尘环境有效使用时间短的问题,提出1种基于轻质微球的多级过滤防尘面罩.该防尘面罩第1级采用轻质微球,不仅能够提高面罩的孔隙率、增加容尘量,而且能够实现及时清灰和水洗的功能;第2级采用高精度纤维滤膜,保障吸入空气的质量.采用3D打印对多级防尘面罩进行结构设计,并在煤矿井下进行现场试验....     

粉煤灰静电脱炭技术研究

本文介绍粉煤灰静电脱炭资源化利用技术的试验研究.利用YNDF-I型立式电场粉煤灰脱炭装置进行优化试验,提出电压、极板间距、摩擦分散器材料、粉尘浓度及气体流量等运行工艺特性参数与静电脱炭率的相关关系.试验结果表明,该立式电场脱炭装置在最优工艺参数条件下运行时,可使粉煤灰脱炭后的精灰含炭量降低到1.20%,脱炭率达86.74%,能够直接代替水泥用作建筑材料或修筑公路路面,具有较高的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益,为粉煤灰资源化利用提供了一种新的途径.     

Application of a Fibrous Electrostatic Filterfor Treatment of Diesel Exhaust

The paper presents results of investigations of a novel method for diesel exhaust filtration in a fibrous filter supplemented by the external electrostatic field (FEF), which may be used to eliminate the occupational hazard near sources of diesel emission. The reported research follows the preliminary basic study of soot removal in such systems (Ciach, Sosnowski, & Podgórski, 1995), and is focused on the construction and testing of a prototype technical-scale FEF device. The results suggest a strong relation between applied voltage and filtration efficiency of the system and demonstrate the influence of aerosol precharging on the efficiency, which can be more than 95%.