EGR组分对煤液化柴油颗粒排放的影响

为研究废气再循环（EGR）对煤液化柴油颗粒粒径分布,微观形貌,组成元素以及氧化特性的影响,运用扫描电镜（SEM）,透射电镜（TEM）和热重试验的方法,通过改变EGR率（0% EGR,15% EGR）和废气组分（15% N₂,15% CO₂和30% CO₂）采集了柴油机燃用煤液化柴油的颗粒,分析了颗粒微观结构和氧化特性.结果表明,EGR率小于15%时,颗粒粒径呈单峰正态分布.在0% EGR,15% EGR,15% N₂,15% CO₂氛围下,颗粒粒径分布的峰值粒径分别为60.4,60.4,69.8,52.3nm.引入30% CO₂时,颗粒粒径呈双峰正态分布,粒径分别在14.3nm和52.3nm.引入EGR和N₂后,颗粒群变得紧凑,不易氧化.引入CO₂后,颗粒群变得疏松,易于氧化.不采用EGR,颗粒结构主要呈链状,引入15% EGR和15% N₂,颗粒结构主要呈团簇状.     

柴油/碳酸二甲酯燃烧颗粒的微观结构和分形特征

为降低柴油机颗粒物排放,探讨了柴油机燃用柴油/碳酸二甲酯混合燃料燃烧颗粒微观结构和分形特征的变化规律. 采用扫描电镜、透射电镜和SAXS(同步辐射小角X射线散射)相结合的方法,针对DMC(碳酸二甲酯)添加量(以w计)对柴油机燃烧颗粒微观结构和分形特征参数的影响规律进行了研究. 结果表明:与柴油燃烧颗粒相比,D10〔w(DMC)为10%〕、D20〔w(DMC)为10%〕燃烧颗粒的碳粒子平均层面间距分别增加了5.3%、15.1%,弯曲度平均值分别增加了4.0%和10.3%,表明燃烧颗粒的氧化活性增加;与柴油相比,D10、D20燃烧颗粒的质量分形维数分别增加了0.44和0.52,下限均升高了0.2,SAXS与电镜图像对燃烧颗粒的质量分形维数的分析结果相一致,即质量分形维数随DMC添加量的增加而升高,表明燃烧颗粒的团聚程度提高;与柴油燃烧颗粒相比,D10、D20燃烧颗粒表面分形维数的下限分别升高了0.1和0.2,表明其燃烧颗粒表面的粗糙程度和不规则程度提高;与柴油燃烧颗粒相比,D10、D20燃烧颗粒的活化能分别降低了3.9和7.9 kJ/mol,表明燃烧颗粒的氧化活性随着DMC添加量的增加而增强,验证了燃烧颗粒微观尺寸结构和分形特征的研究结果. 研究显示,柴油中添加DMC能够提高燃烧颗粒的氧化活性,燃烧颗粒的氧化活性越强,其在后处理过程中就越易被氧化,有助于降低柴油机的颗粒物排放.      

柴油机排气颗粒表面特征与吸附能力分析

利用全自动比表面积与孔隙分析仪和光学接触角测量仪,分别对炭黑和柴油机排气颗粒的比表面积与孔隙以及接触角等表面特征参数进行了测量,并对炭黑和柴油机排气颗粒的分形维数和表面张力进行了计算,对比分析了炭黑和柴油机排气颗粒的吸附能力,探讨了柴油机排气颗粒表面特征参数与吸附能力之间的关系.通过检测与分析,炭黑和柴油机排气颗粒的比表面积分别为78.003和65.408m²/g,平均孔径分别为13.845和14.483nm,分形维数分别为2.5885和2.5515,在0.985s时刻的表面张力分别为51.1和56.6mJ/m²,结果表明炭黑与柴油机排气颗粒的比表面积,孔径分布,分形维数和表面张力均相似.炭黑和柴油机排气颗粒均表现了极强的亲油性,轻微亲水性.柴油机排气颗粒亲水性略强,表面更为光滑,吸附能力略低于炭黑.     

DOC+CDPF对生物柴油燃烧颗粒排放特性的影响

以一台满足国五排放法规的车用柴油机为样机,研究加装氧化催化转化器DOC与催化型颗粒捕集器CDPF(DOC+CDPF后处理装置)前后,柴油机燃用B20燃料(燃料含20%体积掺混比的生物柴油)的颗粒排放特性.结果表明,在未加装该后处理装置时,该机排气颗粒数量浓度的粒径分布呈双峰形态,B20燃料的排气颗粒数量浓度的峰值粒径在10nm和50nm附近,纯柴油的排气颗粒数量浓度的峰值粒径在50nm和200nm附近.在颗粒粒径小于120nm的区域,该机燃用B20燃料的排气颗粒数量浓度大于纯柴油.加装该后处理装置后,该机排气颗粒数量浓度的粒径分布呈多峰形态,峰值粒径在10nm、20nm和60nm附近.加装DOC+CDPF后,不论是柴油还是B20燃料,与原机相比,柴油机排气颗粒总数量下降明显,其中60~200nm粒径范围的颗粒数量浓度降幅更为显著.在相同工况下,DOC+CDPF对柴油机燃用B20燃料的颗粒总数量净化效率高于纯柴油.     

复垦对土壤颗粒组成、分形维数、团聚体影响

徐州市铜山县柳新采煤塌陷复垦区的井工采煤区土地塌陷及复垦对土壤颗粒组成、土壤结构、容重等造成严重影响。借助激光粒度仪检测了塌陷地及其复垦土壤颗粒粒径分布,分别采用干筛和湿筛法对团聚体进行了筛分。运用分形原理研究了土壤的分形维数,并采用团聚体平均直径、破坏率、水稳性团聚体含量等指标分析了复垦对团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明,土壤颗粒组成在塌陷地和未塌陷地区总体表现为上层到下层黏粒含量逐渐增加、粉粒逐渐减少;复垦对土壤颗粒组成进了重新分配,层次间表现明显紊乱特征。土壤分形维数变化范围在2.00~2.20之间,平均分形维数表现为未塌陷地复垦土壤塌陷地,分别为2.193、2.164、2.086,复垦土壤表现为复垦14 a复垦24 a复垦1 a。复垦过程中土壤水稳性团聚体比例、团聚体平均直径均有很大程度提高,且复垦时间越长,提高越大,水稳性团聚体破坏度逐渐降低,团聚体稳定性也逐渐增强。统计分析表明,土壤颗粒分形维数、土壤团聚体稳定性与土壤颗粒组成具有一定的相关性。复垦重建过程改善了塌陷地土壤状况,土壤颗粒组成、分形维数及团聚体结构趋于向正常土壤方向转变。     

多纤维捕集过程中细颗粒湍流团聚模拟研究

基于随机多层纤维过滤介质算法建立了平板式三维拟态化结构.利用计算流体力学-颗粒群平衡模型（CFD-PBM）对多纤维捕集过程中细颗粒湍流团聚进行数值模拟研究,并采用分区法求解颗粒群平衡方程（PBE）.通过控制变量法分析表明：多纤维捕集过程中存在着明显的颗粒团聚行为.粉尘颗粒的团聚程度随停留时间增加而增强,当t ≥ l/v（速度方向模型尺寸长度/入口风速）,团聚逐渐趋于稳定;当v_max·t ≤ l,入口风速越大,颗粒团聚程度和团聚速率越大,最终的团聚程度取决于入口风速和停留时间;颗粒粒径越大,粉尘颗粒的团聚程度和团聚速率越小.出口颗粒平均粒径与初始粒径相比增长倍数越小.粉尘颗粒体积分数越大,颗粒团聚程度以及团聚速率越大.当v=0.1m/s,d_p=1.0μm,VF >0.003636,Bin-7~Bin-0区间数量浓度对数分布呈线性比例关系.     

汽油轿车NEDC循环超细颗粒物排放特性

以一辆采用电控燃油进气道多点喷射系统的桑塔纳汽油轿车为试验样车,采用排气颗粒数量及粒径分析仪EEPS,对该车NEDC循环的超细颗粒排放数量及颗粒粒径分布特性进行了试验研究.结果表明,NEDC循环中,车辆加速时排放的核模态颗粒、聚集态颗粒数量浓度均增加;车辆启动后40 s及EUDC循环高速工况（≥90 km.h-1）排放的超细颗粒数量浓度较高;NEDC循环的颗粒数量排放呈单峰对数分布,颗粒数量排放峰值的颗粒粒径集中于10～30 nm,几何平均粒径为24 nm;ECEⅠ、ECEⅡ～Ⅳ和EUDC循环,加速、减速、怠速及匀速驾驶工况的颗粒数量排放基本上呈单峰对数分布,颗粒数量排放峰值的颗粒粒径主要集中于10～30 nm,几何平均粒径集中于14～42 nm.该汽油车NEDC循环排放的超细颗粒主要以粒径小于50 nm的核模态颗粒为主.     

国Ⅴ柴油机燃用丁醇-柴油混合燃料颗粒粒径分布特性试验研究

在一台不做任何改动的国Ⅴ共轨柴油机上,运用发动机排气颗粒数量和粒径分析仪EEPS,结合实测空燃比,在外特性以及最大转矩转速和额定转速两个不同转速的负荷特性下,对比研究了柴油机燃用不同体积分数(10%、15%、20%、30%、40%)的丁醇-柴油混合燃料(Bu10、Bu15、Bu20、Bu30、Bu40)和国Ⅴ柴油(D100)对排气颗粒数量浓度、质量浓度及颗粒数量浓度粒径分布特性的影响.结果表明,外特性下,随着转速的升高,丁醇-柴油混合燃料和纯柴油的颗粒数量浓度粒径分布都向单峰对数正态分布转变.随丁醇掺混比例的增加,核模态颗粒和小粒径聚集态颗粒排放数量浓度在各工况下都有不同程度的降低;大粒径聚集态颗粒数量排放在低速低负荷时会略有增加,而在高速高负荷时会略有降低或基本不变.掺混丁醇后,各工况的颗粒总数量浓度和总质量浓度都会降低,在高速高负荷时最明显.     

发动机燃用GTL柴油的排气颗粒数量及粒径分布规律

以一台汽车电控高压共轨柴油机为样机,采用发动机尾气颗粒粒径谱仪EEPS研究了发动机燃用天然气制油(GTL柴油)的排气颗粒数量及粒径分布规律.所用燃油分别为纯柴油(G0)、纯GTL柴油(G100)及GTL柴油掺混比为10%、20%的燃料(分别表示为G10、G20).试验工况为最大转矩转速1500r.min-1和标定转速2300r.min-1的负荷特性试验,负荷百分比分别为10%、25%、50%、75%和100%.结果表明:无论燃用柴油,还是GTL柴油或混合燃料,该机排气颗粒数量随粒径变化大都呈现明显的双峰对数分布状态,其排气核态颗粒的峰值粒径在10nm附近,聚集态颗粒峰值集中出现在40～50nm之间.随着GTL柴油配比的增加,各工况下不同粒径的颗粒数量大都持续下降,其中,排气核态颗粒数量明显下降,在高速高负荷下更为显著;而聚集态颗粒也较纯柴油有一定的降幅,其中,G20和G100柴油更为明显.     

DOC+CDPF配方对柴油公交车颗粒物排放特性影响

为研究不同DOC+CDPF（催化型连续再生颗粒捕集器）配方对公交车颗粒物排放特性的影响,以一辆满足国Ⅲ排放的柴油公交车为试验样车,在重型底盘测功机上分别进行了加装3种不同DOC+CDPF的柴油机在中国典型城市公交车循环（CCBC）中的排放特性试验,分析了不同贵金属负载量对柴油机颗粒物排放特性的影响.结果表明：在相同贵金属配比情况下,当DOC+CDPF催化剂配方中贵金属负载量较高时,颗粒物浓度降幅较大.3种方案的颗粒物质量浓度综合减排率分别为99.3%、98.8%、96.4%,平均降幅达到98.2%;当使用DOC+CDPF后,柴油机颗粒物粒径分布由双峰对数分布变为三峰对数分布,但不同催化剂配方下对应的粒径最大峰值点会偏移;采用DOC+CDPF装置后,发动机排放背压略有增加.且当贵金属负载量越高时,装置压降增量越少,被动再生性能越优异.     

Control of diesel soot and NOx emissions with a particulate trap and EGR

The exhaust gas recirculation(EGR), coupled with a high-collection efficiency particulate trap to simultaneously control smoke and NOx emissions from diesel engines were studied. This ceramic trap developed previously provided the soot cleaning efficiency of 99%, the regeneration efficiency reaches 80% and the ratio of success reaches 97%, which make EGR used in diesel possible. At the presence of EGR, opening of the regeneration control valve of the trap was over again optimized to compensate for the decrease of the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas resulted from EGR. The results indicated the cleaning efficiency and regeneration performance of the trap were maintained at the same level except that the back pressure increased faster. A new EGR system was developed, which is based on a wide range oxygen(UEGO) sensor. Experiments were carded out under steady state conditions while maintaining the engine speed at 1600 r/min, setting the engine loads at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%respectively. Throughout each test the EGR rate was kept at nine different settings and data were taken with the gas analyzer and UEGO sensor. Then, the EGR rate and engine load maps, which showed the tendencies of NOx, CO and HC emissions from diesel engine,were made using the measured data. Using the maps, the author set up the EGR regulation, the relationship between the optimal amounts of EGR flow and the equivalence ratio, σ, where σ = 14.5/AFR.     

废气再循环系统参数对柴油机燃烧特征的影响

为进一步优化柴油机燃烧过程,减少燃烧污染物排放.围绕EGR（exhaust gas recirculation,废气再循环技术）废气组分和废气温度等系统参数对柴油机燃烧特征的影响机制,采用试验与模拟相结合方法,分别研究了通入废气、N₂、CO₂时以及不同EGR废气温度时对柴油机燃烧过程的影响,阐明了燃烧关键中间产物的生成规律.结果表明,①通入CO₂时,柴油机的缸内最大爆发压力和放热率峰值最低,滞燃期最长,燃烧持续期最短,·OH、H₂O₂、CH₂O·和CO等关键中间组分的生成规律与通入N₂时相反.②通入N₂时,柴油机的缸内最大爆发压力和放热率峰值最高,滞燃期最短,燃烧持续期最长并;并且通入N₂时,·OH的峰值最高,形成时刻最早,H₂O₂、CH₂O·以及CO的峰值均有所降低且形成时刻提前.③随着废气温度增加,缸内最大爆发压力降低,放热率曲线由单峰向双峰分布发展,放热率峰值有较大幅度的降低,滞燃期缩短,燃烧持续延长,缸内·OH、H₂O₂、CH₂O·以及CO的峰值均有所降低,并且生成的区域范围变窄.④废气成分中,CO₂对燃烧过程和关键中间产物的影响最大,是阻滞燃烧反应的主要气体成分,通过控制EGR废气成分和温度可以有效改善柴油机燃烧过程,拓宽EGR技术的工况使用范围.研究显示,EGR废气成分对燃烧中间产物的自由基衍化历程影响较大,有必要进一步开展EGR废气成分预处理研究,精确控制EGR废气温度,有助于改善燃烧过程,控制排放污染物中间产物的生成历程和排放量.      

Advances in emission control of diesel vehicles in China

Diesel vehicles have caused serious environmental problems in China. Hence, the Chinese government has launched serious actions against air pollution and imposed more stringent regulations on diesel vehicle emissions in the latest China VI standard. To fulfill this stringent legislation, two major technical routes, including the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and high-efficiency selective catalytic reduction (SCR) routes, have been developed for diesel engines. Moreover, complicated aftertreatment technologies have also been developed, including use of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) for controlling carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, diesel particulate filter (DPF) for particle mass (PM) emission control, SCR for the control of NOx emission, and an ammonia slip catalyst (ASC) for the control of unreacted NH₃. Due to the stringent requirements of the China VI standard, the aftertreatment system needs to be more deeply integrated with the engine system. In the future, aftertreatment technologies will need further upgrades to fulfill the requirements of the near-zero emission target for diesel vehicles.     

高低压废气再循环系统(EGR)对进气道喷醇式柴油甲醇双燃料发动机的影响

以一台加装了进气道喷醇系统（MIIA）、高低压废气再循环系统（EGR）的2.8 L增压中冷高压共轨直喷柴油机为平台,在不同负荷下开展不同外部EGR循环方式对进气道喷醇式柴油甲醇双燃料发动机性能影响的试验研究.结果表明,柴油甲醇组合燃烧（DMCC）技术对EGR技术具有良好兼容性.在采用国VI排放法规标准规定的稳态试验循环（WHSC）测试条件下,借助EGR技术的DMCC发动机氮氧化物（NO_x）排放会显著降低且颗粒物（PM）保持在较低水平,打破了NO_x-PM的trade-off关系.此外,不同EGR方式对排放特性、进排气参数、燃烧特性和经济性能的影响存在显著差异,耦合排气背压阀（BPV）后的低压EGR策略可实现更高的EGR率,将NO_x排放降至国VI限值附近.但同等EGR率下发动机采用高压EGR更具优势,利于均质混合气的形成,增加预混燃烧占比,获得更高的燃烧效率和热效率.然而受限于高EGR率需求,采用单一型式EGR策略实现DMCC发动机满足国VI限值仍存在困难.     

Characterization of particulate matter from diesel passenger cars tested on chassis dynamometers

Emission characterization of particle number as well as particle mass from three diesel passenger cars equipped with diesel particulate filter(DPF), diesel oxidation catalyst(DOC)and exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) under the vehicle driving cycles and regulatory cycle.Total particle number emissions(PNEs) decreased gradually during speed-up of vehicle from 17.3 to 97.3 km/hr. As the average vehicle speed increases, the size-segregated peak of particle number concentration shifts to smaller size ranges of particles. The correlation analysis with various particulate components such as particle number concentration(PNC),ultrafine particle number concentration(UFPNC) and particulate matter(PM) mass was conducted to compare gaseous compounds(CO, CO_2, HC and NOx). The UFPNC and PM were not only emitted highly in Seoul during severe traffic jam conditions, but also have good correlation with hydrocarbons and NOxinfluencing high potential on secondary aerosol generation. The effect of the dilution temperature on total PNC under the New European Driving Cycle(NEDC), was slightly higher than the dilution ratio. In addition, the nuclei mode(DP: ≤ 13 nm) was confirmed to be more sensitive to the dilution temperature rather than other particle size ranges. Comparison with particle composition between vehicle speed cycles and regulatory cycle showed that sulfate was slightly increased at regulatory cycle, while other components were relatively similar. During cold start test, semivolatile nucleation particles were increased due to effect of cold environment. Research on particle formation dependent on dilution conditions of diesel passenger cars under the NEDC is important to verify impact on vehicular traffic and secondary aerosol formation in Seoul.     

FBC-DPF在柴油机颗粒物控制中的应用研究

目前针对加装FBC-DPF(燃油添加剂-柴油机颗粒捕集器)后的柴油机放特性研究较少,并且缺乏FBC-DPF对颗粒物中PAHs排放量的影响效果研究. 为全面评估加装FBC-DPF后柴油机颗粒物排放特性和FBC-DPF对柴油机尾气中的颗粒物排放污染控制效果,在发动机台架上对装有FBC-DPF的重型柴油机进行了颗粒物排放特性试验. 利用电子低压撞击仪(ELPI)测量加装FBC-DPF前、后柴油机颗粒物的数浓度与粒径分布,用玻璃纤维滤膜采集加装FBC-DPF前、后尾气中的固相PAHs,利用色谱质谱联用仪对加装FBC-DPF前、后尾气中的固相PAHs进行定量分析. 结果表明:①加装FBC-DPF后柴油机排放的颗粒物数浓度大幅降低,FBC-DPF对尾气中颗粒物的捕集效率平均值在95%左右;②加装FBC-DPF后柴油机固相PAHs总比排放量有所降低,在大负荷区域降幅在25.0%~88.0%之间;③加装FBC-DPF前的颗粒物中位直径为30~89nm,而加装FBC-DPF后的颗粒物中位直径为41~98nm,平均增幅为38.2%. 对于国Ⅳ及未来国Ⅴ柴油机排放法规,FBC-DPF是解决柴油机颗粒物排放的有效手段;此外,FBC-DPF可以大幅降低柴油机尾气中的有毒成分,并且能够适应高含硫量的燃油环境.      

我国重点行业氮氧化物管控现状及减排策略

氮氧化物(NO_x)减排对于我国细颗粒物(PM_2.5)与臭氧(O₃)复合污染的协同控制至关重要.本文对我国重点行业NO_x管控现状和减排策略进行了综述与展望.研究表明,我国NO_x排放主要来源于工业炉窑和柴油机尾气,其中工业烟气NO_x排放主要来源于钢铁、建材和有色等行业;柴油机NO_x排放主要来源于柴油车、非道路移动机械与船舶.NO_x减排策略主要包括技术措施和政策措施,其中技术措施主要包括清洁燃烧,如低氮燃烧、废气再循环、清洁燃料替代等,以及后处理净化技术,如选择性催化还原技术、选择性非催化还原、臭氧氧化吸收等;政策措施主要包括提升NO_x排放标准,加强排放智能监测监管,布局新能源相关技术等.研究显示：现阶段,机动车和非电行业的NO_x减排仍有较大空间;未来,在“碳达峰碳中和”背景下,通过发展大气污染物和温室气体的协同控制技术,将进一步深度减排NO_x,实现PM...     

Real-world fuel efficiency and exhaust emissions of light-duty diesel vehicles and their correlation with road conditions

The real-world fuel efficiency and exhaust emission profiles of CO, HC and NO_x for light-duty diesel vehicles were investigated. Using a portable emissions measurement system, 16 diesel taxies were tested on different roads in Macao and the data were normalized with the vehicle specific power bin method. The 11 Toyota Corolla diesel taxies have very good fuel economy of (5.9 ± 0.6) L/100 km, while other five diesel taxies showed relatively high values at (8.5 ± 1.7) L/100 km due to the variation in transmission systems and emission control strategies. Compared to similar Corolla gasoline models, the diesel cars confirmed an advantage of ca. 20% higher fuel efficiency. HC and CO emissions of all the 16 taxies are quite low, with the average at (0.05 ± 0.02) g/km and (0.38 ± 0.15) g/km, respectively. The average NO_x emission factor of the 11 Corolla taxies is (0.56 ± 0.17) g/km, about three times higher than their gasoline counterparts. Two of the three Hyundai Sonata taxies, configured with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) + diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) emission control strategies, indicated significantly higher NO₂ emissions and NO₂/NO_x ratios than other diesel taxies and consequently trigger a concern of possibly adverse impacts on ozone pollution in urban areas with this technology combination. A clear and similar pattern for fuel consumption and for each of the three gaseous pollutant emissions with various road conditions was identified. To save energy and mitigate CO₂ emissions as well as other gaseous pollutant emissions in urban area, traffic planning also needs improvement.