猪粪好氧堆肥实验研究

<正>由于禽畜粪便处理过程中起作用微生物对氧气要求的不同,可将堆肥分为好氧堆肥和厌氧堆肥两种。通风条件下使用好氧性微生物的叫做"好氧堆肥"。温度是好氧堆肥基本而又重要的性质,整个堆肥过程会经历升温、高温、降温、腐熟四个阶段。堆肥初期,随着微生物降解堆料中的有机物并释放出大量的热量,会使堆体温度上升;高温阶段,微生物不断消耗堆肥中的营养物质和其它水溶性组分,不断生长和繁殖,持续放出大量的热量,因而高温阶段会持续一段较     

壬基酚和双酚A高效降解菌菌剂添加对污泥堆肥过程的影响

为探究降解菌对堆体内壬基酚(Nonylphenol,NP)和双酚A(Bisphenol A,BPA)的降解效率,以实验室前期筛选的高效降解菌N-1,B-1为菌剂,接种量为2%,向NP,BPA初始质量浓度分别为3. 59,3. 98mg/kg的污泥物料中添加不同剂量(15 mg/kg和30 mg/kg)的NP和BPA,在0. 5 L反应器内进行好氧堆肥试验。结果显示,堆肥7 d,堆体温度及p H值达到最大。与对照组(未添加菌剂)相比,添加N-1菌剂分别使堆体最高温度升高4. 6℃,2. 5℃;添加B-1菌剂分别使堆体温度升高2. 0℃,3. 4℃。与对照处理相比,添加N-1和B-1菌剂可显著提高NP和BPA在堆肥初期的降解速率,缩短其在堆肥中的半衰期,N-1,B-1菌剂可高效降解堆肥前期的NP和BPA。堆肥结束后,堆体中NP和BPA去除率高达95%。     

垃圾填埋沼气回收利用系统火灾爆炸危险度综合评估模型的建立及评价

1前言 垃圾填埋场中的生活垃圾中含有大量的有机物,它们大多数可以被微生物厌氧消化、降解,产生大量的垃圾填埋沼气体.其主要成分为CH4和CO2,以及其他一些微量成分如N2、H2S、H2和挥发性有机气体等.据计算,每吨含200kg有机物的垃圾,能产生100m3的沼气.若不采取适当的收集系统对填埋场释放气体进行收集,则释放气体会在填埋场累积,并向场外扩散,对周边设施和人员造成危害.这些危害中最突出、最具危险性的是沼气爆炸事故和火灾.     

垃圾填埋沼气回收利用系统火灾爆炸危险度综合评估模型及其评价

垃圾填埋场中的生活垃圾中含有大量的有机物,它们大多数可以被微生物厌氧消化、降解,产生大量的垃圾填埋沼气体.其主要成分为CH4和C02,以及其他一些微量成分如N2、H2S、H2和挥发性有机气体等.据计算,每吨含200公斤有机物的垃圾,能产生100立方米的沼气.若不采取适当的收集系统对填埋场释放气体进行收集,则释放气体会在填埋场累积,并向场外扩散,对周边设施和人员造成危害.这些危害中最突出、最具危险性的是沼气爆炸事故和火灾.     

热重-质谱联用研究城市生活垃圾热解特性

采用热重-质谱(TG-MS)联用技术研究城市生活垃圾的热解特性以及Ca O的添加对垃圾热解过程和挥发分析出特性的影响。结果表明,城市生活垃圾在热解过程于低温区(240~385℃)的失重主要是由于垃圾样品中纤维素和半纤维素的分解以及部分塑料的低温分解,而发生在385~500℃间的第二失重峰主要是由于塑料和木质素组分的分解。添加Ca O有利于城市生活垃圾在低温区域的热解,并且能减少焦油组分的逸出,减弱CO2气体的逸出强度,促进CH4和CO气体的释放,但对C2H6气体的释放影响较小。     

好氧堆肥反应器设计及实验研究

设计了具有气液固三相收集功能的强制通风自动搅拌好氧堆肥反应器,并对其进行了好氧堆肥性能试验,通过监测温度、p H、含水率、COD、BOD_5、重金属(Cu)、种子发芽率、热值等指标来判定堆肥效果。实验结果表明,反应器使堆肥周期大大缩短,COD、BOD_5及生物毒性降低明显,45 d后堆体基本腐熟且稳定,堆体减量30%,堆肥效果良好。独有的"耙形"搅拌有利于减少物料温度、湿度和氧气浓度的差异,加快了反应进程。底部二级过滤系统有利于改善渗滤液质量,方便渗滤液的收集及回灌。该反应器可为小型禽畜粪便堆肥反应器的研发和推广提供参考。     

乐平树皮煤升温氧化过程中气体解析规律研究

为了防止煤炭自燃.深入了解煤在升温氧化过程中气体的解析规律,利用煤升温氧化系统对乐平树皮煤进行了升温氧化实验研究.结果表明,树皮煤在升温氧化过程中,不同气体的初析温度tm和解析速率各不相同,CO、CO2,CH4、C2H6、C2H4、C3H8、C3H6、i-C4H10和n-C4H10 9种C1～C4气体的tm依次为70℃、20℃、20℃、20℃、100℃、20℃、130℃、100℃和70℃.20～210℃为煤的缓慢氧化阶段,从树皮煤中依次缓慢解析出吸附态的气体CO2、CH4、C2H6、C3H8和CO等;210～290℃为煤的快速氧化阶段,从煤中解析出较大量的9种C1～C4气体产物,气体的浓度以指数速率增加;290～400℃为煤的急速氧化阶段,9种C1～C4气体的浓度以直线关系急剧增加.不同类型的煤在不同的氧化阶段具有不同的氧化特征,可选择不同的气体作为预测煤自燃特性的标志气体.     

贫氧环境对煤低温氧化特性影响研究

浅埋藏煤层开采过程中,由于地表裂隙导致的漏风,使其经常处于变化的氧浓度场中。针对这一实际情况,利用煤氧化动力学测定系统,对煤样在21%,18%,14%,10.5%,5%,3%氧浓度下,进行程序升温试验。测得了不同温度下指标气CO,C2H4,C2H6,C3H8浓度,并分析了其随温度变化规律,测量并计算了不同氧浓度下交叉点温度以及升温速率;对氧浓度大小影响指标气产量和其随温度变化幅度原因,以及温度特征影响效果进行必要的机理分析。结果表明:不同氧浓度下指标气CO,C2H4,C2H6在70 ℃左右有明显产量变化,分别在120 ℃,125 ℃,120 ℃处开始大量释放,C3H8则在温度达到125 ℃左右开始大量释放;120 ℃前,各氧浓度下煤样温度按相同规律变化,120 ℃后,氧浓度越大则对应的升温速率越大,温度也越高;氧浓度不同影响了煤中脂肪烃侧链氧化产生-OH的过程,继而造成指标气产量与温度变化差异。     

垃圾填埋沼气回收利用系统火灾爆炸危险度综合评估模型及其评价

垃圾填埋场中的生活垃圾中含有大量的有机物,它们大多数可以被微生物厌氧消化、降解,产生大量的垃圾填埋沼气体。其主要成分为CH_4和CO_2,以及其他一些微量成分如N_2、H_2S、H_2和挥发性有机气体等。据计算,每吨含200公斤有机物的垃圾,能产生100立方米的沼气。若不采取适当的收集系统对填埋场释放气体进行收集,则释放气体会在填埋场累积,并向场外扩散,对周边设施和人员造成危害。这些危害中最突出、最具危险性的是沼气爆炸事故和火灾。 填埋释放气体由大量CH_4和CO_2组成,其中CH_4在空气中的浓度达到爆炸下限(5％～15％),容易引起爆炸。目前,我国许多城市都发生过垃圾填埋场气体爆炸事故:     

菌渣、鸡粪联合堆肥工艺研究

对以菌渣、鸡粪为主要原料的静态条垛式好氧堆肥工艺进行了研究.结果表明在1次发酵过程中,温度维持在55 ℃以上的时间均超过7 d.堆肥结束时,堆体温度恢复到略高于室温水平,含水率下降15%左右,pH值为7.8左右,总氮含量损失了13.8%～15%,并且主要发生在1次发酵阶段.本文通过对各参数的测定和分析发现,菌渣和鸡粪通过添加酵素菌进行30 d左右好氧发酵,即可获得高质量的堆肥产品,对堆肥工程有指导作用.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失，提高滑坡预测的准确性，通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据，在获得多组模拟实验数据后，分析各变量的特性。首先，通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process，AHP)算法，对滑坡进行危险度划分；然后，通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine，SVM)建立模型，遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数，提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据，通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好，实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合，与单一SVM相比，精度更高，结果更好，更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

一起有机过氧化物爆炸事故的调查和分析

阐述一起重大爆炸伤亡事故的现场调查和原因分析，介绍如何通过人证物证材料，用鱼刺图法找出可能引起事故的诸原因，逐项加以分析，将与人证或物证材料相矛盾的原因子以排除，最后剩下无法排除亦即能与人证物证相符的那个原因，就是事故的真正原因。笔者是这起事故调查专家组组长，取证和数据可靠。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.