城市人居环境的协调发展度研究——以上海市青浦区为例

城市人居环境的可持续发展体系是一个由人口、社会、资源、环境与经济5个子系统构成的开放巨系统。通过提出综合衡量系统“协调性”和“发展水平”的“协调发展度”模型,研究人居环境复合系统内5个子系统之间协调发展度情况。并运用灰色预测理论构建GM(1,N)动态模型,预测未来几年各子系统之间协调发展的状况。     

青浦区城市化中人居环境的协调发展研究

青浦区人居环境的可持续发展体系是一个由人口、社会、资源、环境与经济5个子系统构成的开放巨系统。文章通过提出综合衡量系统“协调性”和“发展水平”的“协调发展度”模型，研究青浦区在城市化中人居环境复合系统内5个子系统之间协调发展度情况。并运用回归模型，探讨协调发展度与城市化发展水平之间的内在联系，提出城市化进程必须与其人居环境的可持续发展相适应。     

流域复合系统协调度预警研究:以河南省淮河流域为例

流域是由社会、经济、水资源和水环境4个子系统组成的复合生态系统,其协调发展关系到流域未来的长远发展,因此是流域需要重点关注的问题。淮河流域作为河南省四大流域中最大的水系,其协调发展受到多方面因素的约束,文章以此为例进行协调度预警研究具有一定的代表性和现实意义。首先建立流域复合系统协调度预警模型,通过从社会子系统、经济子系统、资源子系统和环境子系统4个指标类别构建流域复合系统协调发展预警指标体系,采用BP神经网络模型,对流域内9的地市和流域整体共10个地区未来10年的协调度进行预测,并根据预警等级划分标准得到对预测结果进行预警。其次从时间和空间尺度分析协调度预警结果,结果表明:流域未来10年整体发展状况始终保持良好,但流域内各地市协调发展状况参差不齐,应特别重视开封、周口和商丘地区协调发展状况,及时采取有效措施进行调整和引导。     

经济复合系统可持续发展演进研究（Ⅰ）

地区可持续发展评价问题需要综合考虑社会、经济、环境、科教等各方面因素。本文采用投影寻踪模型,得出综合反映多因素之间复杂关系的样本的投影值。然后构建地区社会经济复合系统各组成子系统（社会子系统、经济子系统、环境子系统、科技教育子系统）之间协调发展的协调度模型,以投影值为中间变量,测度并评价各系统之间的协调性。     

经济复合系统可持续发展演进研究(Ⅱ)

以大连市为例,采用投影寻踪模型,得出综合反映多因素之间复杂关系的样本的投影值.然后构建大连地区SEET复合系统各组成子系统(社会子系统、经济子系统、环境子系统、科技教育子系统)之间协调发展的协调度模型,以投影值为中间变量,测度并评价大连1993-2005年系统之间的协调性.结果表明,大连自2003年以来,SEET复合系统的协调度呈动态上升的趋势,但各子系统之间的协调性还较差.     

成渝地区双城经济圈人口-经济-环境系统协调发展时空演化

人口、经济和环境协调发展是成渝地区双城经济圈协调发展及高质量发展的重要途径和关键点.本研究基于成渝地区双城经济圈36个市（区、县）面板数据,构建了人口-经济-环境系统协调发展指标体系,利用综合指标评价法、耦合模型、耦合协调模型等测算了2010—2019年成渝地区双城经济圈人口-经济-环境复合系统综合发展水平、耦合度及耦合协调度,据此分析研究时段内三元系统耦合协调的时空演变特征及规律,并对子系统发展差异性进行初探.结果表明：整体上,成渝地区双城经济圈耦合协调度和经济、环境子系统发展水平呈不断升高趋势;时序上各市（区、县）人口-经济-环境耦合协调发展关系呈良性向上发展趋势;空间上呈现“两核突出、中部塌陷,外围高于内部”的分布格局和“外围包围中部、由西向东推进”演变特征;研究时段内成渝地区双城经济圈各市（区、县）子系统滞后问题得到极大改善,呈“无序-有序、同步滞后-局部滞后”发展演变趋势和“U”型发展空间格局,但发展过程中人口子系统依旧存在较严重滞后问题.     

珠江三角洲城市人居环境测评与分析

基于人居环境系统理论,运用层次分析法构建了一个包含四个一级子系统、九个二级子系统和三十六个基层指标的珠三角城市人居环境评价指标体系.选取1997年、2000年和2002年三个时间断面对珠三角城市人居环境进行测算.结果表明,珠三角城市人居环境系统工业化中期阶段特征明显,人居环境建设开始进入软环境主导时代,但发展的协调性和稳定性明显较差.同时人居环境的改善还面临着区域产业整合带来的严峻挑战.     

福建省经济－资源－环境系统协调发展的演化分析研究

借助协调度理论,运用熵值法、回归分析法、模糊数学隶属度函数构建福建省ERE系统协调发展评价体系,采用数理统计方法和模型,从时间序列的角度对福建省14年来经济、资源、环境协调发展现状进行定量衡量并探讨系统间的发展机制。研究结果表明：①2000年－2013年经济、环境子系统发展迅速,发展水平高,资源子系统的发展滞后于经济、环境子系统,呈现不稳定的波动增长态势;②福建省ERE系统协调度发展是一个内部子系统协同交互、螺旋升降的自组织动态演化过程;③资源系统对经济系统的响应和反馈非常明显,资源掣肘成为制约福建省发展的主要因素,因此,提高资源系统发展水平,提高经济发展的质量是今后福建省发展的关键。     

城市人居环境宜居性评价研究——以临沂市为例

论文首先建立了城市人居环境宜居性评价指标体系,体系包括自然环境和社会经济环境两个子系统,继而下面又分了8个评价因子和38个评价指标。另外根据目前我国的环境质量标准和有关文明城市、生态园林城市建设标准以及相关文献等对指标体系进行了等级划分,即分为5个等级,并制定了评判标准。同时引入BP神经网络模型,以临沂市为例,采用1998～2006年间数据来进行实证研究。该模型可为量化城市人居环境质量之间的差距作参考。     

提升人居环境系统的气候适应性:适应途径与协同策略

人居环境系统是由人类居住区及其周边环境组成的"社会—生态复合系统"。气候变化对人居环境的影响主要体现在经济体系、基础设施和人体健康三个领域。本文提出将适应气候变化理念引入人居环境科学,将人居环境视为一个复杂适应系统。首先,分析了气候变化给人居环境系统带来的新风险,如复合型风险、关键风险、突现风险、系统性风险等。其次,将人居环境系统区分为:建筑基础设施、生命线基础设施、生态基础设施、社会基础设施四个子系统,分别论述各子系统提升气候适应性的具体途径。最后,基于系统治理理念,从城乡协同、试点建设协同、多主体协同等不同视角,提出人居环境的协同适应策略。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.