江苏省泰县河横村生态农业建设的研究 Ⅴ.鸡粪喂猪的效果和效益分析的研究

本文根据江苏省泰县河横村生态农场猪场和南京市江宁县古泉生态工程实验场猪场进行的鸡粪喂猪实验,探讨了鸡粪喂猪对猪生长的影响及效果。测定了猪的采食量、增重量、猪肉的氨基酸含量,分析了各级猪的经济效益。结果表明,在饲料营养水平较低的情况下,饲料中添加适量的肉鸡粪便可以促进猪的生长,且不影响猪肉的营养品质。无论在饲料的营养水平较高或较低的情况下,都以添加30％鸡粪组的经济效益为最好。     

纳米复方中草药添加剂对鸡生长性能、肉品质及抗病能力的影响

为探究纳米复方中草药饲料添加剂对鸡生长性能、肉品质及抗病能力的影响,利用湖南环境生物职业技术学院研发的纳米复方中草药饲料添加剂饲喂鸡,其中试验组120只,对照组(CK)120只.分别记录并检测试验组及CK的生长性能指标(增重、料肉比、屠宰指数)、肉品质指标(pH值、肉色、滴水损失、剪切力)和抗病能力指标(发病率和死亡率).结果表明,饲料中添加纳米复方中草药饲料添加剂可以提高鸡的生长性能,改善鸡的肉品质并提高抗病能力.     

糖萜素对早期断奶仔猪血液生化指标及免疫机能的影响研究

本试验研究了添加糖萜素对早期断奶仔猪血液生化指标及免疫机能的影响．选用21日龄左右健康无病、体重基本一致的杜长大猪进行饲喂试验，随机分为5组，每组3个重复，每重复8头猪，自由采食和自由饮水．试验设计为：第Ⅰ组为对照组，第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组在每公斤基础日粮中分别加入250rag、500rag糖萜素，第Ⅳ、Ⅴ组在每公斤基础日粮中分别加入250mg糖萜素＋4mg黄霉素、4mg黄霉素，结果表明：①糖萜素与黄霉素单用及联用均能提高仔猪血清中’IP、GLO和G／A的值。而以第Ⅲ组的效果最好．②糖萜素与黄霉素单用及联用均能显著提高血清IgA（P〈0．01），与对照组相比分别提高43．21%、104．89％、73．21％、27．74％，IgG（P〈0．05）而对IgM无显著影响（P〉0．05），CD3均有一定程度的提高（P〉0．05）．③血清中BUN试验组比对照组分别提高2．67％、2．96％、2．8l％、2．52％，各试验组间差异不显著（P〉0．05），对血清中GLU影响不大．④血清中GOT、GPT、ALK（均有所提高，但差异不显著（P〉0．05），而LDH活性与对照组相比分别下降2．7l％、4．02％、2．96％、1．65％，糖萜素与黄霉素的联合应用表现一定的协同作用，但效果不显著．     

萱草活性成分黄酮干对糖尿病大鼠抗动脉粥样硬化活性的研究

研究萱草活性成份黄酮干对糖尿病大鼠血糖、血脂、血浆脂蛋白脂质过氧化的影响.方法取20只雄性大鼠(Ⅱ型糖尿病模型),随机分为2组:对照组喂普通饲料,实验组喂添加10 g/kg黄酮干的饲料20周,观察血液生化指标的变化.血液生化指标采用试剂盒测定,血浆脂蛋白采用序列超速离心分离法分离.结果喂饲萱草活性成份黄酮干的糖尿病大鼠血糖为(10.3±0.7)mmol/L,动脉粥样硬化指数为0.38±0.12,血浆过氧化脂质水平为(13.7±0.2)mmol/L;丙二醛(MDA)水平为(7.45±1.26)(nmol/mgHb),超氧化歧化酶(SOD)活性为(153.47±37.91)(活力单位/m l);未喂饲黄酮干的对照组糖尿病大鼠上述指标分别为(13.5±1.6)mmol/L、0.54±0.24和(20.1±2.8)mmol/L,(13.01±0.74)(nmol/mgHb),和(210.98±40.11)(活力单位/m l),差异有显著性.结论萱草活性成份黄酮干具有明显的降低血糖、改善动脉粥样硬化指数、抑制脂质过氧化的作用.表4,参5.     

大豆肽对湘黄鸡生产性能和肉品质的影响

为研究大豆肽对湘黄鸡生产性能、肉品质和经济效益的影响,试验选择1日龄湘黄鸡240只,随机分为4个处理,分别饲喂A组(对照组,不添加大豆肽)、B组(大豆肽:0.4%)、C组(大豆肽:0.8%)、D组(大豆肽:1.2%)饲料,实验期为42 d.结果表明,添加大豆肽可以提高湘黄鸡的日增重,降低料肉比,其中B组和C组增重较佳,育雏结束时,平均体重分别为350.06 g和349.00 g,显著高于A组和D组,料肉比C组最低,为2.49,显著低于A组和D组;添加大豆肽可以提高湘黄鸡的屠宰率、全净膛率和胸肌率,其中C组和D组较高,显著高于A组和B组;添加大豆肽可降低胸肌肌肉的滴水损失,滴水损失为C组B组D组A组;添加适量的大豆肽可提高湘黄鸡育雏期的经济效益,其中B组利润最高,为5.62元/只.综合生产性性、肉品质和经济效益,本试验条件下大豆肽的适宜添加量为0.4%.表5,参14.     

功能性低聚糖在饲料添加剂中的应用

低聚糖或称寡糖是由2-10个单糖分子通过糖苷键连接组成的小聚合体。作为一种新型的功能性饲料添加剂,在动物体内可促进消化道有益菌的生长,抑制有害病原菌的繁殖,提高动物机体免疫力。多数试验研究表明,饲料中添加适量低聚糖,能在较大程度上替代抗生素而改善动物健康,增强抗病力,提高家禽及幼龄动物成活率,提高动物的生长增重和饲料转化率。     

铅、镉联合暴露对公鸡生长早期生殖发育的影响

为研究铅、镉联合暴露对公鸡生长早期的生殖毒性,150只1日龄雄性AA(爱拨益加)肉鸡被随机分成5组:C、T1、T2、T3和T4,每组6个重复,每重复5只,分别饲喂基础日粮及基础上添加10 mg·kg-1铅+2 mg·kg-1镉、10 mg·kg-1铅+50mg·kg-1镉、100 mg·kg-1铅+2 mg·kg-1镉...     

丹参川芎嗪联合黄芪注射液治疗稳定型心绞痛的临床疗效观察

评价丹参川芎嗪注射液与黄芪注射液合用治疗稳定型心绞痛的临床疗效．将64例稳定型心绞痛患者随机分为两组,治疗组32例用丹参川芎嗪注射液与黄芪注射液各20ml加入5％葡萄糖250mL中静脉输注,每日1次,14d1疗程,用药1疗程;对照组32例用黄芪注射液20ml加入5％葡萄糖250mL中静脉输注,每日1次,14d1疗程,用药1疗程．观察两组临床症状、心电图、血脂等指标．治疗组临床总有效率为93．7％,心电图总有效率为71．9％;对照组分别为53．1％和46．9％,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0．05）．治疗组治疗后血液流变学指标显著降低（P〈0．01）．丹参川芎嗪注射液与黄芪注射液联合治疗稳定型心绞痛疗效确切．表3,表8．     

氟中毒家蚕过氧化氢酶活性的变化

运用在人工饲料中定量添加氟化物的方法，探讨了氟对家蚕血液过氧化氢酶活性的影响。结果表明：氟能引起家蚕血液过氧化氢酶活性的显著增强，并随添氟浓度的增加而增强，间隙添氟、停止添氟不能减轻这种诱导作用，添食石灰能减轻氟对血液过氧化氢酶活性的影响。     

调节细胞通透性促进天蓝色链霉菌蓝色素生物合成

在天蓝色链霉菌分批发酵中，36h时一次加入20mg/L的青霉素，色素浓度和分泌率分别提高了26．2％和39．2％；与一次性添加青霉素相比，分多次添加可使色素浓度再提高9％，但分泌率没有明显变化。DMSO浓度为6g/L时，色素浓工和分泌率较对照分别提高了20．5％和50％；2－50g/L的DMSO对菌体生长没有影响。36h时lg/L的吐温80，色素浓度和分泌率分别提高了16．9％和37．5％，60h时加入0.2g/L浓度的SDS，色素浓度较对照基本相当，但分泌率却提高了16．1％。图4表1参7     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.