混凝-PAC-超滤膜工艺处理微污染原水的试验研究

混凝、粉末活性炭(PAC)与超滤膜联用对微污染原水中的浊度、有机物等有很高的去除率.经过550 min的连续运行后,其组合工艺的出水浊度仍稳定在0.350 NTU,对UV254和TOC的去除率稳定在60%和40%.通过对膜过滤特性的研究可知,组合工艺中超滤膜过滤性能经过短暂的快速下降阶段后一直处于较稳定状态.膜污染由小分子有机物引起.     

生物接触氧化预处理对强化后续常规工艺的试验研究

研究了生物接触氧化预处理对后续常规处理工艺(混凝、沉淀和砂滤)除污染作用的强化效果.试验结果表明生物接触预处理的后续沉淀池和砂滤池均有较好的除污染效果;常规处理工艺对CODMn、TOC(总有机碳)、UV254(254nm紫外吸收)和氨氮的平均去除率分别为33.63%、32.17%、33.66%和79.41%;当原水氨氮不超过5mg/L,可以控制最终出水的氨氮浓度在0.5mg/L以下;砂滤池的出水浊度平均值小于1NTU,适当的含氯水反冲洗对砂滤池的除污染效果没有明显的影响.生物接触预处理出水的溶解氧一般在5.46～8.0mg/L,可以保证后续工艺中微生物的正常生命代谢活动需要.     

沸石粉助凝对PAC混凝过程的影响研究

为高效去除饮用水中腐殖酸,研究以腐殖酸配水为研究对象,聚合氯化铝(PAC)为絮凝剂,沸石粉为助凝剂,着重考察了PAC与沸石粉单独及两者联合使用时对腐殖酸溶液的去除效能,结果表明:PAC可有效降低腐殖酸的浓度,在1 L水样中,当PAC投量为110 mg/L时,腐殖酸去除率达到89.13%,出水浊度为0.176NTU;对于PAC混凝而言,沸石粉的投加起到吸附、助凝、助沉、除浊的混凝效果,当沸石粉投量为5 mg/L,PAC投量降至40 mg/L时,出水浊度由1.75 NTU降至0.333 NTU,腐殖酸去除率由26.16%提高至84.38%,沸石粉通过助凝作用,可以显著地改善PAC混凝对腐殖酸的去除效能,同时亦可有效减少PAC的投加量。     

强化混凝去除微污染湖泊水浊度及TOC的研究

通过烧杯混凝试验和动态连续混凝试验,就混凝剂种类、投药量、pH值、水温等因素,研究强化混凝对水中浊度和TOC去除效果的影响。试验结果表明:PAC最佳投量为30mg/L,浊度去除率为90.19%,TOC去除率为38.2%,水温高于20℃时,聚合氯化铝对浊度和TOC去除率分别高达84.95%、33.18%以上。虽然pH值是影响有机物去除的主要参数,动态连续混凝试验表明,不改变pH值,强化混凝工艺依然能极大地改善出水水质,滤后水质浊度为0.1NTU,TOC为6.23mg/L。     

臭氧对陶瓷膜超滤-生物活性炭组合工艺效果的影响

利用处理量为3L/d的臭氧陶瓷膜-生物活性炭(BAC)(工艺Ⅰ)和陶瓷膜-BAC(工艺Ⅱ)2种组合工艺处理受污染的原水,研究了工艺对原水中浊度、氨氮和有机物的去除效果,同时考察了臭氧对膜通量和BAC的影响.结果表明,未投加臭氧和2.0mg/L臭氧投加量下,两种组合工艺可去除原水中96%以上的浊度.组合工艺均可去除原水中1.0~2.0mg/L的氨氮.提高溶解氧浓度至30mg/L可强化氨氮的去除能力,两种组合工艺可至少彻底去除5.5mg/L的氨氮.投加2mg/L臭氧后,工艺Ⅰ可去除原水中48.3%的总有机碳(TOC)和51.8%的UV254.工艺Ⅱ对TOC和UV254的平均去除率分别为51.1%和48.2%.臭氧对浊度的去除无影响,但臭氧可改变部分有机物的结构,减轻膜的有机物污染.与未投加臭氧的工艺Ⅱ相比,投加臭氧使工艺Ⅰ中的膜通量提高了25%~30%.但残留臭氧可能影响后续BAC中的微生物,对BAC去除氨氮和有机物的能力产生不利影响.     

磁性离子交换树脂对原水中有机物去除效能的研究

采用磁性离子交换树脂(MIEX)预处理原水中有机物的中试试验结果表明,MIEX技术可有效地去除原水中的有机物,对UV254,DOC和CODMn的去除率分别稳定在82%、66%和50%,MIEX预处理可以有效强化混凝沉淀对有机物、藻细胞和浊度的去除.与常规工艺相比,在混凝剂聚合氯化铝投加量降低56%时,该工艺对UV254和CODMn的去除率分别为90%和71%,对藻细胞数和浊度的去除率分别为99%和95%.对溶解性有机物分级和分子量分布的测定表明,MIEX预处理主要去除混凝沉淀无法有效去除的小分子区间的亲水性和疏水性有机物,可以有效控制消毒副产物的产生,MIEX预处理与混凝沉淀联用工艺出水的三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP)和卤乙酸生成势(HAAFP)比原水降低了88%和87%.     

混凝沉淀法处理蓝晶石矿选矿废水的实验研究

以硫酸铝、三氯化铁和聚合硫酸铁三种混凝剂对某蓝晶石矿选矿废水进行处理实验研究.实验结果表明,硫酸铝为较佳混凝剂,最佳用量为40mg/L;最佳混凝pH值为8.4,即原水的pH值;40 mg/L的硫酸铝投入原水后,按照正交实验确定的混凝水力条件和沉降时间,可使出水浊度从91.2NTU降至1.32NTU;而在40mg/L的硫...     

JMS-CCDAF-NF工艺去除水中腐殖酸的研究

试验研究了JMS-逆流气浮-纳滤集成工艺去除水中腐殖酸的工艺特征和效果。试验结果表明:JMS-逆流气浮工艺去除水中腐殖酸时,在最佳投药点(PACl),出水水质符合纳滤系统预处理单元的要求。该预处理系统与纳滤系统组合的集成工艺可以使水中的腐殖酸有机物浓度大大降低,且含TQ56-36FC型纳滤膜的流程比含M-N1812A型纳滤膜的流程效果好。前者出水的TOC值可达0.28￣0.70mg/L。后者出水的TOC值在0.59￣1.30mg/L。另外,尽管保安过滤/活性炭预处理有利于纳滤膜出水水质的提高,但活性炭柱与纳滤膜能去除的有机物种类是有些重合。     

高藻期太湖水处理工艺的研究

研究了混凝、超滤、臭氧、活性炭等工艺对高藻期太湖水的处理效果,结果表明:当进水浊度波动较大时,混凝超滤最终出水浊度平均为0.02 NTU,大大低于<生活饮用水卫生标准>(GB5749-2006)的上限值3.混凝-超滤-臭氧-活性炭组合工艺对CODMn的平均去除率达到90.5%,原水水质降至平均值1.16 mg/L,达到了<生活饮用水卫生标准>(GB5749-2006)的要求.该组合工艺对UV254的总去除率平均值为94.3%,去除效果明显,最终出水嗅阈值平均值为2,低于管道直饮水水质标准(Q/ZLS001-1998)的上限标准3.组合工艺出水未检测到藻类,保证了水质的生物稳定性.该组合工艺能充分发挥各自的作用,提高处理效果,保障饮用水的安全.     

硅藻土强化混凝去除铜绿微囊藻的影响因素研究

以原水中常见的铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,研究了联合硅藻土与聚合氯化铝(PAC)强化混凝去除铜绿微囊藻的效果.考察了PAC和硅藻土的投加量、溶液pH值、天然有机物腐植酸(HA)对藻和浊度去除的影响,并用zeta电位分析方法对混凝剂的静电中和能力进行表征.结果表明:硅藻土具有良好的助凝作用,投加其有助于改善絮体的沉降性能,提高铜绿微囊藻的混凝去除效果,PAC为6mg/L,pH值为7~8,硅藻土投加量为30mg/L时,叶绿素a(Chl-a)去除率可达96%,剩余浊度低于0.9NTU. HA存在会明显抑制铜绿微囊藻的混凝去除,当HA浓度大于1.0mg/L时, Chl-a去除率大幅度下降同时剩余浊度明显上升,硅藻土的投加可以在一定程度上缓解负面作用.     

Degradation and detoxification of microcystin-LR in drinking water by sequential use of UV and ozone

Microcystins (MCs) produced by cyanobacteria are strong hepatotoxins and classified as possible carcinogens.MCs pose a considerable threat to human health through tainted drinking and surface waters.Herein filtrated water from a waterworks in Harbin,China,was spiked with microcystin-LR (MC-LR) extracted from a toxic scum of microcystis aeruginosa,and the spiked sample waters were treated using UV irradiation with consequent ozonation process (UV/O3),compared with ozonation at a dose range commonly applied in water treatment plants,UV irradiation at 254 nm and UV irradiation combined with ozonation (UV+O3),respectively.The remaining of toxins were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography and also determined using a protein phosphatase type 2A inhibition assay,which was utilized to evaluate the reduction in toxicity.Results indicated that in comparison to other three processes (O3,UV,and UV+O3),UV/O 3 process could effectively decrease both the concentration and toxicity of MC-LR at 100 μg/L level after 5 min UV irradiation with consequent 5 min ozonation at 0.2 mg/L (below 1 μg/L),while 0.5 mg/L ozone dose was required for the level below 0.1 μg/L.The addition of an UV treatment step to the existing treatment train may induce significant transformation of micropollutants and breaks down the natural organic matters into moieties unfavorable for ozone decomposition,stabilizing the ozone residual.These findings suggested that sequential use of UV and ozone may be a suitable method for the removal of these potentially hazardous microcystins from drinking water.     

Characterization of dissolved organic matter in urban sewage using excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis

Wastewater dissolved organic matter (DOM) from different processing stages of a sewage treatment plant in Xiamen was characterized using fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy. Parallel factor analysis modeling of excitation-emission matrix spectra revealed five fluorescent components occurring in sewage DOM: one protein-like (C1), three humic-like (C2, C4 and C5) and one xenobiotic-like (C3) components. During the aerated grit chamber and primary sedimentation tank stage, there was only a slight decrease in fluorescence intensity and the absorption coefficient at 350 nm (a350). During the second aeration stage, high concentration of protein-like and short-wavelength-excited humic-like components were significantly degraded accompanied by significant loss of DOC (80%) and a350 (30%), indicating that C1 and C2 were the dominant constituents of sewage DOM. As a result, long-wavelengthexcited C4 and C5 became the dominant humic-like components and the DOM molecular size inferred from the variation of spectral slope S (300–650 nm) and specific absorption (a280/DOC) increased. Combination use of Fmax of C1 and the ratio of C1/C5, or a350 may provide a quantitative indication for the relative amount of raw or treated sewage in aquatic environment.     

Effects of advanced oxidation pretreatment on residual aluminum control in high humic acid water purification

Due to the formation of disinfection by-products and high concentrations of Al residue in drinking water purification, humic substances are a major component of organic matter in natural waters and have therefore received a great deal of attention in recent years. We investigated the effects of advanced oxidation pretreatment methods usually applied for removing dissolved organic matters on residual Al control. Results showed that the presence of humic acid increased residual Al concentration notably. With 15 mg/L of humic acid in raw water, the concentrations of soluble aluminum and total aluminum in the treated water were close to the quantity of Al addition. After increasing coagulant dosage from 12 to 120 mg/L, the total-Al in the treated water was controlled to below 0.2 mg/L. Purification systems with ozonation, chlorination, or potassium permanganate oxidation pretreatment units had little effects on residual Al control; while UV radiation decreased Al concentration notably. Combined with ozonation, the effects of UV radiation were enhanced. Optimal dosages were 0.5 mg O3/mg C and 3 hr for raw water with 15 mg/L of humic acid. Under UV light radiation, the combined forces or bonds that existed among humic acid molecules were destroyed; adsorption sites increased positively with radiation time, which promoted adsorption of humic acid onto polymeric aluminum and Al(OH)3(s). This work provides a new solution for humic acid coagulation and residual Al control for raw water with humic acid purification.     

预臭氧与后臭氧-生物活性炭联用工艺研究

利用静态批量和动态连续试验初步研究了预臭氧及预臭氧与后臭氧-BAC组合工艺对南方某含溴离子水库水的处理效果和相应的处理条件.静态实验结果表明,预臭氧反应量在0.5～1.0mg/L范围内,在有效去除消毒副产物(DBPFP,主要包括THMFP和HAAFP)的同时,臭氧副产物溴酸可以控制在10μg/L以下,而继续增加臭氧反应量则会导致DBPFP的增加.当水中溴离子浓度达到96μg/L时,使用臭氧必须采取溴酸控制措施.连续动态实验结果表明,预臭氧与臭氧-生物活性炭组合工艺对于2μm以上颗粒物、COD_Mn、TOC等的去除均有明显的效果,可以进一步抑制DBPs的形成.     

紫外光在臭氧降解不同有机物过程中的协同作用

利用O3／UV分别对与臭氧有不同反应活性的对氯苯酚、硝基苯、乙酸和草酸进行了降解试验,结果表明,UV与臭氧化降解的协同作用与目标有机物本身的性质有很大关系,在本实验条件下,UV与臭氧的联用反而降低了对氯苯酚的臭氧化降解效率,30min后体系的TOC去除率仅有59％,而单独臭氧化TOC的去除率达到了66％;对硝基苯和草酸而言,UV均明显地提高了臭氧的降解效率,40min时两者TOC的去除率分别为44％和90％,比单独臭氧化处理分别高出了6％和33％;但是,O3／UV对乙酸几乎无降解活性．在这4种有机物的单独臭氧化降解过程中,除对氯苯酚外,水中均可检测到溶解臭氧．以上的实验结果表明,目标有机物对紫外光的吸收及单独臭氧化过程水中溶解臭氧的存在是O3／UV降解效率提高的必要条件．除UV对目标有机物的活化作用外,降解过程的中间产物H2O2也是O3／UV降解效率提高的一个重要因素,UV分解溶解臭氧在此过程可能仅起了辅助作用。     

陶瓷膜强化高钙镁油藏聚合物驱采出水处理工艺研究

高钙镁油藏聚合物驱采出水中高浓度的水解型聚丙烯酰胺（HPAM）,易造成常规“隔油-混凝-过滤/气浮”工艺出水水质恶化和滤料堵塞,因此亟须开发高钙镁油藏聚合物驱采出水处理技术与方法。陶瓷膜因其良好的出水水质和抗污染、耐酸碱清洗等优势在油气田废水处理中日益受到重视。基于高钙镁油藏采出水中HPAM浓度高的难题,以提高出水水质和工艺稳定运行为目的,研究了化学絮凝和臭氧氧化+化学絮凝预处理对陶瓷膜出水水质和膜污染的影响。结果表明:HPAM浓度为500 mg/L的模拟采出水经化学絮凝和臭氧氧化+化学絮凝2种预处理工艺,均能有效地减缓陶瓷膜的污染并提高陶瓷膜出水水质,其中臭氧氧化+化学絮凝+陶瓷膜过滤工艺处理后,出水油含量低于10 mg/L,粒径中值<0.8μm,出水水质符合SY/T 5329—2012《碎屑岩油藏注水水质指标及分析方法》油藏地层空气平均渗透率>0.05μm2的要求,说明臭氧氧化+化学絮凝+陶瓷膜工艺处理高聚合物浓度采出水的可行性。     

高锰酸钾预氧化强化处理受污染的水库水

考察了高锰酸钾强化常规工艺处理受污染水库水效能．进行生产性试验对比了投加高锰酸钾前后处理水浊度、颗粒物、CODMn及藻类的去除效果,并对高锰酸钾强化除污染的可能作用机制进行了探讨。结果表明：投加高锰酸钾使得澄清池平均出水浊度由4．490NTU降低至3．995NTU;出厂水平均浊度由0．670NTU降低至0．463NTU;颗粒物去除率由71．72％提高至83．86％;澄清池出水平均CODM。由3．21mg／L降低至2．86mg／L;出厂水平均CODM。由2．99mg／L降低至2．62mg／L;藻类总数去除率由36．49％提高至71．27％．且藻类种属也相应减少。高锰酸钾能有效地强化受污染水库水中不同污染物的去除效能,显著地提高出水水质。     

水中单宁酸对强化混凝除污染的影响研究

研究了水中单宁酸在聚合氯化铝做混凝剂时对常规混凝、高锰酸钾预氧化强化混凝以及预氯化强化混凝的影响。结果表明,常规混凝下单宁酸含量的增加对混凝除浊有一定的效果,随着单宁酸投加量从0增加到5mg／L,滤后水的浊度呈现下降趋势,最低可达0．56NTU,但对于有机物的去除影响不大。高锰酸钾预氧化条件下当单宁酸投量小于2mg／L时,增大单宁酸投量有助于浊度的去除,过多则不利于混凝。预氯化下增加单宁酸投加量有助于浊度的去除,但对出水UV25。影响不大;随着单宁酸投加量从0增加到5mg/L,出水的CODMn鼻隆低白谁如,