Detection of Phaeocystis globosa using sandwich hybridization integrated with nuclease protection assay (NPA-SH)

Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel is one of the common harmful algae species in coastal waters of the southeastern China. In this study, sandwich hybridization integrated with nuclease protection assay (NPA-SH) was used to qualitatively and quantitatively detect P. globosa. Results showed that this method had good applicability and validity in analyzing the samples from laboratory cultures and from fields. The linear regression equation for P. globosa was obtained, and the lowest detection number of cells was 1.8 × 10⁴ cells. Statistics showed that there was no distinct difference between the results of detecting the microalgae by NPA-SH and traditional microscopy. This technique has good reliability, accuracy, and can give a remarkably high sample processing rate. Sandwich hybridization integrated with nuclease protection assay will provide an efficient alternative to microscopic method for monitoring and investigating the bloom of P. globosa.     

Anatomical and physiological divergences and compensatory effects in two Leymus chinensis (Poaceae) ecotypes in Northeast China

The purpose of this study was to investigate the anatomical and physiological differences between two Leymus chinensis ecotypes coexisted in semi-humid meadow and semi-arid steppe. The study addressed the hypothesis that, at same habitat, the two ecotypes exhibit remarkable divergences in adaptive strategies under drought and salinity, and the function of these strategies is compensatory. Leaf samples were collected from each type at the two sites in field. Sections of 2 cm × 2 cm were cut from the middle of fully expanded leaves and fixed in FAA. Leaf anatomical traits (e.g. stomatal density, leaf thickness and vessel diameters) were examined, and leaf mass per area (LMA), relative water content (RWC), proline, K⁺ and Na⁺ were measured. Compared with the gray green type (GG), the yellow green type (YG) with relative greater LMA and leaf thickness, lower stomatal density and index exhibited more obvious xerophil-liked anatomical traits, while higher RWC, proline, K⁺ and K⁺/Na⁺ for the GG type suggested that the ability of osmotic adjustment and salt tolerance of the GG type were stronger than the YG type. Stronger xerophytic anatomical traits were the supplementary strategies of the YG type for its low ability of osmotic adjustment and salt tolerance to drought and salinity.Concluding, there exist significant differences in anatomical and physiological strategies between the two ecotypes and the compensatory effects of these strategies enable the two ecotypes coexist at similar habitat.     

Contrasting responses of seed yield to elevated carbon dioxide under field conditions within Phaseolus vulgaris

The rising concentration of carbon dioxide [CO₂] in the atmosphere represents an increase in a growth-limiting resource for C₃ crop species. Identification of lines or characteristics of lines which have superior yield at elevated [CO₂] could aid in adaptation to this global change. While intraspecific variation in responses to elevated [CO₂] has been found in several species, intraspecific differences in crop yield responses to elevated [CO₂] under field conditions have seldom been documented. In this 4-year study, the responses of photosynthesis, growth, pod number, seed number and size, and seed yield to the elevation of [CO₂] to 180 μmol mol⁻¹ above the current ambient concentration were examined in four varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris in the field, using open-top chambers. There was a significant variety by [CO₂] interaction for seed yield, with seed yield at elevated [CO₂] ranging from 0.89 to 1.39 times that at ambient [CO₂] (mean 1.17×) in the different varieties, when averaged over 4 years. The highest yielding variety at elevated [CO₂] was not the highest yielding variety at ambient [CO₂]. The varieties with the largest and smallest yield responses both had an indeterminate growth habit. Down-regulation of photosynthesis at elevated [CO₂] only occurred in the two indeterminate varieties, and there was no significant correlation between the response of single leaf photosynthetic rate and the response of seed yield to elevated [CO₂] among varieties, nor between the responses of stem mass and seed yield. The change in the number of pods at elevated [CO₂] was the primary determinant of the response of seed yield. These results indicate that significant variation in the response of seed yield to elevated [CO₂] under field conditions does exist among varieties of P. vulgaris, and that variation in the response of pod and seed number may be more important than variation in photosynthetic response.     

基于田块尺度的农田土壤和小麦籽粒镉砷铅污染特征及健康风险评价

以典型镉(Cd)、砷(As)和铅(Pb)复合污染农田为主要研究对象,在田块尺度上(纵向上受周边冶炼厂和污灌河流影响,横向上受道路交通影响)重点调查分析了农田土壤和小麦籽粒中Cd、As和Pb污染特征,并采用化学致癌物和化学非致癌物模型对小麦籽粒Cd、As和Pb含量进行了人体健康风险评价.结果表明,该农田土壤为中度污染水平,土壤Cd、As和Pb含量均有不同程度超标(GB 15618-2018),点位超标率分别为100%、 100%和36.7%;小麦籽粒中Cd和Pb含量超标率分别为76.7%和13.3%,As含量未超过食品安全国家标准(GB 2762-2017).在纵向上距冶炼厂和污灌河流不同距离土壤Cd、As和Pb含量无显著差异,但小麦籽粒中Cd和As含量差异显著,近组Cd和As含量比远组分别高14.9%和41.8%(P0.05).在横向上土壤和小麦籽粒Pb含量主要受道路交通影响,最近组土壤和籽粒Pb含量分别比最远组高78.9%和471%(P0.05).该典型污染农田中小麦籽粒Cd和As对成人和儿童均存在致癌风险(致癌风险值R_i1×10~(-4)),风险值CdAs,儿童成人,小麦籽粒Pb尚未产生健康风险.     

绿狐尾藻对铜绿微囊藻和羊角月牙藻的抑藻效应

分别将不同起始浓度(10~5、10~6、10~7、10~8和10~9ind.·L~(-1))的铜绿微囊藻和羊角月牙藻分组与绿狐尾藻进行共培养,连续10 d,每天测定各组铜绿微囊藻或羊角月牙藻的光密度值,用以确定绿狐尾藻对两种藻类不同浓度的生长抑制情况.结果表明,2. 5 g·(200 m L)~(-1)的绿狐尾藻对起始浓度为10~7ind.·L~(-1)和10~8ind.·L~(-1)的铜绿微囊藻具有明显的抑制作用;而对实验所设的所有起始浓度的羊角月牙藻生长均没有显著的抑制作用.并且,采用溶剂浸提与气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)测定的方法,分析了绿狐尾藻粉末浸提液和绿狐尾藻生长液中可能存在的化感物质,通过分析,确定棕榈酸是绿狐尾藻分泌的化感物质之一,并且发现了3种可能是绿狐尾藻分泌的新型化感物质:3-乙基-3-甲基庚烷、磷酸三乙酯和酞酸二丁酯.     

Impacts of earthworms on soil nutrients and plant growth in soybean and maize agroecosystems

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of earthworms on soil N pools and plant growth in soybean and maize agroecosystems. The species and number of individuals in earthworm communities were manipulated in plot-scale field enclosures (2.4 m × 1.2 m) by first reducing earthworm populations within enclosures with carbaryl pesticide, and then adding earthworm treatments to the enclosures. Soybean was grown in the enclosures in the first year and stover maize in the second year.The success of earthworm manipulations in field enclosures was affected by climate conditions and available food resources. The endogeic earthworm species Aporrectodea caliginosa was dominant in all enclosures, while introduced anecic Lumbricus terrestris earthworms had poor survival. In the first season, when climate conditions were favourable for earthworm survival and growth, there was a significant (P < 0.05) linear increase in soil mineral-N and microbial biomass N concentrations in the 0–15 cm depth of enclosures with more earthworms. Similarly, soybean grain and grain-N yield was significantly (P < 0.05) greater in enclosures with the largest earthworm populations than the control which had no earthworms added. In the second season, when climate conditions were less favourable, there was no effect of earthworms on soil N pools or maize plants, probably due to poor survival of introduced earthworms.     

水网藻对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用及对氮磷去除能力研究

通过测定藻液D680和叶绿素a浓度,研究了水网藻种植水对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响,探讨了在分离培养和共生培养2种条件下水网藻对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用,并考察了水网藻对氮磷的去除能力.结果表明,水网藻对铜绿微囊藻有较强的抑制作用,在水网藻种植水作用8 d后,铜绿微囊藻死亡率达92%;不同浓度的水网藻对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用不同,...     

芦竹和木本植物间种修复重金属污染土壤

通过温室盆栽实验,研究草本植物芦竹与木本植物构树、桑树间种修复重金属污染土壤的潜力.结果表明,重金属污染土壤上芦竹与构树、桑树间种有利于植物的生长,提高植物对污染土壤中重金属的富集能力,并有效改善土壤酶活性.重金属污染土壤上单种芦竹、构树和桑树的叶片光合色素含量随着修复时间的延长呈下降趋势,而芦竹与构树、桑树间种修复270 d后,构树叶片叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素含量,桑树叶片叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量均与修复初期(90 d)相比无显著差异;桑树叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b以及类胡萝卜素含量较单种桑树分别显著(P 0. 05)提高99. 1%、177. 1%和119. 9%,且整株生物量显著(P 0. 05)提高26. 1%.芦竹-构树间种下植物地上部分Pb和Zn总量较单种芦竹分别显著(P 0. 05)提高171%和124%;芦竹-桑树间种下植物地上部分As和Pb总量较单种桑树和芦竹修复分别显著(P 0. 05)提高150%和76. 5%.芦竹与构树、桑树间种修复270 d后,污染土壤中As、Cd、Pb和Zn的赋存形态无明显变化,而且土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和总磷酸酶活性明显优于部分单一植物修复.上述结果表明,芦竹与构树、桑树间种可有效用于重金属污染土壤修复,还可改善污染土壤的环境质量.     

Spatial and long-term variability of soil loss due to crop harvesting and the importance relative to water erosion: A case study from Belgium

The harvest of crops such as sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), leek (Allium porrum L.) and carrot (Daucus carota L.) causes soil loss from arable land because soil adhering to the crop and soil clods that failed to be separated by the harvesting machine, are exported from the field together with these harvested crops. These soil losses can be of the same order of magnitude as soil losses caused by water erosion processes, but are often neglected in soil erosion research. In this article we developed a methodology to investigate the spatial and long-term (1846–2004) variability of soil loss due to crop harvesting (SLCH) in Belgium and the spatial distribution of the importance of SLCH relative to soil losses caused by water erosion processes in Flanders. The study is based on long-term time series of soil tare data of crop processing factories and area and crop yield statistics. Until the middle of the 20th century, potato and roots and tubers grown as second crop, had the largest share in the SLCH-crop growing area in Belgium. Sugar beet gained importance from the end of the 19th century onwards and has now, of all SLCH crops, the largest growing area. We could estimate that, partly due to increasing crop yields and the mechanisation of the harvesting process, SLCH per hectare of cropland increased from 0.4 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in 1846 to 2.4 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in the 1970s and early 1980s. Since then mean annual soil losses decreased again to 1.8 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in 2004. It was assessed that total yearly SLCH in Belgium rose from more than 575,000 Mg in the middle of the 19th century to more than 1.7 × 10⁶ Mg in the 1970s and early 1980s, while current SLCH values are 1.4 × 10⁶ Mg. We estimated that since 1846, more than 163 × 10⁶ Mg soil was exported from cropland in Belgium through this erosion process, which corresponds to 109 hm³ or an average soil profile truncation of 1.15 cm. Average sediment export from cropland in Flanders was 3.7 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in 2002, of which 46% was due to SLCH and 54% was due to water erosion processes. The relative importance of SLCH varied, depending on the agricultural region, between 38% and 94%.     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌密度与营养供给对硫铁矿生物氧化的影响

探究硫铁矿生物氧化过程的影响因素有利于揭示酸性矿山废水形成规律.本研究采用摇瓶试验,探究了氧化亚铁硫杆菌Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans LX5(A.ferrooxidans LX5)密度对硫铁矿生物氧化的影响.同时,在菌密度为1.40×107cells·m L-1的环境中,研究了微生物营养(无铁改进型9K液体培养基)供给对硫铁矿生物氧化的影响.结果表明,A.ferrooxidans LX5及其营养成分的引入显著加速了硫铁矿生物氧化体系H+的释放,0.70×107~2.10×107cells·m L-1A.ferrooxidans LX5的引入,可使得H+释放量较无菌对照提高1.51~3.31倍.半量浓度和全量浓度无铁改进型9K液体培养基的加入,可使菌密度为1.40×107cells·m L-1硫铁矿氧化体系的H+释放量提高3.24与2.75倍.相对于A.ferrooxidans LX5密度为0.70×107cells·m L-1的体系,1.40×107cells·m L-1或2.10×107cells·m L-1A.ferrooxidans LX5的引入明显提高硫铁矿氧化体系总Fe离子与SO2-4的释放效率,且71.9%~88.3%的总Fe离子主要以Fe2+存在.微生物营养供给使得总Fe离子与SO2-4的释放效率加速显著,而总Fe离子几乎全部以Fe3+存在.当菌密度大于1.40×107cells·m L-1时,体系生物氧化后所得硫铁矿表面存在明显的侵蚀坑.相对于半量浓度改进型9K培养基养分供给,全量改进型9K液体培养基的引入由于体系次生铁矿物覆盖硫铁矿明显而抑制了总Fe离子与SO2-4的释放.硫铁矿氧化所得酸性废水经Ca O中和至pH约为7.00,总Fe近乎全部去除,而SO2-4去除率相对较低(26.7%~73.9%).本研究所得结果对明晰酸性矿山废水形成规律具有一定的指导意义.     

Effects of molluscicide baits on field populations of house mice

Two trials were carried out to test the effects of field applications of snail baits on populations of house mice (Mus domesticus) inhabiting cereal-cropping fields during a mouse plague in South Australia. In the first trial, grain based pellets containing 2% w/w active ingredient methiocarb, were laid in trails across fields before crops were sown. The second tested the effect of whole wheat grains treated with 1% w/w methiocarb when broadcast across maturing barley crops. Treatment effects were estimated by comparison with untreated control plots. In the methiocarb-treated wheat trial, comparison was also made with 0.3% w/w strychnine-treated wheat treatments. Methiocarb baiting reduced estimated mouse numbers by 0–46%. Surviving mice did not accept the excess bait material available. In contrast, strychnine-treated wheat reduced estimated mouse numbers by 86–94%. These trials indicate that methiocarb is not likely to be a useful field rodenticide. Furthermore, the consumption of bait by mice is not likely to jeopardise snail control operations. However, methiocarb baits could cause sufficient mortality to pose a threat to rare or endangered granivorous rodents inhabiting agricultural fields.     

Effects of fluoride on growth and reproduction of the army worm, Mythimna separata (Walker)

This paper deals with effects of airborne fluorine on the army worm, Mythimna separata (Walker), by rearing the larvae on the wheat foliage exposed to HF or fumigating the larvae on the artificial diet with the pollutant. Larval relative growth rate (GR) and index of population trend of the insect reduced by 5% and 11%, respectively, when the larvae were reared on the foliage taken from the wheat plants exposed to 0.87 g·dm^-2·day^-1 of fluorine compared with those of the control. An extra instar appeared in a majority of the larvae treated. Survival rate and GR of the larvae on the wheat plant being exposure to the same concentration of fluorine in field open-top fumigation device were 40% and 15% lower than that of the control, respectively. Similar experiment with the insect on the artificial diet also showed that direct impact of the pollutant on the army worm was greater than its indirect effect via their host plant.     

Elevated CO2 reduces the response of Sitobion avenae (Homoptera: Aphididae) to alarm pheromone

The aphid alarm pheromone (E)-β-farnesene (EβF) is an efficient signal that warns aphids of attack by natural enemies. In this field study, eight open-top chambers (OTCs) located in Beijing, China (40°11′N, 116°24′E) with spring wheat Triticum aestivum were used to examine the response of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae to CO₂ (ambient vs. double ambient) and EβF (applied zero, two, or five times each day). We experimentally tested the hypotheses that, depending on frequency of EβF release, elevated CO₂ reduces the response (in terms of population density) of S. avenae to EβF, and that lower activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in S. avenae may be involved in its reduced sensitivity to EβF under elevated CO₂. Numbers of S. avenae declined with increased frequency of EβF application under ambient CO₂ but were unaffected by EβF application under elevated CO₂. Additionally, the mean relative growth rate (MRGR) and the dry material and amino acid content of S. avenae increased with elevated CO₂ but declined when with EβF application. Activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were higher in S. avenae under elevated vs. ambient CO₂. Under elevated CO₂, however, AChE activity remained low when S. avenae was exposed to the lower EβF frequency, while the highest AChE activity occurred in aphids exposed to the higher EβF frequency. These results indicate that aphids become insensitive to EβF under elevated CO₂, perhaps because of decreased AChE activity.     

施氮对小麦硒(Ⅵ)吸收、转运和分配的影响

为揭示施氮对小麦硒吸收,转运和分配的影响,通过合理施氮提高小麦硒的利用效率提供理论参考,本研究通过盆栽试验,设置Se1(0.74 mg·kg~(-1))和Se2(2.60 mg·kg~(-1))两个硒酸盐处理;每个硒水平又设为N1(100 mg·kg~(-1))和N2(200mg·kg~(-1))两个氮水平,分别测定了小麦拔节期和成熟期各器官生物量及硒含量.结果表明,升高氮水平使Se1和Se2处理小麦籽粒产量分别提高了13.2%和24.0%.与氮素施用量无关,升高外源硒水平能显著提高小麦各器官中硒含量(P0.01),且以N1处理时效果更显著;Se1处理升高氮水平对小麦硒吸收的促进作用大于Se2处理,Se1和Se2处理升高氮水平使得小麦籽粒硒含量分别提高了22.6%和12.1%.各器官中硒总量占植株硒总量的百分比的大小顺序与富集系数相同,依次为茎叶籽粒颖壳根,升高氮水平促进了小麦根部对硒的吸收和富集,以及营养生长阶段硒向地上部的运移,并使Se1和Se2处理小麦籽粒中的硒总量占植株硒总量的百分比分别提高了11.1%(P0.05)和25.9%(P0.05).因此,施用氮肥可以调控硒的有效性,缺硒地区合理升高氮水平提高了小麦产量及硒含量,而在富硒或硒中毒地区合理施氮肥可缓解硒对小麦的毒害作用.     

Phosphatase activity and culture conditions of the yeast Candida mycoderma sp. and analysis of organic phosphorus hydrolysis ability

Orthophosphate is an essential but limiting macronutrient for plant growth. About 67% cropland in China lacks sufficient phosphorus, especially that with red soil. Extensive soil phosphorus reserves exist in the form of organic phosphorus, which is unavailable for root uptake unless hydrolyzed by secretory acid phosphatases. Thus, many microorganisms with the ability to produce phosphatase have been exploited. In this work, the activity of an extracellular acid phosphatase and yeast biomass from Candida mycoderma was measured under different culture conditions, such as pH, temperature, and carbon source. A maximal phosphatase activity of 8.47 × 10^5±0.11× 10^5 U/g was achieved by C. Mycoderma in 36 hr under the optimal conditions. The extracellular acid phosphatase has high activity over a wide pH tolerance range from 2.5 to S.0 （optimum pH 3.5）. The effects of different phosphorus compounds on the acid phosphatase production were also studied. The presence of phytin, lecithin or calcium phosphate reduced the phosphatase activity and biomass yield significantly. In addition, the pH of the culture medium was reduced significantly by lecithin. The efficiency of the strain in releasing orthophosphate from organic phosphorus was studied in red soil （used in planting trees） and rice soil （originating as red soil）. The available phosphorus content was increased by 230% after inoculating 20 days in rice soil and decreased by 50% after inoculating 10 days in red soil. This work indicates that the yeast strain C. mycoderma has potential application for enhancing phosphorus utilization in plants that grow in rice soil.     

超富集植物藿香蓟(Ageratum conyzoides L.)对镉污染农田的修复潜力

为探究超富集植物藿香蓟(Ageratum conyzoides L.)对镉(Cd)污染农田土壤的修复潜力,通过野外调查,原土盆栽试验和田间试验,测定藿香蓟及其根系土壤Cd含量,计算藿香蓟的富集系数和去除率.结果表明,野外调查中不同铅锌矿区生长的藿香蓟叶片中Cd含量最大值为77. 01 mg·kg~(-1),盆栽试验中,高含量Cd土壤处理(T2)中,地上部Cd积累量达到69. 71mg·kg~(-1),其地上部Cd富集系数为6. 09,在低含量Cd土壤处理(T1)中,藿香蓟对Cd的富集特性与其在高含量条件下对Cd的富集特性一致.藿香蓟对Cd表现出稳定的积累特性.田间试验中,污染区藿香蓟中地上部Cd含量均值为21. 13 mg·kg~(-1),富集系数为6. 93,使用藿香蓟修复Cd污染土壤每亩地种植三茬藿香蓟的去除率为13. 2%～15. 6%.使用超富集植物藿香蓟修复农田Cd污染具有较好的工程应用前景.     

冬小麦吸收重金属特征及与影响因素的定量关系

冬小麦是我国主要粮食作物之一,保障农产品质量安全是农业生产的重要环节.冬小麦吸收重金属受多种因素的影响,为明确田间条件下冬小麦吸收重金属特征及小麦籽粒中重金属含量与土壤理化性质及土壤重金属含量的定量关系,在小麦收获时通过对我国华北小麦主产区50个不同重金属污染程度田块的土壤和小麦进行点对点采样,分析土壤重金属含量、土壤pH、土壤有机质(OM)、土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)、小麦籽粒和秸秆中重金属的含量,研究小麦吸收重金属特征及土壤理化性质对小麦吸收重金属的影响,并通过多元回归分析研究土壤重金属和理化性质与小麦籽粒重金属间的定量关系.结果表明,所采麦田土壤Cd含量范围为0.150～2.66 mg·kg~(-1),其对应的小麦籽粒Cd含量范围为0.033～0.39 mg·kg~(-1);土壤Pb含量范围为4.68～371 mg·kg~(-1),其对应的小麦籽粒Pb含量范围为0.27～2.4 mg·kg~(-1);土壤As含量范围为3.00～21.3 mg·kg~(-1),其对应的小麦籽粒As含量范围为0.044～0.18 mg·kg~(-1);小麦Cd、 Pb和As的超标率分别为55%、 100%和0,与之对应的土壤Cd、 Pb和As的超标率分别为52%、 13%和0.土壤Cd含量与小麦籽粒Cd含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数r=0.663(n=50);土壤全Pb含量与小麦Pb含量呈显著正相关(P0.05),相关系数r=0.348(n=50);土壤As含量与小麦As含量相关性不显著;小麦籽粒对土壤Cd、 Pb和As的富集系数均值分别为0.17、 0.027和0.008 9,转移系数均值分别为0.52、 0.27和0.22;小麦对重金属的富集系数和转移系数均表现为CdPbAs.小麦秸秆中重金属含量高于对应籽粒中重金属含量2～5倍.土壤pH、有机质(OM)和阳离子交换量(CEC)也影响小麦籽粒Cd含量.将土壤Cd含量、土壤pH、有机质(OM)和阳离子交换量(CEC)与小麦籽粒Cd含量进行多元回归分析,得到4个小麦籽粒Cd含量预测方程,其相关系数r均达到极显著水平(P0.01),其中包括全部变量在内的预测方程的相关系数最高,r=0.810(n=50),可以较好地预测小麦籽粒Cd含量.     

闽江河口互花米草与短叶茳芏湿地土壤无机硫形态分布特征及其影响因素

选择闽江口鳝鱼滩不同淹水环境下两条样带(A样带,远离主潮沟且退潮后无积水;B样带,靠近主潮沟且退潮后有积水)上的短叶茳芏湿地和已被互花米草入侵(入侵前为短叶茳芏湿地)的互花米草湿地为研究对象,探讨不同类型湿地土壤无机硫赋存形态的分布特征及其主控因素.结果表明,B样带上互花米草湿地和短叶茳芏湿地土壤中的水溶性硫(H_2O-S)和吸附性硫(Adsorbed-S)含量总体上低于A样带,而盐酸可溶性硫(HCl-Soluble-S)和盐酸挥发性硫(HCl-Volatile-S)含量则高于A样带.短叶茳芏湿地和互米草湿地土壤中不同形态无机硫的含量在两条样带上整体均表现为HCl-Soluble-SH_2O-SAdsorbed-SHCl-Volatile-S,且二者的总无机硫含量分别占其TS含量的9.02%~15.50%和8.04%~12.73%.与短叶茳芏湿地相比,互花米草入侵分别使A样带土壤中H_2O-S、Adsorbed-S、HCl-Soluble-S、HCl-Volatile-S和总无机硫含量减少了35.2%、36.4%、16.8%、1.8%和26.12%;但使B样带表层土壤的总无机硫含量及0~20 cm土层的HCl-Soluble-S和HCl-Volatile-S含量分别增加了8.34%、15.34%和5.71%.研究发现,非长期淹水条件下,互花米草入侵后可降低湿地土壤有效硫的供给能力;长期淹水条件下,互花米草入侵可通过提高土壤中HCl-Soluble-S的含量增加金属硫化物沉淀,而挥发性硫含量的同步增加则可能对植被生长(特别是根系发育)产生不利影响.     

4种草本植物对镉的富集特征

以4种草本入侵植物粗毛牛膝菊、洋野黍、莠狗尾草和欧黑麦草作为研究材料,利用盆栽实验研究了这4种植物在土壤镉（Cd）含量（mg·kg^-1）为0（T0）、5（T5）、25（T25）和50（T50）处理下的耐受和富集特征,以期筛选出对Cd污染土壤具有修复潜力的植物.结果表明,粗毛牛膝菊在T5~T50处理下,地上部分和根部生物量与对照（T0）相比均没有显著变化,而其他3种禾本科植物的地上部分和根部生物量在T25或T50处理下与对照相比显著降低,表明粗毛牛膝菊比其他3种植物具有更强的Cd耐受性.在不同土壤Cd含量处理下,4种植物地上部分和根中的Cd含量均随土壤Cd含量增加而显著升高,但4种植物地上部分富集系数随土壤Cd含量升高有显著降低的趋势.在不同土壤Cd含量处理下,粗毛牛膝菊和洋野黍的地上部分富集系数都大于1,莠狗尾草和欧黑麦草地上部分富集系数小于1.在T5、T25和T50处理下,粗毛牛膝菊的转移系数分别为0.93、0.73和1.04,分别显著高于同一Cd含量处理下的其他3种植物.此外,在相同的Cd处理下,粗毛牛膝菊积累的Cd总量和地上部分Cd含量均显著高于其它3种植物,并且粗毛牛膝菊能将90%以上的Cd转移到地上部分,显著高于其他3种植物.综合考虑对Cd的耐受和富集能力,本研究认为粗毛牛膝菊是一种潜在的Cd高富集植物,具有一定的植物修复潜力.     

铜绿微囊藻生长代谢的密度依赖性特征及分子机制

蓝藻水华是淡水湖库普遍面临的水环境问题,目前水华形成机制研究大多关注外界环境因素而忽略了藻类自身及群体的关键调节作用.因此,本文以初始细胞密度为单一变量,考察了不同初始细胞密度条件下蓝藻生长、营养物质利用、叶绿素、藻毒素、胞外分泌物随时间的变化情况.结果发现,初始细胞密度会影响铜绿微囊藻的环境适应性和生长情况,当接种密度≥1×10⁶ cell·mL^-1,铜绿微囊藻适应期消失,初始细胞密度从1×10⁵ cell·mL^-1增加至1×10⁷ cell·mL^-1,最高细胞密度增加了68%,生长速率提高了21%,并且叶绿素变化趋势与生长情况一致.胞外分泌物随初始细胞密度增加而逐渐增加,有利于蓝藻细胞聚集成膜.当初始细胞密度较低（1×10⁵ cell·mL^-1）时,单细胞藻毒素分泌量反而增加,以提高蓝藻的环境适应能力.在高初始密度（1×10⁷ cell·mL^-1）条件下,铜绿微囊藻主要通过上调丙酮酸代谢和碳代谢,促进细胞生长增殖.因此,细胞密度是影响铜绿微囊藻生长代谢的重要因素,在蓝藻水华形成过程中可能发挥重要作用,水华防治应当在细胞密度较低的阶段进行.