不同来源污泥接种餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢效果研究

在相同接种配比(接种污泥占餐厨垃圾的质量分数为30%)条件下,研究了4种不同来源污泥(压滤污泥、厌氧污泥、曝气污泥和河底淤泥)添加或不添加缓冲剂时对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢效果的影响.结果发现,在不添加缓冲剂时.4种污泥接种餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵平均产氢量依次为厌氧污泥>河底淤泥>压滤污泥>曝气污泥,接种厌氧污泥的餐厨垃圾平均产氢量最高,达10.11mL(以每克挥发性固体(VS)计,下同);而添加缓冲剂时.4种污泥接种餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵平均产氢量依次为厌氧污泥>曝气污泥>压滤污泥>河底淤泥,接种厌氧污泥的餐厨垃圾平均产氢量也最高,为33.72 mL,且体系pH得以缓冲.     

酸化餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产氢研究

分析了餐厨垃圾酸化过程中的pH、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产量及含水量等参数的变化,考察了酸化餐厨垃圾厌氧消化过程中的产氢情况,并探讨了调节初始pH对酸化餐厨垃圾产氢的影响.结果表明,餐厨垃圾的酸化是一个前期极为快速的过程,经过1d的酸化,新鲜餐厨垃圾的pH就从6.0左右下降到4.5左右,而后pH缓慢下降,经过5～6 d的酸化,pH下降到4.0以下;餐厨垃圾酸化过程中,产生的VFA主要是异戊酸,其浓度变化与VFA的浓度变化趋势较为一致;酸化时间为1、3、4、5、6d的餐厨垃圾体系产生的氢气的最高体积分数呈递减趋势,产氢量也呈现出相同的变化趋势;初始pH对酸化餐厨垃圾体系的产氢影响是很大的,调节到相同初始pH的不同体系,产氢的结果可以相近.因此,pH是酸化餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产氢过程中必须控制的关键因素之一.     

初始pH和温度对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵制氢的影响

以餐厨垃圾为发酵底物,研究不同初始p H和发酵温度对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵制氢潜力、中间代谢产物和发酵途径的影响。结果表明,初始p H和发酵温度对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢性能及代谢途径具有显著影响,高温发酵的产氢效率优于中温发酵。55℃高温、初始p H为6时厌氧发酵产氢性能最佳,累积产气量、最大氢气含量最大,分别达到620 m L和52.45%,挥发性脂肪酸中丁酸浓度最高为6 182.96 mg·L~(-1),发酵类型以丁酸型发酵途径为主。通过初始p H和发酵温度的优化控制可以有效提高产氢微生物的底物利用效率和产氢潜能,改变厌氧发酵途径,保证厌氧发酵制氢系统高效稳定运行。     

温度和物料配比对餐厨垃圾与果蔬垃圾协同厌氧产氢的影响研究

采用餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾协同厌氧产氢工艺,通过pH、氨氮、还原糖、溶解性COD(SCOD)等指标变化规律、产氢动力学和相关性分析,研究不同温度和物料配比(餐厨垃圾与果蔬垃圾的湿质量比)对协同厌氧产氢潜力的影响。结果表明,温度和物料配比对餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾协同厌氧产氢均有显著影响。高温组(55℃)物料配比为1∶4时累积产气量和氢气体积分数最大,分别为510mL和52.57%;中温(35℃)组物料配比为1∶2时累积产气量最大为200mL,物料配比为1∶1时氢气体积分数最大为5.45%。相关性分析表明,pH与累积产气量呈显著负相关,氨氮与累积产气量呈显著正相关。高温协同厌氧产氢可有效提高微生物活性和产氢潜力,促进餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾的有效利用,实现有机废弃物的绿色能源化。     

污泥与餐厨垃圾联合厌氧发酵产氢余物产甲烷过程底物指标变化

将污泥与餐厨垃圾联合厌氧发酵产氢余物进一步产甲烷,产甲烷量比污泥与餐厨垃圾单独或直接联合厌氧发酵产甲烷大.研究污泥与餐厨垃圾联合厌氧发酵产氢余物产甲烷过程中产甲烷量与底物指标变化的关系,实验结果表明,整个消化过程中,累积产甲烷量为613 L,最大产气速率和产甲烷速率分别为2.12 L/(kg·d)和1.46 L/(kg·d),最大甲烷含量为72.5％,消化系统的pH在总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)以及氨氮、CO32-和HCO3-等碱度的共同作用下基本维持在适宜产甲烷的范围内,在不同的消化阶段,厌氧发酵产甲烷过程起主要作用的物质不同,先后顺序依次为糖类、蛋白质和TVFA,并且累积产甲烷量与COD、总糖、总蛋白质的显著相关性大小依次为:COD＞总糖＞总蛋白质,COD去除率高达79.54％.     

湿热预处理对北京市典型餐厨垃圾生物制氢潜力的影响

采用北京市2种典型餐厨垃圾,研究不同湿热预处理温度(40、80、120和160℃)和时间(30、60、90和120 min)对2种典型餐厨垃圾理化性能的影响。在此基础上,阐明餐厨垃圾厌氧产氢潜力。结果表明,湿热预处理温度、时间对餐厨垃圾可浮油脱出量具有显著影响,ρ(SCOD)、ρ(TOC)与VS/TS呈负相关。餐厨垃圾处理厂的厨余垃圾经120℃湿热预处理30 min后,可浮油脱出量最大达17 m L·kg-1,ρ(SCOD)、ρ(TOC)分别为150.99、57.91 g·L-1;食堂的餐饮垃圾经160℃湿热预处理30 min后效果最佳,可浮油脱出量最高达99 m L·kg-1,ρ(SCOD)、ρ(TOC)分别为120.69、62.58 g·L-1。餐饮垃圾经160℃湿热预处理30 min,在中温(35±1℃)、高温(55±1℃)厌氧制氢,高温比产氢率和最大产氢速率分别可达40.58 m L·g-1VS、29.20 m L·h-1,与未经预处理组比提高0.78、2.02倍,中温产氢启动时间缩短1倍以上。可见,湿热预处理能显著改善餐厨垃圾理化性质,提高微生物的底物利用效率,提高餐厨垃圾厌氧制氢量及产氢效率。     

生物表面活性剂烷基多苷对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产挥发性酸的影响

通过向餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵系统中投加生物类表面活性剂烷基多苷(APG)的方式,探究了APG对餐厨垃圾研究发酵生产挥发性脂肪酸的影响。结果表明,APG的最佳投放量为0.12 g·(g TSS)~(-1)(总悬浮固体),最佳挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的产量为18.9 g·L~(-1),相应的发酵时间为6 d。机理研究表明,APG能够促进餐厨垃圾中多糖和蛋白质的释放,抑制甲烷的产生。进一步研究发现,APG自身分解会产生VFA,但VFA的产量远远小于对餐厨垃圾厌氧厌氧分解值。     

烷基多苷对餐厨垃圾干式厌氧发酵的影响

近年来,餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵生产挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)得到广泛的研究,水解反应是餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵的限速步骤。利用生物表面活性剂——烷基多苷(APG)强化餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵生产VFA,考察了APG投加量对餐厨垃圾干式厌氧发酵的影响,分析了APG对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵的强化机制。结果表明,APG的最佳投加量为0.5g/L,在此投加量下VFA的最大累积量为18.5g/L,VFA的转化率为38%;APG能够强化餐厨垃圾的水解反应,使溶解性蛋白质和溶解性多糖含量明显增加,为后续产酸细菌提供了更多的发酵基质。APG自身分解对VFA有一定贡献,但贡献量远远小于餐厨垃圾的产生量。     

竹叶与餐厨垃圾厌氧共消化工艺

将黄金竹和毛竹的竹叶分别与餐厨垃圾厌氧共消化,通过分析消化过程中的产气量、pH、COD、NH4+-N和VFAs变化,探讨添加不同竹叶对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化效果的影响.实验结果表明,添加毛竹叶显著增强了餐厨垃圾的厌氧消化能力.毛竹叶+餐厨垃圾组的总产气量是餐厨垃圾对照组单独厌氧消化总产气量的3.28倍,甲烷总产量为10.1 L,COD去除率高达83.0％.而添加黄金竹叶对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的影响则不明显,可能因为黄金竹叶在消化过程中释放了大量挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs),造成体系酸中毒.     

餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化

在中试规模下,研究餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化试验,通过监测餐厨垃圾厌氧消化过程中产气量、气体组成等产气情况和消化液中pH值、SCOD、NH4+-N、VFAs等化学指标含量变化,确定餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的最大有机负荷,并分析餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化技术的可行性,结果表明,在工程上餐厨垃圾单独进行高温厌氧消化产甲烷具有技术可行性,但难以保证系统长时间安全稳定运行;餐厨垃圾厌氧消化正常运行时最大有机负荷可达2.551 kg VS/(m3.d);当系统有机负荷为2.551 kg VS/(m3.d)时,每天每千克VS最高可产生甲烷量0.622 m3;氨氮对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产甲烷影响明显;餐厨垃圾中固有Na+含量对厌氧消化产甲烷影响不明显。     

青岛市餐厨垃圾与菜市场垃圾混合高温厌氧消化研究

在中试规模下,研究青岛市餐厨垃圾与菜市场垃圾混合(质量比1∶1)高温厌氧消化实验,通过监测厌氧消化过程中产气量、气体组成等产气情况和消化液中pH值、SCOD、NH3-H、VFAs含量和组分等化学指标变化,确定混合厌氧消化的最大有机负荷,并分析混合高温厌氧消化技术的可行性,结果表明,(1)青岛市餐厨垃圾与菜市场垃圾混合高温厌氧消化产甲烷具有技术可行性;(2)混合厌氧消化的最大有机负荷可达4.069 kg VS/(m3.d);(3)当系统最大有机负荷时,每天每千克VS最高可产生甲烷量0.346 m3;(4)混合厌氧消化可削减氨氮对餐厨垃圾单独厌氧消化产沼气的影响。     

Effects of sludge recirculation rate and mixing time on performance of a prototype single-stage anaerobic digester for conversion of food wastes to biogas and energy recovery

Food wastes have been recognized as the largest waste stream and accounts for 39.25 % of total municipal solid waste in Thailand. Chulalongkorn University has participated in the program of in situ energy recovery from food wastes under the Ministry of Energy (MOE), Thailand. This research aims to develop a prototype single-stage anaerobic digestion system for biogas production and energy recovery from food wastes inside Chulalongkorn University. Here, the effects of sludge recirculation rate and mixing time were investigated as the main key parameters for the system design and operation. From the results obtained in this study, it was found that the sludge recirculation rate of 100 % and the mixing time of 60 min per day were the most suitable design parameters to achieve high efficiencies in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solids (TS), and total volatile solid (TVS) removal and also biogas production by this prototype anaerobic digester. The obtained biogas production was found to be 0.71 m³/kg COD and the composition of methane was 61.6 %. Moreover, the efficiencies of COD removal were as high as 82.9 % and TVS removal could reach 83.9 % at the optimal condition. Therefore, the developed prototype single-stage anaerobic digester can be highly promising for university canteen application to recover energy from food wastes via biogas production.     

Biohydrogen production from dairy manures with acidification pretreatment by anaerobic fermentation

Background, aim, and scope  

Hydrogen is a clean and efficient energy source and has been deemed as one of the most promising carriers of new energy for the future. From an engineering point of view, producing hydrogen by mixed cultures is generally preferred because of lower cost, ease of control, and the possible use of organic waste as feedstock. The biological hydrogen production has been intensively studied in recent decades. So far, most investigates of biohydrogen production are still confined to using pure carbohydrates and carbohydrate-rich wastewater. Nowadays, the large amounts of livestock manure, which come from cattle feedlots, poultry, and swine buildings, are causing a major environmental issue because it has become a primary source of odors, gases, dust, and groundwater contamination. The increasingly stringent requirements for pollution control on livestock manures are challenging the scientific community to develop new waste treatment strategies. Thus, there is a pressing need to develop nonpolluting and renewable energy source utilizing the organic waste (e.g., livestock manure). It is well known that anaerobic digestion had successfully been used for the disposal of manures to produce methane in the last two decades. Recently, an alternative strategy has been developed to convert livestock manures (e.g., dairy manures) to biohydrogen as a high value-added clean energy source instead of methane. However, little information is available on hydrogen production from dairy manure via the mixed anaerobic microbe. As far as we know, the hydrogen production is habitually accompanied with production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), such as acetate, butyrate, and propionate, which are also an optimal feedstock for production of methane by anaerobic digestion. Provided that the biohydrogen production from dairy manure is further combined with the anaerobic digestion of the effluent from the producing hydrogen reactor that would be a one-stone two-bird paradigm, it not only produces a clean and readily usable biologic energy but also cleans up simultaneously the environment in a sustainable fashion.     

Harnessing dark fermentative hydrogen from pretreated mixture of food waste and sewage sludge under sequencing batch mode

Food waste and sewage sludge are the most abundant and problematic organic wastes in any society. Mixture of these two wastes may provide appropriate substrate condition for dark fermentative biohydrogen production based on synergistic mutual benefits. This work evaluates continuous hydrogen production from the cosubstrate of food waste and sewage sludge to verify mechanisms of performance improvement in anaerobic sequencing batch reactors. Volatile solid concentration and mixing ratio of food waste and sludge were adjusted to 5 % and 80:20, respectively. Five different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 36, 42, 48, 72, and 108 h were tested using anaerobic sequencing batch reactors to find out optimal operating condition. Results show that the best performance was achieved at HRT 72 h, where the hydrogen yield, the hydrogen production rate, and hydrogen content were 62.0 mL H₂/g VS, 1.0 L H₂/L/day, and ~50 %, respectively. Sufficient solid retention time (143 h) and proper loading rate (8.2 g COD/L/day as carbohydrate) at HRT 72h led to the enhanced performance with better hydrogen production showing appropriate n-butyrate/acetate (B/A) ratio of 2.6. Analytical result of terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism revealed that specific peaks associated with Clostridium sp. and Bacillus sp. were strongly related to enhanced hydrogen production from the cosubstrate of food waste and sewage sludge.     

厌氧消化工艺的金属抑制现象

厌氧消化是一种非常有用的废物处理方式,既能实现污染控制,又可回收能源,具有多种优势。而金属抑制是导致厌氧消化工艺运行不稳定的重要原因之一。综述了厌氧消化工艺金属抑制相关研究进展,分析了抑制机制,总结了其影响因素,并提出了解毒对策。分析表明,由于所用接种污泥、废物成分、试验条件和方法各不相同,金属抑制效应也各异。微生物驯化以及在厌氧消化前采取沉淀、吸附和螯合等方法,可减弱金属的抑制作用,从而显著改善废物处理的效率。     

耐酸厌氧消化污泥处理餐厨垃圾

采用耐酸驯化的厌氧消化污泥处理餐厨垃圾，在酸性条件下（pH=4．5），对实验装置容积负荷从1．0kgVS／（m3·d）分9次逐级增加到5．0kgVS／（m3·d）的过程进行了跟踪监测，并较深入地研究了驯化污泥代谢活性和处理效果。实验结果表明，pH4．5的耐酸厌氧消化污泥，最佳投加负荷约为4．5kgVS／（m3·d），此负荷下容积产气率，CH4含量平均值均达最大，分别为1．68m3／（m3·d），75．0％。耐酸厌氧消化装置持续增料运行46d，产甲烷菌仍能保持较高的活性，其COD去除率范围为40．4％-75．0％，仍能保持pH7．2时处理效果的65．0％-91．8％，表明在低pH、低碱度下实现稳定的产甲烷过程是可行的。     

耐酸厌氧消化污泥处理餐厨垃圾简

采用耐酸驯化的厌氧消化污泥处理餐厨垃圾，在酸性条件下（pH=4.5），对实验装置容积负荷从1.0 kg VS/（m³·d）分9次逐级增加到5.0 kg VS/（m³·d）的过程进行了跟踪监测，并较深入地研究了驯化污泥代谢活性和处理效果。实验结果表明，pH 4.5的耐酸厌氧消化污泥，最佳投加负荷约为4.5 kg VS/（m³·d），此负荷下容积产气率，CH₄含量平均值均达最大，分别为1.68 m³/（m³·d），75.0%。耐酸厌氧消化装置持续增料运行46 d，产甲烷菌仍能保持较高的活性，其COD去除率范围为40.4%~75.0%，仍能保持pH 7.2时处理效果的65.0%~91.8%，表明在低pH、低碱度下实现稳定的产甲烷过程是可行的。     

挥发性脂肪酸对厌氧干式发酵产甲烷的影响

为了提高中温干式厌氧间歇发酵效率,研究了发酵过程中间产物———挥发性脂肪酸对产甲烷的影响。实验分2批进行,第1批在牛粪发酵过程中分别添加乙酸、丙酸和丁酸,第2批发酵添加易产生挥发酸的厨余垃圾混合发酵。结果显示,添加单一挥发酸的发酵过程中,添加丙酸的产甲烷速度较慢,因为丙酸降解生成乙酸的速度较慢,减慢了甲烷的形成;混合发酵过程厨余垃圾产甲烷速度比牛粪快,发酵过程产生2个产气高峰;牛粪和厨余垃圾固体物质含量比在11∶1到5∶1范围内较好,比牛粪单独发酵产气多,产酸高但不酸败,产生的挥发酸主要是乙酸和丙酸,其中比例为7∶1混合发酵的产甲烷速率最大,为4.89 mL/(g VS·d)。实验表明,牛粪厌氧干式发酵过程添加一定量的厨余垃圾可加快挥发酸的产生并提高挥发酸产量,从而提高甲烷的产量,但是总挥发酸长时间超过10 000 mg/L,pH降到不适于产甲烷菌生长的范围时,将抑制甲烷的生成,挥发酸积累导致厌氧发酵酸败。     

温度对木质纤维素水解与挥发性脂肪酸累积的影响

木质纤维素厌氧消化过程产生的挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）可作为外加碳源投加到人工湿地，解决人工湿地反硝化碳源不足的问题，但温度对木质纤维素厌氧消化生产VFAs过程的影响还有待深入探明。考察上述木质纤维素厌氧消化过程中有机碳源、糖与VFAs的变化规律，试图探明温度（10-55℃）对木质纤维素水解与VFAs累积的影响。研究结果表明，温度升高对木质纤维素的水解具有促进作用，对VFAs产量的影响显著。35℃时是生物质发酵产酸的最优条件，VFAs累积量不仅最早（第10天）达到最高值154mgCOD／g生物质，而且碳源的数量和品质均达到较高的水平。