Minimisation of water use in a Ghanaian brewery: effects of personnel practices

This case study demonstrates the effects of personnel practices in water use in a Ghanaian brewery. Employees of the brewery were taken through a training programme for water use minimisation. Personnel input and options identified during the training sessions were then applied to the operations of the brewery over a 12-week period.A total savings of 55,340 m³ on an annual basis in the overall water use in the brewery as well as a reduction of 13.3% (from 7.5 to 6.5 hl/hl) in the specific water consumption (hl of water consumed per hl of beverage produced) were achieved.The key factors contributing to the success of the water use minimisation programme include employee awareness of the importance of water conservation and a commitment of employees to saving water.     

区域环境规划及实例分析

区域环境规划是现代区域生态经济规划的新发展。区域环境规划对于解决发展经济和保护环境之间的矛盾,达到促进经济发展,改善环境质量的目的是十分重要的。本文介绍了区域环境规划的基础性内容,然后以河南省安阳市的生态与环境保护规划为例探讨了区域环境规划中的城市环境规划。     

Practical experiences with the implementation of the concept of zero emissions in the surface treatment industry in Austria

The authors have developed the approach of the “Zero emission retrofitting method for existing galvanizing plants” (ZERMEG). The goal of this approach is to take existing galvanizing plants as far as possible towards zero emissions. The development was supported by the Austrian ministry for science and technology within the programme “Factory of the Future”. The method consists first of an analytical step to describe the existing performance of the plant in terms of production, water input and input of chemicals, a second step is designed to characterize the theoretically possible minimum consumption using the present equipment and the third step is the comparison of the present to the ideal situation to identify optimisation options (improved draining, dosage of chemicals, control of rinsing water, mixing in the tanks, etc.).To facilitate the calculations, a Microsoft-Excel-programme was developed (Zero Emission Program Analysis, ZEPRA), which allows to calculate the ideal water consumption of different configurations of rin ses, drag out for different shapes and surface conditions of parts, and changes in concentrations of active baths. A technology data bank was developed that includes information on different technologies to enlarge the useful time of galvanizing baths or to recycle spent solutions and rinsing water.This paper describes case studies in five galvanizing plants. The measures which were implemented include changing the rinsing cascades in three plants at the wire producer Pengg (reduction of the water consumption in the batch pickling plant by 50%), the use of spent caustics to preneutralise spent process baths and the implementation of an electrolysis plant to recover copper at the printed circuit board manufacturer AT&S (recovery of 20 kg/day of copper), optimising the pickling baths of the hot dip galvanizer Mosdorfer (50% reduction of consumption of acids) and the optimisation of the spray rinses in the automatic copper plating plants of the producer of printing cyclinders Rotoform (reduction of water consumption by 50%, reduction of acid consumption by 40%).The work showed, that in three of the five plants it was possible to fully avoid the discharge of spent process baths. One plant now operates at zero emissions. In one plant it would be technically feasible to do so, however, it is not economically feasible, at this time.     

Four years of experience with Erasmus University's “International Off-Campus PhD programme on cleaner production,cleaner products,industrial ecology and sustainability”

This paper describes the first four years' experiences with Erasmus University's “International Off-Campus PhD Programme on Cleaner Production, Cleaner Products, Industrial Ecology and Sustainability.” The proposal for this innovative, off-campus programme was made in 1992, in response to expanding needs for providing environmental professionals the opportunity to continue their employment and to simultaneously work toward fulfilling the requirements of a PhD.After receiving approval and initial financial support from the Board of Deans of Erasmus University, the first INTENSIVE (INTENSIVE is the term used to describe the annual, two-week long training programme within which the new PhD candidates, as well as those who have been in the programme for a year or more, meet to learn more about the rapidly evolving areas addressed by the programme and to report on progress made in each candidate's PhD thesis research. The Erasmus faculty and invited supportive co-advisors and other visiting scholars contribute to the scholarly input and candidate guidance.) of the new International PhD Programme was held in October 1995. Since then the programme has expanded and progressed. As of the academic year 1998/1999, twenty-one PhD candidates from eleven countries in five continents were actively pursuing their PhD research and thesis development within the Programme. Six new candidates were admitted during the November 1999 INTENSIVE.     

德尔斐法在省(区)环境规划战略对策研究中的应用及其结果分析

为科学编制省(区)环境保护整治规划,采用德尔斐法,组织近百名专家和环境管理干部,就甘肃省(和全国)今后五年、十年和三十年间的环境问题、宏观国土环境问题构成因素的相对权重、环保工作的战略重点、环境污染控制途径的可行性和有效性权重、环境规划战略对策和措施的相对重要度、环保投资比例和投资方向等11类问题,进行集合评估和预测,历时一年多,分两轮次,获得基础数据二万多个,经数理统计和计算机辅助判断处理,得到一系列概率分布状态的主要结论,为甘肃省环保规划战略对策的决策过程提供了科学依据。     

三槽式切换氧化沟工艺研究

通过对模型三槽式切换氧化沟的研究,提出了确定其运转周期及程序的准则。试验结果表明,中间槽平均污泥浓度低于两边槽,由此对排泥方式提出了要求,并建立了新的程序。     

Innovative policy practices to advance building energy efficiency and retrofitting: Approaches,impacts and challenges in ten C40 cities

This study examines ten programmes to advance energy efficiency and retrofitting of existing, private sector buildings in C40 cities in Asia-Pacific and USA. We set out to identify differing policy approaches, together with potential impacts and implementation challenges for each. Findings unearthed six policy models – both mandatory and voluntary – with unique impacts and challenges. We demonstrate that innovation occurs without new policy inventions and largely by necessity, as new features are added and generic models are adapted to local circumstances. Our sample demonstrated experimentation with benchmarking in the USA, comprehensive regulation in Asia, and voluntary approaches in Australia. Overall, environmental impacts are particularly slow to emerge and plagued with attribution challenges. We found limited evidence of benchmarking programme effectiveness in reducing energy consumption in the short-term, but some indication of mid-term outcomes. Driven by unique local circumstances, the cap-and-trade model stood out by fostering large, sustained and attributable GHG emission reductions and retrofitting. Market and social impacts are highly significant across all programmes, highlighting needs to consider non-environmental impacts in policy evaluation. We emphasise the complementary potential of voluntary and regulatory approaches to advancing energy efficiency and climate resilience. We also underscore the potential for reporting or benchmarking programmes to later transition to models mandating performance improvements, such as cap-and-trade.     

VFP编程在计算总悬浮颗粒物采样浓度中的应用

本文简要论述了VFP编程语言在TSP浓度计算中的具体应用,内容包括计算程序的主体内容、含义以及程序当中的难点及亮点。     

微机在栓接板面抗滑移系数试验中的应用

在微机数据库管理系统中,运行一自编程序,进行试验数据的处理及试验报告的自动打印.使用该程序处理试验数据,不仅速度快,而且内容准确、规范,可大大地提高工作效率.     

A cost-benefit analysis of a population screening programme for neural tube defects

Population screening for neural tube defects is possible by measuring maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels with appropriate follow-up as required. British Columbia has approximately 39 000 births annually and the incidence of neural tube defects is 1–55 per 1000 births (0–94 per 1000 livebirths). Results from a cost-benefit analysis suggest that the outlined screening programme would be cost-beneficial for British Columbia. Other important factors essential to consider before instituting a population screening programme are discussed.     

Prioritisation of existing biocidal active substances in the European Union

This article describes the priority setting process in the 10-year review programme for the systematic examination of all existing active biocidal substances as foreseen in Article 16(2) of the European Commission Biocidal Products Directive (BPD). In the first phase of this programme, all existing biocidal substances were identified or notified. For the evaluation in the second phase, the notified substances will be grouped in four priority lists according to the product types (PTs) for which they were notified. The prioritisation principles were the availability of test guidance for efficacy testing, overlap with other review programmes and overlap between the substances in different product types. The details of these principles are explained in this article.     

胜利油田生态农场经济发展数学模型

在对胜利油田生态农场系统结构分析的基础上,根据农场规划目标,建立了由投入产出模型和线性规划模型相结合的经济发展数学模型。应用该模型指导农场的经济建设,8 a来取得了极好的效果,证明所建立的模型是正确的。      

A perfect storm? Indigenous rights within a national REDD+ readiness process in Peru

Recurring disagreements during national preparations to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) are contributing to policy reform at multiple scales. The objectives of this study are to (i) develop a general framework to characterise diverse stakeholder perspectives on REDD+ programme objectives and governance arrangements, and (ii) apply this framework to analyse key stakeholders involved in REDD+ readiness process of Peru: the Inter-ethnic Association for the Development of the Peruvian Rainforest (Asociación Interétnica de Desarrollo de la Selva Peruana, AIDESEP), the Peruvian government and the World Bank. As indigenous peoples strive to maintain their own traditions and priorities, a turbulent readiness process is helping to resolve long-ignored issues of indigenous rights and to make REDD+ programme governance structures more inclusive. The Peruvian government/World Bank approach to REDD+ is incompatible with that of AIDESEP, therefore parallel implementation will be required for them to co-exist. Although a diversity of participants has helped to check and balance the centralization of decision-making power over REDD+ programme development, a history of failed assurances and agreements point to a need to maintain vigilance as new laws, regulations and safeguards are implemented.     

2050年中国能源消费的情景预测

与全球气候变化紧密相关的能源消费问题是当今世界各国关注的热点,特别是中国能源消费规模、能源消费峰值和消费结构等更是关注的重点.论文在简要评述中国能源消费峰值、能源消费预测方法和模型的基础上,系统回顾了国内外对中国能源消费预测研究成果,侧重于人口和经济等驱动中国能源消费的两大主要因素,参考主要发达国家经济发展过程中人均能源消耗及人均累计能耗变化规律,对中国未来能源消费趋势进行了定量预测分析.结果表明:① 中国人均能耗、总量和人均累计消费量均有较大的发展潜力.2050年中国人均能耗大致在4.75~9.31 tce,上限也只相当于美国人均能耗峰值的76%;中国能源消费总量还将持续增长,2050 年的能源消费总量在61.91×10⁸~121.33×10⁸tce;1870-2050 年,中国人均累计能耗最佳分布区间为207~294 tce,只相当于1870-2012 年美国人均累计能耗的46%、德国的56%、英国的57%.② 文献梳理表明,当前预测中国能源消费峰值的各种研究成果大多认为在62×10⁸~79×10⁸tce,而峰值年份则出现在2035-2045 年,论文认为除美国、英国和德国情景将有峰值出现外,其他情景尚不可能出现峰值;③ 法国情景下中国能源消费“零”增长将于2040 年左右出现;日本、韩国以及基准情景预测显示,2035 年以后中国能源消费将进入到2%左右的低速增长期.上述研究结果表明,中国未来能源消费预测采用法国、日本、韩国情景较为合理,2035 年以后,中国能源消费将进入低速增长期.当前,中国人均收入不高,人均能耗尤其人均累计能耗处于较低水平,过早乐观承诺能源消费峰值,易使气候变化谈判陷入被动;从中国国情出发,需给中国社会经济发展留有能源消耗空间;促进能源资源的节约集约使用,积极倡导节能型生产生活方式,是中国社会经济可持续发展、保障能源安全、积极应对全球气候变化的现实需要.     

清洁生产审核在大豆分离蛋白生产企业中的应用

如何在大豆分离蛋白生产企业中开展清洁生产审核,文章通过分析目前大豆分离蛋白生产中存在的主要问题,提出了解决方法并推荐了一些典型的清洁生产方案,为该类企业实施清洁生产审核提供了借鉴。     

碳减排背景下我国与世界主要能源消费国能源消费结构与模式对比

选取2020年世界能源消费量累积占比达80%的前23个国家作为研究对象,通过从一次能源清洁化率、化石能源清洁利用率和电能占终端能源消费率角度对其能源消费结构进行对比研究,从单位GDP能耗、人均能耗和单位国土面积能耗角度,结合产业结构和分部门能源消费构成,对其能源消费强度进行深入分析,探讨各国在社会经济运行与生产生活中的能源消费模式,提出能源消费自然碳汇承载负荷比概念,指出我国在碳达峰与碳中和目标下能源消费模式转型面临的优势与挑战.结果表明,我国一次能源清洁化率、发电用能占比、化石能源清洁化利用率和电能占终端能耗比分别达到15.90%、53.48%、37.51%和26.54%,均在世界主要能源消费国家中处于前列,已经架构起良好的能源集约化和清洁化利用结构基础;非工农业能源消费占比尤其是仅为14.09%的交通能源占比在主要能源消费国中最低,已经形成了具有相对优势的绿色低碳能源消费模式;基于产业结构优化潜在的总体能源生产率还有较大提升空间;但相对较短的碳达峰与碳中和目标期对清洁能源发展速度与规模提出了巨大挑战,碳排放约束下的国际形势对我国通过优化调整产业结构实现降碳目标也增加了难度.     

中国能源消费结构的变动规律研究

首次建立中国能源消费结构变化动力模型,对中国能源消费结构进行模拟和预测。研究表明,该模型能较好地模拟和预测出在中国能源消费结构中煤炭消费比例将逐步下降,石油、天然气、水电的消费比例将上升,尤其是石油消费的地位会提高。近10年来中国各部门能源消费比例变化表现为生活和第一产业的能源消费比例下降,第三产业能源消费比例上升。由于工业生产能源消费一直占中国能源消费的主体。今后应调整工业结构,降低能耗高的工业部门比重,采取措施降低第三产业过快发展带来的能源消费增长加快的问题,提高石油利用效率。     

西南水闸的改建方案对下游水体水质影响研究

西南涌属于北江下游大堤左岸的分洪河道。西南水闸重建后,通过调节西南水闸闸孔的开度,引入北江水进行河涌整治,将导致西南涌上游污染物向下游迁移,但涨潮时须关闸门,不让污染较严重的西南涌水进入北江。由于下游珠江口河水的上溯,上下游河水交汇处河水流速最小,污染物的交换能力最弱,导致污染物的最大浓度沉积。本研究将应用珠江口一维感潮河网模型,从水环境效果的角度出发,模拟分析在水环境容量较小的平、枯水期,不同的引水方案对水质的影响程度,提出最佳引水方案和河涌整治措施建议。     

北京终端能源碳消费清单与结构分析

基于政府宏观统计数据,根据IPCC参考方法,估算了1995～2005年北京终端能源碳消费量,详细给出了北京各部门、分能源品种以及2005年分行业的能源碳消费清单,分析了能源碳消费结构．结果表明,1995～2005年北京终端能源碳消费总量和人均能源碳消费量均呈现显著上升趋势,分别增加了71.5%和38.4%;终端能源碳消费强度持续下降,降低了66.2%．各部门的终端能源碳消费中,工业最大,约占碳消费总量的53.0%～68.0%,1995～2005年平均碳消费量为14.59 Mt;其次是第三产业,约占15.0%～30.5%,平均碳消费量为5.23 Mt;与1995年相比,2005年城镇居民生活消费的能源碳消费量增加了2.02倍．目前工业的碳消费仍是主导,产业结构的调整尚未改变工业消费能源碳的主导地位．自2002年北京终端能源碳消费结构基本趋于稳定,但是能源结构的调整未能抵消能源消费增加带来的碳消费增量．