进一步促进“环境试验与观测”专业服务型号的设想

阐述了环境试验与观测专业的内涵、环境工程提出的背景.指出了目前专业服务型号存在基础数据积累有待加强、环境试验与评价技术手段尚需完善.提出了强化数据资源建设、完善国防科技工业环境试验与观测网、大力开展关键技术攻关,促进专业进一步服务型号的设想.     

大气自动监测仪器API和DASIB的比对

为了检测API和DASIBI两套自动监测仪器数据的一致性,对两套仪器做了对比试验,从试验结果看出两组分析仪器所得数据具有一定可比性.     

用实测冲击环境数据确定冲击试验条件

冲击响应谱作为试验规范已被用于冲击环境试验.制订一个能真实模拟实际冲击环境的冲击响应谱是冲击环境试验的前提,文中对冲击实测时域数据的预处理,冲击持续时间的确定,冲击响应谱的计算,冲击响应谱的归纳方法进行了研究,并用实测的冲击数据,归纳出某型号冲击试验的冲击响应谱.     

恒温加速退化试验的灰色预测

针对恒温加速退化试验数据处理中的贫数据问题,利用灰色建模所需数据量少的优势,提出了加速寿命的灰色预测方法.将灰色GM(1,1)模型与阿伦尼乌斯方程相结合,提出了加速退化试验有效性判断依据和常温贮存寿命外推方法,并在某型三极管的加速退化试验数据处理中进行了成功应用.将此外推方法与曲线拟合方法进行了比较,结果表明该模型具有...     

丁羟推进剂库房贮存与加速老化规律研究

采用库房贮存与加速试验的方法,研究了丁羟推进剂在库房贮存与加速老化环境下的规律,得到了丁羟推进剂加速老化与库房贮存的试验数据.利用秩相关系数检验方法对2组试验数据进行了相关性分析,并分析了推进剂老化失效模式和贮存环境对推进剂贮存寿命的影响.     

多媒体技术在单向拉伸试验中的应用

介绍了多媒体技术在单向拉伸试验中的应用.该系统能自动采集处理数据,通过屏幕上图像显示了解整个试验过程,并通过语音提示来进行操作,优化了试验环境,提高了试验效率和效果.     

基于力-热双应力加速试验的橡胶减振结构寿命预测研究

目的 针对橡胶减振结构寿命试验时间较长,寿命预测困难的问题,建立了力-热双应力情况下的橡胶减振结构加速试验方法,并给出寿命预测模型.方法 首先,分析影响橡胶减振结构寿命的主要因素,建立典型橡胶减振结构的双应力加速试验方法,并开展加速退化试验.基于加速退化试验获得的试验数据,采用广义艾林模型作为双应力加速模型,Weibull分布作为寿命模型,建立了减振结构的双应力加速退化试验数据的分析方法.结果 预测了使用温度为25℃,压缩率为5％情况下,在给定可靠度0.9987时,减振结构贮存寿命约为9 a.结论 所建立的方法能够较好地预测减振结构的使用寿命.     

某型金属减振器的加速贮存验证试验方法研究

目的 研究一种金属减振器的库房贮存寿命的实验室加速贮存试验验证方法.方法 首先分析某型金属减振器的性能指标参数和贮存薄弱环节,然后设计并实施相关的加速贮存试验.通过对试验数据进行回归分析,获得金属减振器常温下的应力松弛关系式,进而开展金属减振器的加速贮存验证试验,验证其贮存后的性能指标参数能够否满足要求.结果 根据验证试验的数据结果评估得出,某型金属减振器在常温库房贮存环境至少能达到15 a的贮存寿命.结论 通过在实验室开展加速贮存试验,能够在短时间内验证金属减振器的贮存寿命,为金属减振器寿命评估工作提供了技术支撑.     

结合Origion软件分析腐蚀对LY12CZ铝合金疲劳性能影响

利用Origion软件拟合试验数据,通过对实验数据的拟合得出腐蚀对LY12CZ铝合金疲劳性能的影响,以及材料常数随腐蚀的变化关系.拟合结果与实际理论相吻合.     

火工品温湿度加速老化模型和算法研究

目的 研究对火工品适用的温湿度加速模型,以及加速系数计算程序,获取准确的温湿度加速系数外推公式.方法 通过分析国内外使用的各种双因素加速模型的适用性,确定火工品适用的温湿度加速模型,采用免费自由的开源统计分析软件——R软件,对通过加速试验获取的某点火头2种温湿度加速条件下的试验数据,进行单组数据拟合和多组数据拟合两种温湿度加速老化算法的开发,并且对2种算法、3种寿命分布下寿命外推的准确性进行对比分析.结果 确定了Peck模型适合用于火工品的温湿度加速模型,获取了某电点火头对应的温湿度加速系数和湿度项反应速率常数.结论 基于多组数据拟合的温湿度加速老化算法,比基于单组数据拟合的温湿度加速老化算法对试验数据的兼容性好.3种寿命分布中,Weibull分布的加速系数计算结果最保守.     

环境影响评价中公众参与的问题与对策

公众参与是环境影响评价中的重要内容，它是项目方或环境工作组与公众之间的一种双向交流。在环境影响评价过程中实施公众参与，可以提高环评的有效性，增强全民族的环保意识，促进环境影响评价的完善。目前，我国环境影响评价中的公众参与还不十分成熟，进行公众参与的方法没有统一的规定。文章提出我国公众参与主要存在以下几个问题：力量薄弱、形式简单、规范滞后、影响有限。针对这些问题提出了改进措施：增强信息沟通及沟通的有效性、完善公众参与的法律制度、明确公众参与的具体内容。     

控制水泥检测质量的几个环节

建筑工程中的水泥质量检验水平的高低,直接关系到建筑工程的结构质量。本文从水泥取样、仪器设备的管理、试验环境条件、标准物质、试验操作、比对试验等检测环节出发,探讨了控制水泥检测质量的几个重要环节,对提高水泥检测数据的准确性和公正性,保证水泥检测工作的质量具有重要的意义。     

Prioritisation of existing biocidal active substances in the European Union

This article describes the priority setting process in the 10-year review programme for the systematic examination of all existing active biocidal substances as foreseen in Article 16(2) of the European Commission Biocidal Products Directive (BPD). In the first phase of this programme, all existing biocidal substances were identified or notified. For the evaluation in the second phase, the notified substances will be grouped in four priority lists according to the product types (PTs) for which they were notified. The prioritisation principles were the availability of test guidance for efficacy testing, overlap with other review programmes and overlap between the substances in different product types. The details of these principles are explained in this article.     

上海市机动车环保检测机构管理模式构建及对策探讨

针对上海市机动车排放污染日趋严重的特点,以及提高机动车环保检测能力的迫切需求,以大量基础调研的基础为依据,客观剖析现阶段上海市机动车环保检测机构管理中存在的问题,提出构建分布合理、满足需求的标准化、规范化机动车环保检测体系的管理模式,从强化环检机构日常监管、优化检测资源、促进良性竞争、建设信息网络体系多个方面探讨管理对策,以保证环检机构的检测工作更加规范化和透明化,使检测数据更加具有公正性和权威性。     

德尔斐法在省(区)环境规划战略对策研究中的应用及其结果分析

为科学编制省(区)环境保护整治规划,采用德尔斐法,组织近百名专家和环境管理干部,就甘肃省(和全国)今后五年、十年和三十年间的环境问题、宏观国土环境问题构成因素的相对权重、环保工作的战略重点、环境污染控制途径的可行性和有效性权重、环境规划战略对策和措施的相对重要度、环保投资比例和投资方向等11类问题,进行集合评估和预测,历时一年多,分两轮次,获得基础数据二万多个,经数理统计和计算机辅助判断处理,得到一系列概率分布状态的主要结论,为甘肃省环保规划战略对策的决策过程提供了科学依据。     

Prenatal diagnosis of Huntington's disease (HD): Experiences with six cases and PCR

In the course of a 2-year predictive testing programme for Huntington's disease (HD), six couples from a total of 52 applicants requested prenatal testing. In each case, the pregnancy was in the first or second trimester when the couples were referred for DNA diagnosis. In five cases, exclusion testing was offered; in one case, a person at risk with an increased risk of being a gene carrier requested prenatal diagnosis. In all cases, informative markers for prenatal testing could be determined. Whenever possible, the newer technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for D4S125 was applied to perform rapid prenatal diagnosis. Two couples withdrew before chorionic villus sampling was undertaken; prenatal diagnosis was completed in the remaining four cases. After exclusion testing, two pregnancies were determined to have an increased risk and two fetuses to have a low risk of being HD gene carriers.     

试用Excel函数实现检测数据的修约

应用Excel中的IF、AND、INT、EVEN、FIXED、ROUND函数编写命令,使Excel应用软件在数据处理时能按数据修约规则进行修约。通过应用证明,此命令完全满足数据修约规则的要求,对数据的处理准确、稳定,减轻了检测人员的工作压力,具有极强的可操作性和实用价值。     

Four years of experience with Erasmus University's “International Off-Campus PhD programme on cleaner production,cleaner products,industrial ecology and sustainability”

This paper describes the first four years' experiences with Erasmus University's “International Off-Campus PhD Programme on Cleaner Production, Cleaner Products, Industrial Ecology and Sustainability.” The proposal for this innovative, off-campus programme was made in 1992, in response to expanding needs for providing environmental professionals the opportunity to continue their employment and to simultaneously work toward fulfilling the requirements of a PhD.After receiving approval and initial financial support from the Board of Deans of Erasmus University, the first INTENSIVE (INTENSIVE is the term used to describe the annual, two-week long training programme within which the new PhD candidates, as well as those who have been in the programme for a year or more, meet to learn more about the rapidly evolving areas addressed by the programme and to report on progress made in each candidate's PhD thesis research. The Erasmus faculty and invited supportive co-advisors and other visiting scholars contribute to the scholarly input and candidate guidance.) of the new International PhD Programme was held in October 1995. Since then the programme has expanded and progressed. As of the academic year 1998/1999, twenty-one PhD candidates from eleven countries in five continents were actively pursuing their PhD research and thesis development within the Programme. Six new candidates were admitted during the November 1999 INTENSIVE.     

An increase in cost-effectiveness of first trimester maternal screening programmes for fetal chromosome anomalies is obtained by contingent testing

We assessed the discriminatory efficiency and cost-effectiveness of a novel way of organising first trimester screening for Down syndrome (DS), contingent testing, where a serological test (PAPP-A and β-hCG: the double test) is made in early first trimester and followed by nuchal translucency testing (NT) only in women with an intermediate risk, e.g. <1:65 and >1:1000, and not in all women as in normal first trimester screening (NFTS). Using Monte Carlo simulation contingent testing had a detection rate (DR) of 78.9% and a false-positive rate (FPR) of 4.0% for DS with 19.4% of women offered NT testing. The DR of NFTS was 85.5% and the FPR 4.4%. The decrease in NT screening was associated with an increase from 23% to 29% in the proportion of DS cases born. The cost of the contingent testing programme was £53 000 per DS case not born and £91 000 in NFTS. The number of aborted fetuses per DS case were 0.35 and 0.36, respectively. Thus, contingent testing is an organisation of first trimester screening where costs can be reduced with a marginal decrease in performance. Contingent testing is attractive in areas where NT screening is the bottleneck preventing the introduction of first trimester screening. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

在用车排气检测中的质控问题研究

在用车排气检测面对车主,服务政府,它直接关乎着车主的切身利益和政府行政管理的公正性与有效性。机动车排气检测工作质控环节较多、不具备留样性与可比性、且具有检测工作难以重现等特点,从人、机、料、法、环、样品等各个方面分析影响在用车排气检测准确性与可靠性因素,重点从检测参数录入、设备检查与校准、车辆操控、检测流程控制、检测数据分析等几个关键环节,有针对性地提出相应的质控措施与手段,能有效保证检测工作的可靠与有效。