水中毒物对硝化反应毒性的快速检测

本文描述了一种利用硝化细菌快速、灵敏的检测急性毒物的方法，该方法将ATU作为亚硝酸细菌的选择性抑制剂，通过测定硝化细菌的耗氧速率来反映毒物毒性作用的大小，同时测定毒物的EC50值。将本方法应用于底泥毒性检测中，与传统方法相经结果一致。     

纳米铁系双金属-微生物体系去除地下水NO-3-N研究

采用不同液相还原法制备纳米Fe0、Fe/Ni和Fe/Cu粒子,将其与反硝化细菌混合应用于地下水NO3--N去除研究。考察3种体系对NO3--N去除速率的影响,并对其脱氮产物及RNA水平上纳米铁系双金属对反硝化细菌的毒性效应进行了分析和讨论。结果表明,9 d内纳米Fe0体系可完全将NO3--N去除,过程中伴随NO2--N先升高后降低的生成趋势,NH 4+-N生成52%;纳米Fe/Ni体系脱氮速率最快,6 d内可将NO 3--N完全去除,几乎未检测到NO 2--N的生成,而NH 4+-N的转化率高达69%;纳米Fe/Cu体系7 d内可将NO3--N去除完全,NH4+-N的生成率降低,仅39%,但是出现33%NO2--N积累。从反应前后反硝化细菌总RNA浓度变化看,3种纳米粒子对反硝化细菌的毒性大小为纳米Fe/Ni﹥纳米Fe/Cu﹥纳米Fe0。     

石油炼化废水组成对厌氧氨氧化-反硝化细菌混培物的影响

为了探究石油炼化废水中COD和毒性物质对厌氧氨氧化-反硝化细菌混培物的影响,利用已具有高效脱氮性能的细菌混培物建立生物脱氮反应器进行连续驯化实验,实现进水COD和毒性物质比例的增加,并结合MPN-PCR技术对驯化前后两类菌群数量进行检测。结果发现,驯化前后厌氧氨氧化细菌数目由7.549×10~(14)个·g~(-1)减为8.212×10~8个·g~(-1),脱氮生化活性仍保持在40.2%左右;反硝化细菌数目由3.523×10~6个·g~(-1)增为4.693×10~(16)个·g~(-1),脱氮生化活性增加了5.76倍左右。结果表明,厌氧氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌混培脱氮体系的脱氮生化活性未与细菌数目呈正相关性变化,COD和毒性物质对体系产生了不同程度的影响;厌氧氨氧化细菌比反硝化细菌对石油炼化废水毒性的作用更敏感;混培脱氮体系在一定程度上可以有效地抵抗石油炼化废水高浓度COD、高毒性物质对厌氧氨氧化生理生化脱氮过程的负面影响。     

A/O_1/H/O_2工艺处理焦化废水硝化过程的实现及其抑制

针对焦化废水中的有毒污染物会对敏感易受干扰的硝化细菌产生不利影响从而破坏硝化过程稳定性的现象,采用A/O1/H/O2工艺处理焦化废水的实际工程为研究对象,根据工程运行的水质监测数据分析,发现几种主要污染物的浓度变化会对二级好氧段的硝化过程产生抑制影响。序批式毒性抑制实验结果表明,苯酚、硫氰化物和喹啉对硝化过程具有毒性抑制作用,半抑制浓度EC50分别为34.26、278.5和73.24 mg/L。当二级好氧工艺段运行正常时(C/N约4.3/1,pH8～8.5,DO 4～4.5 mg/L),出水氨氮浓度可低于5 mg/L,是由于焦化废水经厌氧/好氧/水解工艺后毒物浓度大幅下降,毒性得到削减,表明焦化废水生物处理A/O1/H/O2组合流化床工艺具有较强抵抗毒物抑制并实现高效的硝化作用。     

废水的硝化作用

硝化作用是废水生物脱氮中的关键。本文介绍了硝化作用的生化反应、硝化细菌的类群、硝化反应动力学和影响硝化作用的主要环境因子：溶解氧、ｐＨ、温度和毒物。     

A/O1/H/O2工艺处理焦化废水硝化过程的实现及其抑制

针对焦化废水中的有毒污染物会对敏感易受干扰的硝化细菌产生不利影响从而破坏硝化过程稳定性的现象,采用A/O1/H/O2工艺处理焦化废水的实际工程为研究对象,根据工程运行的水质监测数据分析,发现几种主要污染物的浓度变化会对二级好氧段的硝化过程产生抑制影响。序批式毒性抑制实验结果表明,苯酚、硫氰化物和喹啉对硝化过程具有毒性抑制作用,半抑制浓度EC50分别为34.26、278.5和73.24 mg/L。当二级好氧工艺段运行正常时（C/N约4.3/1,pH8～8.5,DO 4～4.5 mg/L）,出水氨氮浓度可低于5 mg/L,是由于焦化废水经厌氧/好氧/水解工艺后毒物浓度大幅下降,毒性得到削减,表明焦化废水生物处理A/O1/H/O2组合流化床工艺具有较强抵抗毒物抑制并实现高效的硝化作用。     

氨氮对A/O~2 MBBR处理垃圾焚烧渗沥液厌氧出水的影响

采用缺氧/两级好氧MBBR处理垃圾焚烧渗沥液厌氧出水,研究高浓度氨氮对处理工艺脱氮效果的影响,采用变性梯度凝胶电泳技术分析各个处理单元在不同氨氮浓度下填料中微生物群落结构的变化。实验结果表明,在HRT=30 h和硝化液回流比300%条件下,当进水氨氮浓度达到700 mg·L-1,氨氮的转化率和总氮的去除率分别从99%和80%下降到50%,高浓度氨氮对硝化细菌产生了毒性作用;当进水氨氮浓度降低至500 mg·L-1,氨氮的转化率和总氮的去除率分别恢复到90%和70%,氨氮对硝化细菌的毒性作用是可逆的。反硝化细菌较硝化细菌对高浓度氨氮有较强的耐受能力。微生物群落结构没有发生明显变化,氨氮对微生物的毒性表现在对其生物活性的抑制。     

Cu(Ⅱ)持续负荷对A/O工艺中硝化菌种群结构及功能代谢的动态影响

为探讨铜离子(Cu2+)对A/O反应器中硝化细菌的毒性机制,研究了Cu2+持续负荷下A/O反应器中硝化细菌的基质代谢能力、呼吸速率(SOUR)、功能基因(amoA和nxrB)的表达和菌落结构变化情况.结果 表明,呼吸速率和基因转录对Cu2+毒性的响应较基质代谢更为敏感.主成分回归模型分析结果显示,活性污泥表面吸附的Cu...     

城市综合污水处理厂污泥对Daphnia magna 的急性毒性与毒物特征

以城市综合污水处理厂污泥的浸提液对Daphnia magna的24h急性毒性为指标，研究了污泥放置时间与其毒性的关系。结果表明，污泥对Daphnia magna的急性毒性随旋转时间的增加逐渐增大，但在旋转两个月后毒性趋于稳定。对放置3d和84d的污泥，利用TIE（毒性鉴别评价）方法对其浸提液进行了毒物特性鉴别，结果表明，放置3d的污泥，浸提液毒性主要由酸性条件下易挥发的物质引起，放置84d的污泥浸提液中的毒物主要为金属离子和易与酸碱反应的物质。     

酵母提取物对大型蚤急性毒性实验的影响

为了缩短大型蚤急性毒性实验的周期,并且验证毒性实验的灵敏度和稳定性,对投加酵母提取物饲养的大型蚤的生长周期、2次产卵时间间隔、产卵数量、以及幼蚤灵敏度和稳定性进行研究,并将其应用于已知毒性物质和环境样品的毒性检测.结果表明,酵母提取物的适宜投加量为18.00～22.00 mg/L.在该浓度下饲养的大型蚤可保持较好的怀卵量,生长至成熟期和2次怀卵的时间间隔较短,幼蚤的灵敏度较好,毒性测试结果稳定.采用此方法测定的4种重金属和4种有机物的大型蚤急性毒性的24 h-EC50和48 h-LC50与已发表的实验结果比较相近,证明该方法准确、可靠.将该方法应用于城市生活污水急性毒性的测定发现,投加酵母提取物饲养的大型蚤所产幼蚤可以明显区分生活污水原水和处理后最终出水.因此,采用投加适量酵母提取物饲养大型蚤的方法可以缩短实验周期,为测定环境样品生物毒性提供方便.     

混合重金属对硝化颗粒污泥毒性作用的析因实验研究

分别测定了Cu2 、Zn2 和Cd2 对硝化颗粒污泥的单一毒性,采用析因实验研究了二元和三元重金属混合体系对硝化颗粒污泥的联合毒性.结果表明,Cu2 、Zn2 和Cd2 的2 h半抑制浓度EC50分别为95.23、62.11和12.48 mg/L,由析因实验所得的响应曲面模型具有较好的优度(其R2＞0.95),能够对混合体系的联合毒性很好地进行预测,析因实验可以用于环境领域混合体系联合毒性的研究.     

Chemical and microbial hypotheses explaining the effect of wastewater treatment plant discharges on the nitrifying communities in freshwater sediment

Nitrification is a microbial key step of the nitrogen cycle, which performs the oxidation of ammonium to nitrate, via nitrite. In aquatic environments, it mainly takes place in the sediment or is associated with suspended particles. Wastewater treatment plant (WTP) discharges in rivers may disrupt sediment nitrification: this impact is related to nitrogen inputs (mainly NH(4)(+) and organic nitrogen) but could also depend on the nitrifying bacteria inputs which have been proved to survive downstream WTP discharge points. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of NH(4)(+) and nitrifying bacteria inputs on the two steps of nitrification in freshwater sediments.To avoid natural sites constraints and to control the main environmental parameters, we used microcosms to simulate a river receiving different types of WTP discharges. These microcosms were composed of five glass dual-walls reactors (6 l) containing sediment and continuously filled (controlled flow) with river water and WTP effluent. Two types of effluents were tested: a non-nitrified one (high NH(4)(+) input, very few nitrifying bacteria) and a nitrified one (low NH(4)(+) input, more nitrifying bacteria), at different effluent/freshwater ratios (0/100, 20/80, 40/60 and 80/20). Changes in the ammonium- and nitrite-oxidizing communities were assessed by the Most Probable Number method, and changes in potential ammonium-oxidizing activity and potential nitrite-oxidizing activity were determined by incubations with specific inhibitors (sodium chlorate and allylthiourea).In most of the cases the presence of effluent induced significant changes of the nitrifying bacteria densities and potential activities in the sediment. This effect indicates generally a loss of specific potential activity and in most of the time is significant for a high effluent/river water ratio (40% to 80%). In our experimental conditions and in the case of a large WTP discharge, the nitrifying potential in freshwater sediments could thus be significantly modified.     

呼吸法测定硝化菌产率系数实验研究

基于硝化过程中合成代谢和能量代谢耦合原理,分析硝化过程中的电子流,建立自养硝化菌细胞生长与氨氮氧化耗氧量之间的关系。采用间歇实验方法,通过电解质呼吸仪测定硝化过程的累积耗氧量和耗氧速率,使用M ann-Ken-dell趋势检验方法确定实验中硝化菌进入内源呼吸的时刻以及内源呼吸过程中的耗氧速率,估算出氨氮氧化的耗氧量。计算结果表明本实验中硝化菌产率系数为0.2345±0.0115 mg COD/mg NH4+-N。     

Degradation of ethinyl estradiol by nitrifying activated sludge

Degradation of ethinyl estradiol (EE2) by nitrifying activated sludge was studied with micro-organisms grown in a reactor with feedback of sludge fed with only a mineral salts medium containing ammonium as the sole energy source. Ammonium was oxidised by this sludge at a rate of 50 mg NH4+ g(-1) DW h(-1). This activated sludge was also capable of degrading EE2 at a maximum rate of 1 microg g(-1) DW h(-1). Using sludge with an insignificant nitrifying capacity of 1 mg NH4+ g(-1) DW h(-1), no degradation of EE2 was detected. Oxidation of EE2 by nitrifying sludge resulted in the formation of hydrophilic compounds, which were not further identified. Most probably degradation by nitrifying sludge results in a loss of estrogenic activity, as hydroxylated derivatives of EE2 are known to have a substantially lower pharmacological activity than EE2.     

Toxicity of three halogenated flame retardants to nitrifying bacteria, red clover (Trifolium pratense), and a soil invertebrate (Enchytraeus crypticus)

Halogenated flame retardants have a high sorption affinity to particles, making soils and sediments important sinks. Here, three of the most commonly used flame retardants have been tested for sub-lethal toxicity towards soil nitrifying bacteria, a terrestrial plant (seed emergence and growth of the red clover, Trifolium pratense), and a soil invertebrate (survival and reproduction of Enchytraeus crypticus). Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) was quite toxic to enchytraeids, with significant effects on reproduction detected already at the 10 mgkg(-1) exposure level (EC(10)=2.7 mgkg(-1)). In contrast, decabromodiphenyl ether (DeBDE) was not toxic at all, and short-chain chloroparaffins (CP(10-13)) only affected soil nitrifying bacteria at the highest test concentration (EC(10)=570 mgkg(-1)). Exposure concentrations were verified by chemical analysis for TBBPA and DeBDE, but not for CP(10-13), as a reliable method was not available. Based on the generated data, a PNEC for soil organisms can be estimated at 0.3 mgkg(-1) for TBBPA and 57 mgkg(-1) for short-chain chloroparaffins. No PNEC could be estimated for DeBDE. Measurements of TBBPA in soil are not available, but measured concentrations in Swedish sludge are all lower than the estimated threshold value for biological effects in soil.     

接种不同污泥源条件下厌氧氨氧化菌的特性

2组ASBR接种污泥源分别为好氧硝化污泥、好氧硝化污泥和厌氧氨氧化污泥按2：1比例}昆合的混合污泥。在相同条件下,经过驯化培养均实现了厌氧氨氧化的稳定运行。接种好氧硝化污泥的反应器的适应期为29d,经过105d的培养反应器成功启动;接种混合污泥的反应器的适应期为13d,经过49d反应器启动成功。从2组ASBR污泥中提取细菌总DNA,经过厌氧氨氧化菌特异引物Pla46rc／Amx820对污泥样品进行PCR扩增、克隆和测序等分析。实验结果表明,接种不同污泥源条件下的反应器中厌氧氨氧化菌的特性存在差异,接种污泥源为好氧硝化污泥的反应器中存在的厌氧氨氧化菌种为CandidatusKuenenia,而接种混合污泥的反应器中存在的厌氧氨氧化菌种为CandidatusAnammox—oglobus,与最初接种的混合污泥中的厌氧氨氧化菌相同。当接种污泥中存在厌氧氨氧化菌时,该菌株经过长时间的驯化可成为优势菌种,而当接种污泥中无厌氧氨氧化菌存在时,CandidatusKueneniasp．可以在反应器中占主导,具有更强的竞争优势。     

酚类化合物对硝化颗粒污泥活性抑制的定量结构-活性相关研究

测定了酚类化合物对硝化颗粒污泥活性抑制的logIC50值,以量子化学参数为自变量,应用偏最小二乘法（PLS）,建立了酚类化合物对硝化颗粒污泥活性抑制的定量结构-活性相关（QSAR）模型。模型所提取的PLS主成分所能解释的因变量总方差的比例Qc2um为0.820,表明模型具有较好的稳定性和预测能力。模型的结果表明,影响酚类化合物对硝化颗粒污泥活性抑制的主要因素是logkow、CCR和Ehomo,酚类化合物对硝化颗粒污泥活性抑制的logIC50随着分子logkow的增大而减小,随着Ehomo和CCR的增大而增大。     

Kinetics of ammonium removal with suspended and immobilized nitrifying bacteria in different reactor systems

The degradation of ammonium by free and immobilized bacteria in different reactor systems was investigated. It was found that the start-up of a nitrifying system is enhanced if a reservoir of immobilized bacteria is present. It was also found that in a single stage system with suspended nitrifying bacteria a stable ammonium removal > 95 % could be established up to an influent ammonium concentration of 1000 mg/1 and a volumetric loading rate (VLR) of 2.3 kg NH₄⁺ m⁻³ d⁻¹. The oxygen uptake rate (OUR) due to nitrification processes was greatly enhanced with increasing volumetric loading rates. Using nitrifying bacteria immobilized on Siran material it was demonstrated that the ammonium degradation rate was directly proportional to the initial ammonium concentration.     

生物沸石球强化吸附氨氮废水的动力学研究

用一种具有多孔结构特征的沸石球作为载体固定化硝化细菌强化吸附氨氮废水。结果表明,沸石球能快速固定化硝化细菌,吸附动力学表明150 min对氨氮吸附容量达到2.816 mg/g,而且还有继续增加的趋势。假二级动力学方程和Elovich模型的精确拟合说明,生物沸石球对氨氮的吸附过程可能是非均相扩散起作用及以化学吸附反应为主的复杂转化过程。扩散拟合结果表明,氨氮在生物沸石球的吸附是以液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散为吸附速率的控制步骤,活性的硝化细菌对氨氮的硝化使氨氮在微孔的吸附得到了强化。     

Unraveling the source of nitric oxide emission during nitrification.

Nitric oxide production was measured during nitrification in a laboratory-scale bioreactor, operated at conditions relevant to municipal nitrifying wastewater treatment plants. This study aims to determine which type of microorganism and which metabolic pathway is responsible for nitric oxide emission during nitrification. Simulation studies were used to identify which pathway is the main source of nitric oxide emission, based on the following three hypothetical pathways for nitric oxide emission: (a) nitrification, (b) denitrification by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria with ammonium as electron donor, and (c) heterotrophic denitrification. The results of the study suggest that, in a nitrifying reactor treating wastewater containing solely ammonium and nutrients, denitrification by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria is the main nitric-oxide-producing pathway. During the experiments, 0.025% of the treated ammonium is emitted as nitric oxide, independent of the aeration rate imposed. Nitrite presence and oxygen limitation were found to increase the nitric oxide emission.