利用聚磷菌快速内源性反硝化脱氮研究

从部分聚磷菌在缺氧状态下的反硝化吸磷现象出发，探索了利用经过厌氧释磷，菌体内含有大量PHB的聚磷菌进行快速内源性反硝化脱氮的可能性。试验结果表明：聚磷菌在厌氧段充分有效释磷后，在缺氧段初期3—5min内，就能将30—40mg／L的NO^-3；内源性反硝化脱氮去除65％—75％，达到一级排放标准。     

SBR的反硝化吸磷脱氮现象研究

通过改变生物除磷脱氮工艺SBR(A／O／A／O)的运行参数，对其缺氧段进行研究，发现：进入缺氧段的聚磷菌体内的PHB是否充足，是缺氧吸磷现象是否明显的关键。在SBR的缺氧段也存在反硝化吸磷现象，此反应装置的活性污泥中含有大量的可利用NO3^-作为电子受体，进行缺氧反硝化吸磷的反硝化聚磷菌(DPB)。     

缺氧条件下聚磷菌利用硝酸盐吸磷的研究

为配合某新型反硝化聚磷设备生物除磷脱氮工艺的生产试验，利用静态实验方法研究了聚磷菌在缺氧状态下以硝酸盐作氧供体时吸磷作用。实验表明，聚磷菌在缺氧条件下，会利用硝酸盐作氧供体进行吸磷，说明缺氧聚磷可代替传统的耗氧吸磷，但NO3-N浓度必须保持在0.4mg/L以上。实验还表明，不同的氮磷比对聚磷菌吸磷效果有影响，最佳氮磷比为3.2:1，此时磷的去除率可达100%，氮的去除率亦可达98%。     

一体化工艺中反硝化聚磷菌比例测定研究

反硝化聚磷菌可以在缺氧条件下利用硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮作为电子受体完成吸磷过程,确定反硝化聚磷菌比例对于强化反硝化除磷作用具有重要意义。从一体化活性污泥工艺中取污泥混合液,加入蔗糖合200mg/LCOD后进行厌氧搅拌,2h后将厌氧污泥分成三等份,其中两份分别加入10mg/LNO3--N、10mg/LNO2--N后缺氧搅拌2h,另一份用充氧仪曝气2h。根据厌氧、缺氧/好氧交替过程中不同电子受体下的除磷量,可以简便的确定反硝化聚磷菌在全部聚磷菌中的比例,结果表明该一体化工艺中反硝化聚磷菌在全部聚磷菌中的比例达到98.92%。     

反硝化聚磷菌的富集及富集污泥活性研究

依据DPB原理,利用SBR动态反应器和静态释/聚磷装置。以A2/O厌氧段污泥为种泥,进行以硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化聚磷菌的富集,并对富集有反硝化聚磷菌的污泥进行了反硝化聚磷活性性能考察。结果表明,利用硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化聚磷菌存在于A2/O厌氧段污泥中,反硝化聚磷菌占总聚磷菌的比例为23%,该种污泥可作为反硝化聚磷工艺的种泥;由于常规的聚磷菌被淘汰聚磷菌的数量由6.8×107个/mL减少到1.1×103个/mL,但通过选择和富集聚磷菌总数由1.1×103个/mL增加到8.2×104个/mL,且反硝化聚磷菌占聚磷菌总数的比例也由23%提高到94%,磷酸盐去除率由最初的9.86%上升到95.2%,出水磷酸盐的浓度为0.79mg/L;通过改变进水中不同磷酸盐浓度验证体系处于稳定状态。     

聚磷菌在不同碳源下的反硝化研究

利用SBR系统对聚磷菌进行了培养,并通过荧光原位杂交手段检测了系统中聚磷菌Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis的富集程度.聚磷菌也是一种普通异养菌,为了研究它的反硝化能力,排除了聚磷菌的正常释磷和吸磷过程,仅考察在不同碳源下反硝化性能.结果表明,乙酸和PHB都能成为聚磷菌反硝化的电子供体.当以乙酸为外在单一碳源时,其反硝化速率和PHB生成速率与起始硝酸盐浓度无关,但是当起始状态硝酸盐浓度越高时,消耗单位乙酸生成的PHB和硝酸盐还原量越小.以PHB为内在碳源和能源时,聚磷菌的反硝化速率呈现对于基质(硝酸盐)的零级动力学反应,比反硝化速率为0.973 3mg/(g.h),此外PHB平均比消耗速率为(以PHB计)2.462 6 mg/(g.h).     

基于反硝化聚磷菌的颗粒污泥的培养

采用SBR反应器,利用絮状污泥为接种污泥,培养反硝化聚磷菌颗粒污泥,在提高污泥氮磷去除率的同时,实现污泥的颗粒化.结果表明,经过三个阶段45d的培养,体系达到稳定状态,利用其处理模拟生活废水时,磷的去除率在90%左右,氨氮、COD的去除率在95%左右,单位硝态氮反硝化吸磷量达到0.876mg/mg,反硝化聚磷菌占聚磷菌的比例为74.36%.污泥的平均粒径在1.0~2.0mm之间,平均沉降速度为44~72m/h.由此可以看出,通过调节溶解氧,使污泥处于厌氧、缺氧及好氧状态,可以实现基于反硝化聚磷菌的污泥颗粒化.     

基于反硝化聚磷菌的颗粒污泥的培养

采用SBR反应器,利用絮状污泥为接种污泥,培养反硝化聚磷菌颗粒污泥,在提高污泥氮磷去除率的同时,实现污泥的颗粒化.结果表明,经过三个阶段45d的培养,体系达到稳定状态,利用其处理模拟生活废水时,磷的去除率在90%左右,氨氮、COD的去除率在95%左右,单位硝态氮反硝化吸磷量达到0.876mg/mg,反硝化聚磷菌占聚磷菌的比例为74.36%.污泥的平均粒径在1.0~2.0mm之间,平均沉降速度为44~72m/h.由此可以看出,通过调节溶解氧,使污泥处于厌氧、缺氧及好氧状态,可以实现基于反硝化聚磷菌的污泥颗粒化.     

利用亚硝酸盐的反硝化除磷菌及影响因素

反硝化聚磷菌(DPB)是一类能够在厌氧状态下释磷,缺氧存在硝酸盐(NO3-)或亚硝酸盐(NO2-)的情况下聚磷,并同时反硝化的聚磷菌。实验证明:传统A2/O工艺缺氧段污泥确实存在利用亚硝酸盐的反硝化聚磷菌,PO、PON和PONO各占聚磷菌的40.7%、38.5%,20.8%。最佳的进水C/N/P为16∶4∶1且COD<200mg/L;pH值为7～7.5。聚磷菌在ORP<-80mV开始吐磷,在ORP值在-150mV左右能较好地吐磷,投加亚硝盐使ORP>-80mV,开始反硝化聚磷。     

COD/TP比及NO_2~--N/TP对短程反硝化聚磷的影响

污水中COD/TP比和NO2--N/TP比对A/A/OSBR反硝化聚磷工艺运行有重要的影响。实验结果表明:随着COD/TP比值的增加,厌氧释磷增加、厌氧释磷速率提高。但当COD/TP比值为28.5时,过剩的碳源进入缺氧段,反硝化菌利用外碳源消耗,抑制了缺氧吸磷过程;当COD/TP比值为21时,合成的PHB不足,缺氧吸磷效率下降,而且长期在较低COD/TP比条件下运行,激发了聚糖菌与聚磷菌的竞争,聚磷菌处于竞争的劣势,反硝化聚磷能力最终消失;当COD/PO43--P为25时,短程反硝化聚磷效果最佳。NO2--N/TP比与COD/TP的比值相关联,在COD/TP=25的条件下,合适的NO2--N/TP比为3。当NO2--N/PO43--P为5时,SBR上一周期剩余的NO2-会影响厌氧释磷过程。当NO2--N/TP为1.8时,NO2-不足,会使反硝化聚磷过程不完全。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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