环境科学基础理论 社会与环境

X24200600698物质代谢与循环经济/段宁(中国环科院生态工业重点实验室)∥中国环境科学/中国环境科学学会.-2005,25(3).-320~323环图X-58定义了循环经济的内涵,提出了循环经济的5条标准和4个发展阶段。研究了近30多年来工业化国家物质消费量的演变规律,提出了人类物质消费总量的上升多峰论。20世纪90年代中期,欧盟国家物质消费总量中,可再生物质、可循环利用的不可再生物质和不可循环利用的不可再生物质的比例大约为15%、24%和61%,同期美国这一比例大约为10%,16%和74%。图3表2参9X24200600699我国未来能源消费及其对环境的影响分析/郑博福(…     

中国循环经济建设中的废旧物资再生模式研究

在循环经济建设中,发展废旧物资再生产业是实现区域"大循环"、连接消费与生产领域之间的关键环节,是目前许多国家发展循环经济的重点领域.本文以产品生命周期评价、工业代谢、再利用和再循环原则等理论方法为指导,通过分析各种废旧物资的产生、利用特征,系统构建出中国废旧物资的循环再生模式,为提高中国废旧物资回收利用率、提升资源利用价值和减小环境污染危害提供科学发展方向.     

德国《循环经济和废物处置法》对中国相关立法的启示

循环经济是指在物质不断循环和能量不断梯级利用的基础上,按照自然生态系统的模式,把资源开发、生产、运输、经营、消费和废弃的全过程经济和社会活动组织成一个"资源-产品-资源"的闭环型物质流动过程,使物质和能源得到最合理和充分的利用,基本上不产生或者只产生很少的废物.循环经济的提出不过几十年,但它迅速得到了人们的重视与认可,特别是发达国家为此迅速研究并进行立法.在这方面,德国走在前面.中国在经济发展中面临的环境问题日益严重,就要求对循环经济进行高度重视,特别是在立法中要体现出来.德国《循环经济和废物处置法》为中国循环经济立法的完善提供了参考.     

发展循环经济实现矿井水资源化利用

循环经济是一种新型的、先进的、可持续的经济发展模式,要求企业按照“资源-产品-废弃物-再生资源”循环理念组织生产,实现物质的减量化、无害化和资源化。矿井水虽是煤炭开采的副产物,但也是种不可再生的宝贵的水资源,利用各种先进的水处理技术,使矿井水处理后回用于工业生产,将极大地推动矿区循环经济的发展。实践证明,发展循环经济,实现矿井水资源化利用,具有良好的经济、环境和社会效益。     

循环经济下再生资源行业的发展

循环经济是人类克服环境污染、资源短缺的困境，追求可持续发展理念的思想产物，以资源的反复利用为核心，物质是经济循环的循环实体。阐述了资源再生循环是循环经济的核心，指出再生资源行业是资源宏观循环的实施主体，并就再生资源行业在循环经济思想下发展中存在的问题、产业的系统构成以及支持条件进行了分析。     

中国铝元素物质流投入产出模型构建与分析

在构建全国铝物质流投入产出模型的基础上,对2001年,2004年,2005年和2007年全国铝损失的来源进行了解析. 结果表明:2001—2004年生产加工部门和消费部门来源于国内开采的铝损失所占比例分别从54.8%和47.6%升至64.4%和53.1%,全国铝损失率从32.5%增至42.4%;2004—2005年来源于国内开采的铝损失增幅迅速降至4.9%,2005—2007年保持在8.8%. 来源于国内开采的铝损失占铝损失总量的比例最大,2001年,2004年和2007年所占比例分别达到了34.1%,44.8%和36.3%,提示依然需要提高国内铝开采的利用效率和加工技术水平以减少铝损失总量. 2001年,2004年,2005年和2007年来源于国外进口的铝损失量占铝进口总量的比例分别为30.9%,39.1%,35.8%和33.3%,损失率变化不大,未来应增加再生铝的使用比例以降低铝的损失率.      

理性“经营环保”与实现“循环经济”

循环经济是一种全新的环境保护理念。所谓循环经济，一般认为它是环境和经济密切结合的产物，本质上是一种生态经济。循环经济的内在运行机理是按照自然生态系统内部物质循环规律和方式，用绿色经济运行模式来指导人类的经济活动，使整个生产、经济和消费过程不产生或少产生废物，在物质不断循环的基础上发展经济，从而使经济活动对自然环境的影响降低到最小程度。循环经济的核心是以物质封闭循环流动为基本特征，运用生态学规律把经济活动重构组成一个“资源—产品—再生资源”的反馈式流程和“低开采—高利用—低排放”的循环利用模式，使…     

发达国家发展循环经济的重要举措

传统经济是一种由“资源—产品—消费—排放”所构成的物质单向流动的线形经济；而循环经济则是一种“资源—产品—消费—再生资源”的物质反复循环流动的过程。因此，循环经济是一种可持续的经济发展模式，近年来许多国家（特别是欧美发达国家）对循环经济都采取积极措施和政策加以扶持。概括起来，其主要措施和政策包括以下几个方面：     

“电子垃圾”再生利用难题破解

自前报废的电脑、电视机等“电子垃圾”已成为全球增长最快的垃圾，为人们提出了一道新的待解环保难题。现在将电子废弃物再生循环利用的成套技术已经问世。2005年11月21日，总体工艺流程符合中国国情和循环经济要求的“电子废弃物资源再生循环利用成套技术”通过验收，     

清洁生产知识问答

什么是循环经济?所谓循环经济,本质上是一种生态经济,是将清洁生产和废弃物的综合利用融为一体的经济,它按照自然生态系统物质循环和能力流动规律重构经济系统,使经济系统和谐地纳入到自然生态系统的物质循环过程中。循环经济与传统经济之间关系如何?循环经济主要三大原则,即“减量化、再利用、资源化”原则“减量化原则针对的是输入端,旨在减少进入生产和消费过程中物质和能源流量;再利用原则属于过程性方法,目的是延长产品和服务的时间强度;资源化原则是输出端方法,能把废弃物再次变成资源以减少最终处理量。循环经济重要意义是什么?2 0世…     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.