一硫代砷在针铁矿上的吸附及影响因素

以一硫代砷酸盐(monothioarsenate, MTA)为研究对象,查明其在针铁矿上的吸附特征,分析砷酸盐、亚砷酸盐、胡敏酸(humic acid,HA)、硝酸盐和磷酸盐对针铁矿吸附MTA的影响并识别作用机制.结果发现:①当溶液中仅有一种砷形态时,MTA、砷酸盐和亚砷酸盐在针铁矿上的吸附平衡时间分别为8、 2和4 h,吸附过程均符合假二级动力学模型,平衡吸附量(q_e)分别为2 129.851、 3 291.838和1 788.767mg·kg~(-1);当溶液中两种砷形态(砷酸盐与MTA,或亚砷酸盐与MTA)共存时,MTA在针铁矿上的吸附过程仍符合假二级动力学模型,但q_e显著减少,分别为1 236.941mg·kg~(-1)和1 532.287mg·kg~(-1),主要原因是砷酸盐和亚砷酸盐均能与MTA竞争吸附位点.②MTA在针铁矿上的q_e随着HA浓度(10～50 mg·L~(-1))的增加而逐渐降低,因为HA大量的官能团抢占了针铁矿表面吸附点位,从而抑制了MTA的吸附;③当溶液中添加磷酸盐时, MTA、砷酸盐和亚砷酸盐在针铁矿上的q_e显著降低,分别为492.802、 815.782和303.714mg·kg~(-1),这是因为P与As存在竞争性吸附;当添加硝酸盐时,溶液中电子受体数量和Eh增加从而使得3种砷形态的q_e均增大,分别为2 211.030、 3 444.023和1 835.537mg·kg~(-1).     

添加生物炭对西北黄土吸附克百威的影响

研究了不同温度下制得的生物炭对西北黄土吸附农药克百威的影响,并对溶液p H值和初始浓度对吸附的影响进行了探讨.结果表明,克百威在添加生物炭黄土上的动力学吸附过程较好地符合准二级吸附动力学模型;热力学吸附较好地符合Freundlich等温吸附模型;随着系统温度的升高,添加生物炭的黄土对克百威的吸附量增大,且其对克百威的吸附自由能变(ΔGθ)小于0,吸附焓变(ΔHθ)及吸附熵变(ΔSθ)均大于0,表明吸附是一个自发吸热且体系混乱程度增大的等温吸附过程.溶液p H值和克百威的初始浓度对添加生物炭的土样吸附影响较明显.当p H值为4~7时,添加生物炭的土样饱和吸附量随p H升高呈缓慢降低,当p H值大于7时,吸附容量随p H升高呈明显降低趋势.克百威初始浓度从20 mg·L-1增至50 mg·L-1的过程中,吸附量快速上升,初始浓度大于50 mg·L-1时,吸附量随初始浓度的升高而缓慢增加并逐渐趋于平衡.     

磁性石墨烯吸附水中Cr(Ⅵ)研究

以氧化石墨和铁盐为原料,采用化学沉淀法制备出磁性石墨烯复合材料,运用静态吸附实验研究了吸附动力学、热力学、等温吸附模型以及不同因素如p H、温度、时间对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附的影响.结果表明,吸附动力学符合假二级动力学模型;与Freundlich模型相比,Langmuir模型更适合描述吸附过程.热力学参数为:ΔHθ=33.89 k J·mol-1,ΔSθ=120.15 J·(mol·K)-1,ΔGθ=-2.51 k J·mol-1(303 K),这表明吸附过程是吸热并且自发的.实验最佳p H值为2,升高温度和延长时间均有利于吸附的进行.初始Cr(Ⅵ)浓度为5 mg·L-1时,重复利用3次后吸附量由3.9 mg·g-1下降到2.1 mg·g-1.在磁铁存在的条件下吸附剂可轻易从溶液中分离出来,利用Na OH可使其再生,因此可作为去除Cr(Ⅵ)的良好吸附剂.     

改性芦苇生物炭对水中低浓度磷的吸附特征

为吸附处理低浓度含磷废水和实现芦苇资源化利用,将湿地植物芦苇制备成生物炭,通过负载氯化铁进行改性,探究了改性芦苇生物炭对水体中磷的吸附特征.结果表明,改性后芦苇生物炭的含铁量为11.98 mg·g~(-1),是改性前的44.7倍;改性芦苇生物炭p H_(pzc)为7.49,当溶液p H为7.0时,吸附效果最好;在磷溶液浓度为4.0 mg·L~(-1)、温度为298K时,改性芦苇生物炭平衡吸附量为0.658 mg·g~(-1),是未改性生物炭吸附量的34.6倍.研究不同温度下的吸附等温线,Langmiur方程很好地拟合不同温度的吸附等温线,该吸附是单层吸附,温度升高有利于吸附.吸附热力学研究表明,ΔG~θ0、ΔH~θ0和ΔS~θ0,说明该吸附是自发、熵增的吸热过程.假二级方程很好地拟合改性芦苇生物炭吸附磷的动力学数据,初始吸附速率随初始浓度的增大而增大,该吸附主要受颗粒内扩散控制.该研究为改性芦苇生物炭用于污水处理厂和水体深度除磷提供基础数据.     

铝代水铁矿协同吸附砷镉的机制

通过室内试验,研究了铝代水铁矿对As(Ⅴ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的协同作用过程及机制.结果表明,溶液体系p H值和重金属加入顺序明显影响铝代水铁矿对砷和镉的协同吸附与共沉淀.在近中性砷镉共存体系下吸附72h(p H为6. 0～6. 5),含20%铝的铝代水铁矿(AF20)对砷和镉的吸附容量达到了60. 9 mg·g~(-1)和17. 1 mg·g~(-1),去除率分别为96. 0%和73. 0%,砷和镉协同吸附到AF20颗粒内部孔隙,AF20对砷和镉的协同吸附效应明显;在砷溶液中加入镉体系下吸附72 h(p H为6. 1～6. 5),AF20对砷和镉的吸附容量分别为58. 1 mg·g~(-1)和12. 4 mg·g~(-1),去除率分别为96. 0%和48. 3%,砷的吸附限制了镉的固定;在镉溶液中加入砷体系下吸附72 h(p H为9. 5～9. 8),AF20对砷和镉固定量分别为20. 9 mg·g~(-1)和24. 4 mg·g~(-1),去除率分别为38. 8%和98. 9%,AF20对砷和镉的共沉淀效应明显,生成的砷镉难溶物通过堵塞孔道使镉呈稀疏条带状分布,同时阻碍砷的进一步吸附.上述结果表明,铝代水铁矿可协同吸附、共沉淀污染环境介质中的砷和镉.     

针铁矿对废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附

该实验研究了针铁矿(α-Fe OOH)对废水中Cr(Ⅵ)吸附的影响因素、吸附等温线和吸附动力学。探讨在不同初始浓度、p H、吸附剂的量、离子强度条件下针铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性。结果表明,针铁矿的吸附平衡时间为30 min;p H为3时,针铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附效率最高;Cr(Ⅵ)浓度为15 mg/L时,最佳针铁矿投加量为2 g/L;Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量随离子强度的升高而降低;温度升高,Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量随之升高。分别用Langmuir、Freundlich和Temkin等温模型对不同条件下针铁矿吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的实验结果进行模拟,结果表明用Freundlich方程的拟合效果最佳,在35℃时相关性达到了0.995 2。针铁矿吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附动力学满足准二级动力学方程,吸附表观活化能Ea=31.306 k J/mol。实验结果表明,针铁矿在废水除铬(Ⅵ)领域有实际应用的潜力。     

一硫代砷酸盐在介质上的吸附特征及机制

在实验室条件下合成纯度 99%的MTA,开展不同pH和固液比条件下MTA在细砂、土壤沉积物和针铁矿这3种介质上的吸附实验,分析其吸附特征和作用机制.结果发现:①MTA质量浓度分别在0. 14～23. 59、0. 19～41. 27和0. 27～32. 02mg·L~(-1)范围时,其在细砂、土壤沉积物和针铁矿的最大平衡吸附量(Q_m)分别为21. 54、277. 98和2 607. 42 mg·kg~(-1).值得注意的是,当MTA在3种介质上达到吸附平衡后,溶液中部分MTA开始转化形成亚砷酸盐和砷酸盐.②随着pH的增加(4～10),MTA在细砂上的平衡吸附量(Q_e)逐渐减少,在土壤沉积物和针铁矿上的Q_e先减少后增加;随着固液比的增加,MTA在3种介质上的Q_e均呈现出逐渐减小趋势.③XRD、SEM和BET测试结果揭示出3种介质吸附MTA的主要控制因素不同,分别是细砂的低孔容特征、土壤沉积物的高结晶程度以及针铁矿上大量的羟基官能团(—OH).     

不同热解及来源生物炭对西北黄土吸附敌草隆的影响

以西北黄土为研究对象,采用批量法研究不同温度下制得的生物炭对西北黄土吸附敌草隆的影响.结果表明,敌草隆在添加不同质生物炭黄土上的动力学吸附过程较好地符合准二级吸附动力学模型,且吸附过程主要分为快吸附(0~8 h)和慢吸附(8~12 h)两个阶段,在12 h左右达到平衡;热力学较好地符合Freundlich等温吸附模型;添加生物炭的黄土对敌草隆的吸附量随着温度的升高而增大,且吸附过程中ΔG~θ小于0,ΔH~θ和ΔS~θ大于0;不加生物炭的黄土对敌草隆吸附量则随着温度的升高而降低,且吸附过程中ΔG~θ和ΔH~θ小于0,ΔS~θ大于0;在体系温度范围内,E(吸附平均自由能)为1.29~5.00 k J·mol-1,表明无论是否添加生物炭,黄土对敌草隆的吸附都以物理吸附为主.其影响因素分析结果显示,随着生物炭热解温度的升高,溶液中敌草隆的平衡浓度降低,平衡吸附量增大;添加生物炭的黄土对敌草隆吸附量在0.5~6 mg·L-1浓度范围内快速上升,之后吸附量随初始浓度的升高缓慢增加并逐渐趋于平衡;溶液pH对黄土吸附敌草隆有一定影响,但影响不大.     

紫色土对硫丹的吸附与解吸特征

为揭示硫丹在紫色土中的残留过程、保护土壤生态环境,采用静态吸附和解吸实验,研究了紫色土对硫丹的吸附与解吸特征,考察了温度、吸附剂用量和吸附液初始p H等因素对吸附量的影响.结果表明紫色土对硫丹的吸附动力学过程可以用二级动力学方程很好地描述,获得α-,β-硫丹的初始吸附速率常数分别为0.157 mg·(g·min)-1和0.115 mg·(g·min)-1;吸附热力学过程可以用Langmuir等温吸附模型很好地描述,获得α-,β-硫丹的最大吸附量分别为0.257 mg·g-1和0.155mg·g-1,紫色土吸附硫丹是放热的物理化学过程,但以物理吸附为主.在本研究所设条件下,吸附液初始p H对吸附量的影响较大,温度和吸附剂用量的影响相对较小.解吸实验发现,紫色土吸附的α-,β-硫丹分别在6和4 h时达到最大解吸量(0.029mg·g-1和0.017 mg·g-1),分别占最大吸附量的10.5%和16.1%.     

典型铁氧化物对Hg(Ⅱ)吸附及其机制的比较研究

以自然环境中广泛存在的水铁矿、赤铁矿、针铁矿3种典型铁氧化物为研究对象，比较了不同实验条件下(pH、黄腐酸、共存离子、离子强度)3种铁氧化物对Hg(Ⅱ)的吸附过程及其机制.结果表明：水铁矿(37.49 mg·g^-1)和针铁矿(35.60 mg·g^-1)对汞的吸附量相当，赤铁矿对汞的吸附量(15.92 mg·g^-1)较低；吸附过程符合准二级动力学和Langmuir模型；吸附热力学研究发现，水铁矿、赤铁矿吸附汞的△H为正值，表明温度升高有利于吸附，而针铁矿与之相反；溶液pH值从3升至9时，水铁矿、赤铁矿、针铁矿对汞的吸附量分别提高了53.10%、37.73%、50.53%；添加黄腐酸可提高铁氧化物对汞的吸附；离子强度增加，针铁矿对汞的吸附量下降，而水铁矿和赤铁矿与之相反；不同阴离子共存时，水铁矿受P₂O₇^4-的影响最为显著.结合X射线光电子能谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪分析结果，水铁矿主要吸附机理是吸附剂表面—OH中的H+被Hg2+替换形成了内表面络合物，针铁矿主...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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