生物效应比(BER)技术预测我国水生生物基准探讨

基于中国与美国间生物敏感性的差异,对生物效应比(BER)技术预测我国水生生物基准值进行了研究.首先,对中美共有的且急性生物毒性数据符合3门8科的污染物进行筛选,然后,依据两国物种的敏感性与代表性建立基于不同生物组合的BER技术,最后,对不同生物组合BER技术预测水生生物急性基准值与实测基准值进行比较与分析,筛选出预测效果较好的BER技术.结果表明:共筛选出9个中美共有且毒性数据丰富的污染物(As(III)、Cr(VI)、Hg、Cu、Zn、Pb、对硫磷、毒死蜱和三丁基锡),依据本土生物毒性数据推导出该9种污染物的我国水生生物急性基准值分别为201.72、2.64、0.74、1.32、55.83、92.25、0.12、0.36和0.38μg/L.此外,在对7种生物组合方式BER技术的预测效果进行分析比较的基础上,初步提出基于同属或科的生物组合方式的BER技术可较好地对9种污染物的本土水生生物急性基准值进行预测.研究结果可为在本土生物毒性数据缺乏时充分利用现有毒性数据或进行少量毒性试验的基础上对我国水生生物急性基准值的预测提供帮助.     

我国淡水生物菲水质基准研究

菲是一种国内外水体中普遍检出的优控多环芳烃,会对水生生物产生有害影响.然而,由于本土物种生态毒理学数据匮乏等问题,关于菲的基准阈值研究鲜有报道.本研究以9种本土水生生物为研究对象,进行了9种水生生物的急性生态毒理学实验及3种慢性生态毒理学实验并推导了菲的基准阈值.此外,基于物种敏感性分布法(species sensitivity distribution,SSD)对本地和非本地物种之间的差异进行了比较,以期探究美国水生生物毒性数据在我国本土基准阈值推导过程中的可行性.结果显示,采用US EPA"指南"推荐的方法对菲本土水生生物急性基准阈值(CMC)和慢性基准阈值(CCC)进行了推导,分别为0.033 mg·L~(-1)和0.012 mg·L~(-1);另外,本土与美国物种敏感性分布不存在显著性差异,这表明存在使用美国水生生物毒性数据来推导我国菲水生生物基准阈值的可能性.     

重金属铬（Ⅵ）的生态毒性及其土壤环境基准

目前我国正在系统的开展水质基准研究,但是关于土壤环境基准的研究相对比较薄弱.以保定市农田潮土为研究对象,进行重金属Cr(Ⅵ)对8种土壤植物(小麦、莴苣、黄瓜、玉米、白菜、大豆、韭菜、番茄)的发芽及根伸长和对1种土壤动物(蜗牛)的生长抑制的慢性生态毒理学试验,结合搜集的本土生物毒性数据,基于log-normal物种敏感性分布法(species sensitivity distribution,SSD),计算Cr(Ⅵ)的HC5(对5%物种产生危害的浓度)值和土壤环境基准值.结果表明,Cr(Ⅵ)对小麦、莴苣、白菜、玉米、黄瓜、大豆、韭菜、番茄和土壤无脊椎动物蜗牛的生长影响的无观察效应浓度(NOEC)值分别为19.0、21.0、28.0、32.0、28.0、32.0、32.0、12.0和20.0 mg·kg-1.通过对相同试验条件下生物毒性数据的比较可知,番茄对Cr(Ⅵ)污染的敏感性最高,小麦和莴苣对Cr(Ⅵ)污染的敏感性相似,而玉米、黄瓜、白菜、大豆和韭菜对Cr(Ⅵ)污染的敏感性相似.基于log-normal SSD的保定市潮土中Cr(Ⅵ)的HC5值为7.7(4.1相似文献   

实测/预测辽河铬(Ⅵ)水生生物基准与风险评估

该研究对辽河流域重金属铬(Ⅵ)的水生生物毒性数据进行搜集与筛选,推导辽河流域铬(Ⅵ)的水生生物基准值,并对辽河流域25个采样点位采集水样,测定铬(Ⅵ)的环境暴露浓度,最后对辽河流域水生生物铬(Ⅵ)暴露的潜在风险进行评估.此外,采用美国环境保护署(US EPA)物种种间关系估算模型(ICE)对辽河流域物种毒性值进行预测,并对基于预测毒性值的水生生物基准进行推导.结果表明,辽河流域基于实测毒性数据的水生生物急性基准值(CMC)为17.73μg·L-1,慢性基准值(CCC)为12.15μg·L-1;ICE模型预测的辽河流域生物毒性值推导的CMC值为13.97μg·L-1,实测CMC值与预测值比较接近,表明ICE模型可应用于水生生物基准值的预测.铬(Ⅵ)的水质分析结果表明25个采样点位水体铬(Ⅵ)浓度较低,均达到GB 3838-2002地表水质标准中铬(Ⅵ)的Ⅰ类或Ⅱ类标准,水质状况良好;然而,在对水生生物的潜在风险方面,通过生态风险评估得出7月辽河流域25个点位中环境暴露值超过慢性基准CCC值的有7个,12月超过慢性基准CCC值的有6个,表明辽河流域个别点位铬(Ⅵ)暴露可能会对水生生物产生不可接受的风险.     

中美淡水生物区系中汞物种敏感度分布比较

通过收集无机汞对中国与美国淡水水生生物的毒性数据,构建了脊椎动物(包括鱼类)、无脊椎动物(包括节肢动物和非节肢无脊椎动物)及所有物种对汞的物种敏感度分布(SSD:species sensitivity distributions)曲线,并在此基础上对中国和美国不同类别生物对汞的敏感性分布进行了分析.结果表明:中国与美国各类生物及所有物种对汞的SSD敏感性分布曲线没有显著差异.然而,中国淡水水生物种对汞短期暴露的HC5(hazardous concentration for 5% of the species)较美国淡水物种的阈值小,尤其是非节肢无脊椎动物,汞对美国非节肢动物的HC5值是我国对应物种的7.4倍.在保护95%的物种水平下,中国不同类别试验生物对汞的敏感性排序为无脊椎动物>脊椎动物,其中节肢动物>非节肢无脊椎动物>鱼类;而对应的美国生物对汞的敏感性排序无脊椎动物>脊椎动物,其中节肢动物>鱼类>非节肢无脊椎动物.另外,中美所有节肢动物对汞的敏感性要强于所有鱼类和所有非节肢无脊椎动物.所以在使用所有物种推导水质基准时应考虑其中各类别物种敏感度分布的影响,且需要注意采用美国淡水水生物种推导的水质基准可能会对我国淡水水生物种造成"保护不足".     

石油类污染物淡水短期水质基准研究及其对我国标准修订的意义

环境管理、应急处置和水质标准修订工作亟需石油类污染物淡水水质基准研究作为支撑. 本文筛选整理了大量本土物种毒性数据,利用SSD (物种敏感度分布法)和TPR (毒性百分数排序法)分析了5种典型石油类污染物(原油、苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯)的淡水水生生物急性毒理数据,获得了保护我国淡水水生生物的短期水质基准值. 通过综合对比分析,认为利用SSD获得的基准值可作为石油类污染物的短期水质基准推荐阈值,原油和BTEX(苯系物,包括苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯)的短期水质基准值分别为0.065、2.000、2.340、1.295和1.595 mg/L. 结果表明:①原油的毒性远大于BTEX,这可能是由于毒性的联合作用使得石油的毒性变强. ② 绿水螅对原油最敏感,原因可能是水螅更容易通过摄食或直接摄取获得原油WAF(水溶性组分)的有毒成分;鱼类相较于其他物种对苯更为敏感,而对其他BTEX而言,最敏感物种为节肢动物,原因可能是鱼类和节肢动物器官分化程度以及试验时的龄期选择存在差异,鱼类更易在短时间内将苯代谢为有毒的代谢产物. ③ 不同BTEX的敏感物种虽存在一定差异,但基准值未有数量级的差异. 研究显示,我国现行地表水环境质量标准中石油类标准未单独针对保护水生生物制定,BTEX标准的保护目标是基于人体健康而非水生生物,研究结果对我国石油类污染物环境管理、突发油类污染物对水生生物的危害及风险评估以及淡水水生生物特别是本土物种保护的水质标准制修订工作具有重要的借鉴作用.      

水质基准本土环节动物与水生昆虫受试生物筛选

作为水环境质量评价体系中重要的指示生物类别,水生环节动物和水生昆虫是水生生物基准研究中不可或缺的基准受试生物.参照美国水生生物基准技术指南, 选择我国广泛分布的10种本土环节动物和水生昆虫,搜集、筛选对各水生物种毒性最大的3种污染物,并进行水生生物敏感性分析. 在污染物毒性数据的物种敏感度分布中,若物种的累积概率小于30%则为较敏感,该物种可作为基准研究受试生物. 结果表明:不同生物对污染物敏感性存在差异,颤蚓对有机锡化合物、重金属,苏氏尾鳃蚓对重金属均较敏感;仙女虫、黄翅蜻、四节蜉、扁蜉对各类农药均较敏感;尾盘虫能够在一定程度上指示表面活性剂污染状况. 因此,环节动物颤蚓属、尾鳃蚓属、尾盘虫属、仙女虫属,水生昆虫黄翅蜻属、四节蜉属及扁蜉属均可作为水质基准研究中的受试生物.      

基于非靶向物种保护的农药水环境基准及排放限值研究

我国农药行业的水污染排放管理长期以来缺乏对特征污染物的控制要求,特征污染物产生、处理和排放的数据基础也非常薄弱.鉴于农药活性成分对作用对象极其敏感但又具有高选择性的特点,可以立足于对敏感作用对象以外的水生生物加以充分保护的思路,建立基于非靶向物种保护的农药水环境急性基准,作为我国现阶段农药排放限值的推导基础.基于对几十种农药活性成分毒性数据的分析,将物种毒性数据敏感度变化最显著的位序点（累积概率在5%~30%之间）作为“靶向物种”与“非靶向物种”累积概率的分割点,提出保护非靶向物种目标的水质基准计算方法,并以毒死蜱为例,应用物种敏感度分布曲线法对特征污染物毒死蜱水质基准值进行示例推导.筛选出无脊椎动物、脊椎动物和植物等9门39科59种共109个急性毒性数据,经计算得出,毒死蜱对我国水生生物的HC_t（靶向物种的危害浓度）为4.35 μg/L,基于HC_t得到的毒死蜱排放限值为20 μg/L,与美国农药工业水污染物排放指南与排放标准中毒死蜱对现源的日最大排放限值（经换算为8 μg/L）较为接近.研究显示,基于非靶向物种保护的农药水环境基准方法推导的排放限值与发达国家排放控制要求接近,通过有效的污染控制技术可以实现,具有可达性.      

硝酸盐对淡水水生生物毒性及水质基准推导

为推导保护淡水水生生物的NO3-水质基准,收集了NO3-的水生生物毒性数据,然后分析了不同水生生物类群的毒性敏感性,并分别采用评价因子法、毒性百分数排序法和物种敏感度分布法进行基准值推导.结果表明,不同生物类群的水生生物对NO3-毒性的敏感性存在明显差异,其敏感性排序为节肢动物门>软体动物门>脊索动物门;甲壳纲>昆虫纲>腹足纲>双壳>两栖纲>辐鳍纲.3种基准计算方法得到的基准值存在一定差异,最终推荐采用毒性百分数排序法得出的87.97mg·L-1和5.17 mg·L-1为现阶段NO3-(以N计)的水质急性毒性和慢性毒性基准值.     

3种典型有机污染物对2种水生生物的急性毒性及安全评价

在实验室条件下研究了1,2,4-三氯苯(1,2,4-TCB)、硝基苯和毒死蜱这3种典型有机污染物对我国两种本土淡水水生生物霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)和嗜热四膜虫(Tetrahymena thermophila)的急性毒性效应,并进行生物安全性评价.结果表明,随污染物浓度增加和时间的延长,3种污染物的毒性均明显增强,两种水生生物的死亡率上升,呈明显剂量-效应关系.1,2,4-TCB、硝基苯和毒死蜱对霍甫水丝蚓的96 h半致死效应浓度(96 h-LC50)分别为71.88、285.76和5.50 mg·L-1,对四膜虫的96 h-EC50分别为15.58、140.22和14.69 mg·L-1.3种典型污染物的毒性评估结果表明,1,2,4-TCB对霍甫水丝蚓表现为中等毒性,硝基苯为低等毒性,而毒死蜱则表现为高等毒性;3种污染物对嗜热四膜虫的毒性顺序依次为:1,2,4-三氯苯毒死蜱硝基苯.研究结果将为开展水生态风险评估,制定和完善我国水质基准提供本土数据支持.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.