2-(2-吡啶偶氮)-5-二甲氨基酚固相萃取光度法测定环境样品中钴(Ⅱ)的研究

根据新试剂2-(2-吡啶偶氮)-5-二甲氨基酚(PADMAP)与钴的显色反应及C18固相萃取小柱对显色络合物的固相萃取,建立了一种测定环境样品中痕量钴的新方法,在pH4 0的HAc—NaAc缓冲介质中,溴化十六烷基三甲基铵(CTMAB)存在下,PADMAP与钴反应生成2∶1稳定络合物,该络合物可用C18固相萃取小柱富集,小柱上富集的络合物用乙醇(内含2%乙酸)洗脱后用光度法测定。络合物最大吸收波长为585nm,摩尔吸光系数为1 05×105L·mol-1·cm-1,钴含量在0—1 0mg/L内符合比耳定律。方法用于几种环境样品中钴的分析,结果令人满意。     

α,α''''--连吡啶固相萃取光度法测定饮用水中的铁

研究了α,a'-连吡啶与铁的显色反应,在pH为4.5的盐酸-六次甲基四氨缓冲介质中,α,a'-连吡啶与铁反应生成3:1稳定络合物,该络合物可被C18固相萃取小柱萃取,小柱上富集的络合物用乙醇洗脱后用光度法测定,体系λmax=520nm,ε=8.60×103L·mol-1·cm-1.铁含量在0-5 mg/L内符合比耳定律,方法用于饮用水中铁含量的测定,结果令人满意.     

对二乙氨基苯基亚甲基若丹宁固相萃取光度法测定银

研究了对二乙氨基苯基亚甲基若丹宁(DEABR)与银的显色反应,在柠檬酸—氢氧化钠缓冲介质(pH=2 5)中,乳化剂-OP存在下,DEABR与银反应生成2∶1稳定络合物,该络合物可用C18固相萃取小柱富集,小柱上富集的络合物用乙醇(含5%乙酸)洗脱后用光度法测定。在乙醇介质中λmax=545nm,ε=6.89×104L·mol-1·cm-1。银含量在0 01～2mg/L内符合比耳定律,方法用于环境水样中银含量的测定,结果令人满意。     

8-羟基喹哪啶固相萃取光度法测定生物样品中的钴

研究了8-羟基喹哪啶与钴的显色反应,在pH为8.0的氯化铵—氨水缓冲介质中,乳化剂-OP存在下,8-羟基喹哪啶与钴反应生成3∶1稳定的蓝紫色配合物,该配合物可被Waters Plus-C18固相萃取小柱萃取富集,小柱上富集的配合物用乙醇为洗脱剂洗脱后用光度法测定,在乙醇介质中,配合物最大吸收波长λmax为595 nm,ε为7.82×103L.mol-1.cm-1。钴含量在0.1~5.0 mg/L内符合比耳定律,方法用于生物样品中痕量钴的测定,结果令人满意。     

α，α′—连吡啶固相萃取光度法测定饮用水中的铁

研究了α,α′—连吡啶与铁的显色反应,在pH为4 5的盐酸—六次甲基四氨缓冲介质中,α,α′—连吡啶与铁反应生成3∶1稳定络合物,该络合物可被C18固相萃取小柱萃取,小柱上富集的络合物用乙醇洗脱后用光度法测定,体系λmax=520nm,ε=8 60×103L·mol-1·cm-1。铁含量在0—5mg/L内符合比耳定律,方法用于饮用水中铁含量的测定,结果令人满意。     

固相萃取光度法测定食品中挥发酚的研究

研究了用Waters Sep-Park-C18固相萃小柱固相萃取测定食品中挥发酚的方法，用自动水蒸汽蒸馏仪蒸馏分离出食品中的挥发酚，然后用4－氨基安替比林显色，显色产物可用Waters Sep-Park-C18固相萃小柱萃取，用乙醇洗脱后用分光光度法测定，该方法污染小，操作简便，便于样品批量处理，用于食品样品中挥发酚的测定，结果令人满意。     

对羧基苯偶氮硫代若丹宁固相萃取光度法测定环境样品中的铅

合成了新试剂对羧基苯偶氮硫代若丹宁(CPATR),并用红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱和元素分析鉴定其结构。研究了CPATR与铅的显色反应,在pH3 8的HAc—NaAc缓冲介质中,吐温-80存在下,CPATR与铅反应生成2∶1稳定络合物,该络合物可被WatersSep-PakC18小柱固相萃取,小柱上富集的络合物用乙醇洗脱后富集倍数可达50倍,在乙醇介质中,λmax=500nm,体系摩尔吸光系数ε=8.01×104L·mol-1·cm-1。铅含量在0 05～4 0mg/L内符合比耳定律。本方法可用于环境样品中铅含量的测定,结果满意。     

2-(2-吡啶偶氮)-间苯二酚固相萃取光度法测定镉的研究

研究了用2-(2-吡啶偶氮)-间苯二酚(PAR)固相萃取光度法测定镉,在pH=8 0的硼酸-氢氧化钠缓冲介质中,TritonX-100存在下,QAMDHB与镉反应生成2∶1稳定络合物,体系最大吸收波长为520nm,摩尔吸光系数 =5 18×104L·mol-1·cm-1。样品中的镉用强阴离子交换固相萃取柱固相萃取预分离和富集后,用该方法测定,结果令人满意。     

硝基苯并噻唑重氮氨基偶氮苯固相萃取光度法测定镉的研究

研究了用硝基苯并噻唑重氮氨基偶氮苯(NBTDAA)固相萃取光度法测定镉,在pH＝10的硼砂-氢氧化钠缓冲介质中,TritonX-100存在下,NBTDAA与镉反应生成2∶1稳定络合物,该络合物可被MCI-GEL 反相固相萃取小柱萃取富集,富集的络合物用丙酮洗脱后用光度法测定,在丙酮介质中体系最大吸收波长为525nm,摩尔吸光系数ε=1.32×105 L·mol-1·cm-1,镉含量在0.01～1.5 mg/L内符合比耳定律,方法用于痕量镉的测定,结果令人满意.     

4,5-二甲基-2-噻唑偶氮重氮氨基偶氮苯固相萃取光度法测定环境样品中锌的研究

研究了新试剂4,5-二甲基-2-噻唑偶氮重氮氨基偶氮苯(DMTDAA)与锌的显色反应,在pH=10的硼砂—氢氧化钠缓冲介质中,TritonX-100存在下,DMTDAA与锌反应生成2∶1稳定络合物,体系最大吸收波长λmax=530nm,摩尔吸光系数ε=1.12×105L.mol-1.cm-1,样品中的锌用强阴离子交换固相萃取柱固相萃取预分离和富集后用该方法测定,结果令人满意。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.