苯储罐区火灾爆炸风险分析及对策措施

针对苯储罐区所处的区域位置及火灾爆炸危险性,运用道化学火灾、爆炸危险指数法对苯储罐区的火灾、爆炸风险进行分析评价,得出其安全措施补偿前后的火灾、爆炸指数,确定危险等级,并提出了预防火灾爆炸事故的对策措施。     

火灾爆炸指数法在页岩油储罐区安全评价中的应用

本文针对辽宁抚顺某页岩炼油厂的页岩油储罐区基本情况,运用美国道化学公司的火灾爆炸指数评价法,定量地对该页岩油储罐区潜在火灾爆炸危险性进行了分析,得出了其安全措施补偿前后的火灾爆炸指数、危险等级、暴露半径、暴露面积、体积及最大可能财产损失、停产损失等数据,量化了火灾爆炸造成的危害,为炼油厂事故风险预防和管理提供了科学的依据。     

蒙德评价法在硫化氢储罐区的应用

采用英国帝国化学公司(ICI)蒙德火灾爆炸毒性指数评价方法分析了硫化氢储罐区的潜在危险性,对储罐区采取安全措施前后的火灾、爆炸、中毒等危险进行预测,从硫化氢储罐区的安全管理和消防措施等方面提出了对策.     

柴油储罐火灾爆炸危险指数分析

采用美国道化学公司“火灾、爆炸危险指数法”对C公司柴油罐区的单个柴油储罐进行了火灾、爆炸危险指数(FEI)评价及安全措施补偿分析。未进行安全措施补偿时．FEI=90．1．属较轻级危害等级；进行安全措施补偿后，FEI′=51．4．属最轻级危害等级。经安全措施补偿，柴油储罐的安全水平得到很大提高。     

大型原油储罐的火灾爆炸风险浅析

<正>我国大型原油储罐的初次应用始于20世纪80年代,随着国内油品需求量的增加和国际原油市场的动荡加剧,21世纪初呈现快速增长趋势,大型储罐也逐步实现了国产化。截至目前,大型原油储罐在我国的高速发展期仅十几年时间,有些储罐还没经历第一个检修期,从近些年的现场检查和研究情况看,我国大型原油储罐区的安全状态和防护能力不尽完善,火灾风险较高。笔者结合近些年的现场检查及研究工作,分析我国大型原油储罐目前存在的火灾风险,提出     

外浮顶储罐密封圈爆燃事故防控技术研究

分析了外浮顶储罐密封圈燃爆事故的主要原因及危害,研究了密封圈爆燃事故防控技术,提出了雷电防护、密封圈防爆及火灾控制的解决方案。建立了油罐密封圈模拟装置,分别开展了密封圈爆燃事故防控技术的试验研究。结果表明:该解决方案可以有效地消除外浮顶储罐密封圈爆燃事故的风险,扑灭密封圈初期火灾,大幅提高储罐的本质安全水平。研究成果在外浮顶储罐开展了工程实际应用,取得良好的效果。     

四氧化二氮储罐的风险评价

为确保四氧化二氮储罐的安全稳定,运用道化学火灾爆炸指数评价法对其进行风险评价,得出安全措施补偿前后储罐的火灾爆炸危险性等级、暴露半径、暴露面积。结果表明:采取安全补偿措施后四氧化二氮储罐的火灾爆炸危险性由中等降到了最低,暴露半径由27.45m降为13.53m,暴露面积由2 366m2降为574.82m2,说明采取安全措施补偿能够有效降低四氧化二氮储罐的危险性,可为储罐事故风险预防和管理提供理论依据。     

道公司火灾爆炸指数法与重大危险源评价法的比较研究

运用道化学公司火灾爆炸指数法和我国的重大危险源评价法对某液化石油气罐区进行危险性评价,估算其爆炸的影响范围。对两种方法评价结果进行了比较,进而分析各种方法的特点及适用范围。     

轻质油品外浮顶储罐火灾扑救力量部署

简要分析了轻质油品外浮顶储罐的火灾特点、火灾类型以及灭火方法,重点对密封圈火灾和浮顶爆炸火灾的扑救力量部署进行了分析确定.     

基于危险分析的液化石油气罐事故应急处置

分析了液化石油气的火灾危险性,描述液化气储罐发生泄漏时引发的火灾爆炸事故特点,通过模拟储罐蒸气云爆炸模型,利用TNT当量法来预测蒸气云爆炸的严重程度并进行定量分析,计算出爆炸死亡半径、重伤半径、轻伤半径和财产损失半径,确定储罐发生火灾爆炸时的安全距离,为液化气储罐预案的制订及事故状态下应急抢险救援任务提供参考依据。     

池火灾热辐射计算及模拟

在油罐火灾中,着火罐所释放的热辐射对附近的人员以及设备造成一定的危害,分别采用经验公式以及FDS模拟来计算热辐射强度,并对计算结果进行比较及分析,结果表明两种方法可互相补充完善。     

Fire use: Is it really the cheaper land preparation method for large-scale plantations?

During the last two decades Indonesia has experienced immense forest and land fires. Often these fires are associated with extended drought and widespread use of fire to clear previously logged forest and other degraded land in preparation for oil palm, rubber, or pulpwood plantations. There are many reasons for the use of fire in land clearing activities, but probably the most important one is economics. There is still acceptance that fire is the cheapest, fastest, and most effective land clearing method with the added benefit of providing nutrients from ash residues. This paper provides a review of existing information on the financial costs and benefits of using fire for land clearing in agriculture and forestry plantations as compared with zero-burning techniques. The findings indicate that the economic advantage of fire use varies widely and depends on many factors, such as soil fertility, vegetation density, labour cost, equipment and training costs, and the costs of fire management. For large-scale land clearing, the financial analysis of the costs and benefits of fire versus zero-burning shows that when applied to low-volume vegetation, zero-burning methods are not more expensive than burning – and may actually be more cost effective in the long term. This is the case for clearing oil palm or rubber plantations for replanting, low secondary vegetation, and heavily logged-over forest. Under high-volume forest conditions, burning remains less expensive because it is more difficult, time consuming, and costly to dispose of high volumes of piled wood mechanically.     

基于火灾试验的FDS大涡模拟非均匀网格优化

为了研究火灾FDS数值模拟结果与网格划分之间的关系,基于全尺寸钢结构厂房火灾试验,对火灾情况下厂房内温度分布等进行了分析,同时在该试验的基础上,通过均匀网格划分法和非均匀网格多分区法对火源正上方8.5m处烟气温度进行了数值模拟,并将模拟结果与试验数据进行对比。结果表明:对敏感性较高的火源区域和羽流区域进行网格加密,得到的模拟结果与试验数据更为接近。采用非均匀网格划分法能有效地提高模拟精度,并在一定程度上减少了模拟时间,是处理大空间火灾数值模拟的一种较好的方法。     

同类异型产品环境因子的确定方法及应用

把同类异型产品在不同试验条件下的试验数据作为一个整体,提出了同类异型产品环境因子的2种确定方法,推导了极大似然估计和利用混合泊松分布模型的矩估计环境因子估计公式。通过数值仿真对所提方法进行了验证,分析了环境因子估计方法的精度。最后,将该方法应用于火炮火力系统的环境因子估算中,结果合理。     

输油管道的泥土封堵与蒸汽置换动火技术

介绍了输油管道检修中的泥土封堵动火与蒸汽置换动火技术方法。详细阐述了应用泥土封堵更换一段管道动火、管道改流程并在天窗两边加盲板动火、更换污水管线弯头动火、应用蒸汽置换更换一段管道动火和管道改流程动火的实施例。在实际应用中，可根据动火检修管道的具体情况，选用其中的一种或两种方法并用。     

Forest Fires and Climate Change in the 21ST Century

Fire is the major stand-renewing disturbance in the circumboreal forest. Weather and climate are the most important factors influencing fire activity and these factors are changing due to human-caused climate change. This paper discusses and synthesises the current state of fire and climate change research and the potential direction for future studies on fire and climate change. In the future, under a warmer climate, we expect more severe fire weather, more area burned, more ignitions and a longer fire season. Although there will be large spatial and temporal variation in the fire activity response to climate change. This field of research allows us to better understand the interactions and feedbacks between fire, climate, vegetation and humans and to identify vulnerable regions. Lastly, projections of fire activity for this century can be used to explore options for mitigation and adaptation.     

关于液化石油气码头泄漏火灾应急措施的探讨

分析了液化气泄漏火灾事故的特点，介绍了LPG的理化性质及其危险特性，提出了LPG码头泄漏处置和火灾扑救的方法。     

火源对标准房间轰燃影响的数值模拟

轰燃是火灾由局部向全面转变的一类特殊火灾现象,危害极大,很多因素会影响轰燃,其中火源对轰燃的发生有重要影响。本文利用场模拟软件FDS5进行了火源释热率及其燃烧时间对标准房间轰燃的影响研究,结果表明:火源释热率必须超过某个临界值才能发生轰燃;发生轰燃的时间和临界火源供热时间与火源释热率间均符合乘幂函数关系;火源只需在轰燃前供热一段时间就足以引发轰燃。     

Development of the Indonesian and Malaysian Fire Danger Rating Systems

Forest and land fires in Southeast Asia have many social, economic, and environmental impacts. Tropical peatland fires affect global carbon dynamics, and haze from peat fires has serious negative impacts on the regional economy and human health. To mitigate these fire-related problems, forest and land management agencies require an early warning system to assist them in implementing fire prevention and management plans before fire problems begin. Fire Danger Rating Systems (FDRS) were developed for Indonesia and Malaysia to provide early warning of the potential for serious fire and haze events. In particular, they identify time periods when fires can readily start and spread to become uncontrolled fires and time periods when smoke from smouldering fires will cause an unacceptably high level of haze. The FDRS were developed by adapting components of the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System, including the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI) System and the Canadian Forest Fire Behavior Prediction (FBP) System, to local vegetation, climate, and fire regime conditions. A smoke potential indicator was developed using the Drought Code (DC) of the FWI System. Historical air quality analysis showed that the occurrence of severe haze events increased substantially when DC was above 400. An ignition potential indicator was developed using the Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC) of the FWI System. Historical hot spot analysis, grass moisture, and grass ignition studies showed that fire occurrence and the ability for grass fires to start and spread dramatically increased when FFMC > 82. The Initial Spread Index (ISI) of the FWI System was used to develop a difficulty of control indicator for grassland fires, a fuel type that can exhibit high rates of spread and fire intensity. This ISI-based indicator was developed using the grass fuel model of the FBP System, along with a standard grass fuel load and curing level estimated from previous Indonesian studies. Very high fire intensity is expected in grasslands when ISI ≥ 6. To provide early warning, the FDRS identifies classes of increasing fire danger as the FFMC, DC, and ISI approach these key threshold values. The Indonesian FDRS is now operated nationally at the Indonesian Meteorological and Geophysical Agency. The Malaysian Meteorological Service operates the Malaysian FDRS and displays regional outputs for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The FDRS are being used by forestry, agriculture, environment, and fire and rescue agencies to develop and implement fire prevention, detection, and suppression plans.