水源水库藻类功能群落演替特征及水质评价

为了解水源水库的藻类功能群落时空演替特征及水质变化,以李家河水库为例, 2018年9月～2019年6月对藻类及水质因子开展连续监测,采用功能类群划分方法对水库藻类进行了识别与分类,探讨了藻类功能群落与水质间关系,并结合WQI指数法进行水质评价.结果表明,本研究共获得藻类56种,隶属于4门28属,可划分为15个功能群类,其中优势藻类功能群落分别为B、 D、 G、 J、 L_0、Mp、 P、 W_1和X_1;李家河水库藻类结构呈现明显的季节性特征,混合期藻密度明显低于分层期,其中混合期的主要功能藻种为小球藻和小环藻,分层期的主要功能藻种为舟形藻和针杆藻.冗余分析(RDA)表明,水温、混合层深度和RWCS指数是驱动藻类演替的主要因子;WQI分析结果显示李家河水体水质为"良好",混合期水质略好于分层期.本研究指出扬水曝气系统可改变藻类功能群落的演替特征,有效改善水源水库水质,保障了饮水供水安全.     

贵州茂兰喀斯特森林不同演替下土壤真核微生物多样性

真核微生物是茂兰喀斯特森林土壤微生物中的重要组成部分,在生态系统物质循环和能量流动中扮演着重要角色.为了解茂兰喀斯特森林不同演替阶段下土壤真核微生物群落组成及其多样性,利用18S rDNA高通量测序技术研究了原生林(YSL)、灌木林(GML)、灌木丛(GMC)和草地(CD)这4种演替阶段下土壤真核微生物群落多样性.结果表明,在不同分类水平下,不同演替阶段土壤真核微生物群落组成相似.α多样性指数存在显著差异, Shannon指数与Simpson指数在不同演替阶段表现为:YSLGMCGMLCD. NMDS分析表明不同演替阶段土壤真核微生物群落结构存在差异; LEfSe分析表明,YSL中差异指示种数量高于GML、GML和CD.本研究结果为研究不同演替阶段下土壤真核微生物提供了理论基础.     

分层型水库藻类垂向演替的水质与细菌种群调控

浮游藻类和细菌是水生食物网的重要组成部分,在水源水库生态系统物质循环和能量流动方面发挥关键作用,藻类的空间演替与水体细菌种群代谢和结构演变关系密切.因此,本文以李家河水库为研究对象,在分析水库水质指标基础上,采用高通量DNA测序技术和Biolog技术,研究水库藻类暴发期,浮游藻类和细菌群落结构垂向演替特征及其与水质的偶联关系.结果表明,李家河水库在8月处于热分层期,水体pH、DO和NH~+_4-N随深度变化均逐渐降低(P0.001).藻密度和Chla呈现同步变化趋势(P0.001),表层最大分别为3 364.33×10~4 cells·L~(-1)和7.03μg·L~(-1).藻类群落结构在水深0 m和3 m处以微囊藻为主,而在水深6 m处,小环藻取代微囊藻成为最优藻属,相对丰度达57.28%.Biolog结果表明,微囊藻的暴发对细菌代谢活性及其相对丰度产生较大影响,但细菌种群代谢活性多样性变化不显著.高通量测序共发现1 420个OTUs,隶属于10个细菌门类,其中放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)在不同水层均为最优门类,其相对丰度之和达50%以上;绿菌门(Chlorobi)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)的相对丰度随着水深增加发生显著变化,均在6 m深度达到最大值,分别为10.29%和6.78%,且与水层藻密度呈显著负相关(P0.05);厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)与藻密度呈显著正相关(P0.05).热图(Heat map)指纹图谱表明,李家河水库的细菌群落结构垂向分布差异显著,且随着水深的增加,细菌群落分布更均匀并趋于多样性.冗余分析(RDA)表明,细菌和藻类的群落结构的垂向分布受不同水质指标调控且差异显著.对水源水库藻类暴发期藻类与细菌群落的偶联机制进行探究,为水源藻华消涨的分子微生态驱动机制研究提供科学依据.     

温带季节性分层水库浮游植物功能类群的时空演替

为探究我国北方温带季节性分层水库浮游植物群落结构的时空演替特性,于2014年7月~2015年6月对山东枣庄市水源水库周村水库进行每月2次的分层采样分析,采用Renolyds和Padisák等提出的功能类群划分方法对水库浮游植物群落进行分类,并结合水库水文、水质,分析优势功能类群时空演替规律及其主要环境影响因子.结果表明:周村水库共检出浮游植物112种,隶属于7门63属,可划分为18个功能群类.周村水库浮游植物功能类群演替具有明显的季节性分布特性:其中夏秋季热分层期主要以鞘丝藻(Lyngbya sp.)、螺旋藻属(Spirulina sp.)等丝状蓝藻为代表的S₁功能类群占优势,而冬季混合期以梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)、针杆藻(Synedra sp.)等能适应低温、弱光的C+D功能类群为优势群落;浮游植物功能类群分布在垂向上并无较大差异.冗余分析(RDA)显示:热分层、降雨量和水温是影响浮游植物功能类群时空演替的主要环境因子.     

分层型水库藻类季相演替的细菌种群驱动机制

浮游藻类和水体中的细菌是水生食物网的组成部分,在淡水生态系统的结构和功能中发挥着关键作用.然而,对于水库当中藻类和细菌群落如何互作及其对变化的环境条件的响应研究却较少.本文以李家河水库为研究对象,采用16S rDNA高通量测序技术和共生网络分析方法,分析了藻类种群时空演替与细菌群落的生态互作关系.结果表明,在藻类群落结构中,硅藻和绿藻也为全年优势门类,且在8月,蓝藻取代硅藻成为第二大优势门类,平均相对丰度为30.13%.DNA测序分析表明,变形菌门、放线菌门和拟杆菌门为全年优势细菌,其中变形菌门在7月达到全年最大相对丰度71.68%.酸杆菌门和异常球菌-栖热菌门作为稀有类群,其相对丰度最大分别为10.20%和5.56%.共生网络分析表明,藻类与细菌之间的关系以正相关居多,表明二者之间的互作关系可能以互利共生为主.Methylotenera作为关键节点,与小球藻呈显著正相关.柵藻作为藻类群落中的关键节点,与甲基杆菌属、Solitalea和红育菌属等多种细菌显著负相关.RDA分析表明,藻类和细菌群落的演替受到水温、pH和电导率的显著调控,环境因子对藻类和细菌群落变异解释分别为93.1%和90%.本研究结果将为深水型水源水库生态系统中藻菌互作关系的微生态驱动机制提供科学依据.     

城市污水处理系统真核微生物群落特性与地域性差异

城市污水处理厂是控制水污染、保证城市与人类可持续发展的重要设施.真核微生物作为活性污泥系统中不可或缺的一部分,在指示活性污泥性质、预测出水水质、强化净化效果、保障系统稳定运行过程中发挥着重要作用.本研究以来自北京、深圳和无锡的14个城市污水处理厂的61份样品为研究对象,采用18S r DNA高通量测序技术并结合多种生态学及统计学相关分析方法,探讨了活性污泥系统内真核微生物群落特性与地域性差异.结果表明,不同空间尺度下,活性污泥系统内真核微生物群落优势种群组成相似,在Devision水平上,群落优势种群主要由真菌、原生动物(纤毛亚门)和后生动物组成,三者相对丰度之和高达86. 22%～89. 40%.不同城市污水处理厂活性污泥系统内真核微生物多样性存在差异,无锡群落的多样性(丰富度和香农-威纳多样性指数)最高,北京的最低,且3个城市的活性污泥系统内真核微生物群落结构存在显著的地域性差异. partial mantel test和多元回归矩阵分析结果表明,曝气池混合液温度和出水总氮浓度与活性污泥系统内真核微生物群落结构的相关性较强.研究结果深化了对污水处理系统中真核微生物的认识.     

北海湖微生物群落结构随季节变化特征

分别于夏季、秋季、冬季和春季采集北海湖水样,进行水质和微生物群落结构分析.水质分析表明,夏季和秋季的水质较冬季和春季差,其中TN和TP是影响水质的最重要因素.通过Mi Seq高通量测序分析微生物群落结构表明:蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)是湖水中的优势门,但在不同季节的分布不同.夏季和秋季微生物的多样性高,蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)是第一优势菌门(32.7%~43.2%),其中聚球藻属(Synechococcus)是优势蓝细菌.冬季变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的含量相对丰富,占细菌群落的34.8%~40.4%.而春季,放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)的含量增加,两者之和占细菌群落的51.5%~64.3%.RDA(redundancy analysis)分析表明,水温是影响北海湖微生物群落结构的最主要环境因子.总体而言,北海湖水质符合景观水的标准,但夏季聚球藻属(Synechococcus)的大量繁殖使北海湖发生水华的风险增加,因此要加强对北海湖水质检测和管理.     

酸性矿山废水对沉积物真核微生物群落的影响

对受酸性矿山废水污染的橫石河上游到下游水体和沉积物中理化参数以及沉积物中真核微生物的多样性进行系统调查,使用斯皮尔曼相关性分析和典范对应分析（CCA）甄别真核微生物群落的主要环境胁迫因子.结果表明：橫石河中真核微生物优势种群为真菌门（Fungi）（4.51%~86.69%）、绿藻门（Chlorophyta）（0.61%~77.36%）和纤毛虫门（Ciliophora）（0.81%~34.91%）.沉积物中真核微生物群落Alpha多样性随酸性矿山废水污染梯度降低而逐渐升高.与原核微生物群落不同,酸性矿山废水环境沉积物中真核微生物群落结构的变化主要受硫酸根和电导率的影响.     

金沙江底栖真核微生物地理分布特征及生态学机制

真核微生物在生物地球化学循环、维持生态系统健康稳定等方面发挥重要作用.目前关于大型河流真核微生物的地理分布模式和生态学机制仍知之甚少.以我国西南梯级水电开发河流金沙江为研究区域,探讨了底栖真核微生物的地理分布特征及影响因素,解析了真核微生物的种间相互作用关系.结果表明,金沙江底栖真核微生物的α多样性指数沿河流向下表现出先上升后下降的趋势;群落结构和优势属的相对丰度在上游自然河段和梯级大坝河段差异显著.距离衰减分析的结果显示,金沙江底栖真核微生物的群落构建受环境筛选和扩散限制的共同作用;方差分解分析和中性模型的结果进一步表明,其地理分布模式主要受到扩散限制的驱动.共现网络结果表明,相比于上游自然河段,梯级大坝河段的种间竞争关系和网络联通性较弱,说明了底栖真核微生物在上游自然河段的相互作用更强.研究结果补充了我国西南河流底栖真核微生物多样性和地理分布的资料不足,为梯级水电开发河流底栖真核微生物的生态响应提供数据支撑.     

李家河水库污染物来源及水体分层对水质的影响

对污染物来源和水质演变规律的深入认识是水源水库水质污染控制的前提.李家河水库是西安市的重要水源地,为加强李家河水库水源地保护工作,于2016年12月～2017年12月逐月对李家河水库进行水质监测.结果表明,李家河水库的主要污染物来源是上游来水,其对高锰酸盐指数、TN和TP的贡献率分别达99. 52%、99. 41%和99. 23%;上游东采峪葛牌小学河段和草坪服务区以上河段污染负荷较高,西采峪主要污染源汇入点为养鸡场和渔场.夏秋季水库会形成热分层,水体稳定分层期,在外源污染汇入和底部厌氧释放双重作用下水体中TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数、TOC、Fe和Mn的质量浓度分别高达3. 32、0. 177、5. 21、3. 01、0. 21和0. 235 mg·L-1,其中TN、TP、Fe和Mn质量浓度均超过《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅲ类水限值;较高的营养盐水平促进了藻类的大量繁殖,水体稳定分层期表层水体藻密度最高达到2. 18×108个·L-1,优势藻种为蓝藻门的铜绿微囊藻和束丝藻,对水质安全威胁较大.因此李家河水库水质污染控制的首要任务是采取有效措施控制藻类繁殖,同时加强水库上游污染源治理,降低污染物输入负荷.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.