生物脱硫中细菌的载体培养条件优化与动力学研究

选用氧化亚铁硫杆菌作为烟气脱硫的主要菌种在活性炭载体上进行固定化培养,研究了不同培养条件下氧化亚铁硫杆菌的生长过程,考察了细菌在载体中培养时接种量、载体投加量对细菌生长的动力学过程的影响,同时通过计算机拟合,确定了各个条件下的细菌生长动力学参数．从而确定了培养的优化条件。     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸出线路板中铜及过程中铁的变化研究

从煤堆积水中分离得到氧化亚铁硫杆菌,利用该菌种对线路板中的Cu进行了浸出实验.研究了不同线路板粉末添加量对浸出效果的影响,在220 mL溶液中添加量为2.2、4.4 g时Cu的浸出率很快达到了90%,而添加量为11.0、22.0 g时浸出率表现了缓慢上升,在15 d左右达到了90%.观察了浸出过程中铁浓度及价态的变化,结果表明,浸出初期随着添加量的增加,Fe2 增加明显,但是随着浸出时间的推移,Fe3 、Fe2 和总Fe都呈现降低趋势.     

活性炭对细菌浸出线路板中金属铜的影响研究

研究了活性炭对细菌生长和浸出铜的效应影响。结果表明活性炭的添加对细菌的生长有一定的抑制作用,但这种作用随着添加量的增加而减弱。Fe3+对Cu浸出速率较快,活性炭对浸出速率有一定的促进作用,但效果不明显,且最终Cu的浸出率只达到87%。活性炭的添加增大了浸出体系中的生物量,加速了对Fe2+的氧化速率,从而保持溶液中较高的Fe3+浓度,可以提高铜的浸出速率。但这种促进作用需要较高浓度的活性炭添加量才比较明显。     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌对双底物的利用

氧化亚铁硫杆菌是脱硫领域的重要微生物之一。研究了在亚铁和含硫基质双底物存在的条件下,氧化亚铁硫杆菌对2种能源物质的利用情况,结果表明,Thiobacillus ferrooxidans在双底物利用过程中,铁氧化系统首先启动,随Fe2＋浓度的下降,硫氧化系统开始启动,之后两者协同作用;3种含硫基质的存在对Fe2＋的氧化有不同的影响,S对Fe2＋的氧化不产生抑制作用,而Na2S2O3和Na2SO3对Fe2＋的氧化有一定的抑制,尤其是Na2SO3的抑制作用更明显,亚铁完全氧化所需的时间更长。     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌菌液脱除SO_2的实验研究

对比了酸性水溶液、酸性Fe3+溶液、含Fe3+的氧化亚铁硫杆菌菌液的SO2脱除效果,分析了氧化亚铁硫杆菌在SO2脱除过程中的主要作用。结果表明:(1)在实验的进气SO2浓度范围内,酸性水溶液对SO2的吸收仅为物理吸收,反应进行到60min时,SO2脱除率均降至15%以下,溶液不再具有SO2脱除能力。(2)对酸性水溶液、酸性Fe3+溶液和含Fe3+的氧化亚铁硫杆菌菌液3种吸收液而言,在实验的进气SO2浓度范围内,进气SO2浓度越高,SO2脱除率越低;Fe3+初始质量浓度为4.44g/L时,SO2脱除效果较好。(3)氧化亚铁硫杆菌在SO2脱除过程中,直接氧化作用不明显,其主要作用是将Fe2+氧化为Fe3+,维持溶液中Fe3+的浓度,这种间接氧化的作用对SO2的有效脱除非常重要。     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸出线路板中铜的作用方式研究

通过实验方法,研究微生物浸出线路板中铜的作用方式,确定固、液相微生物对浸出的影响.结果表明:(1)实际浸出后固相生物量占总生物量的95%左右,固相生物量和液相生物量接近20∶1(摩尔比).(2)铜的浸出率符合经典的收缩核模型.(3)扫描电镜观察发现,铜浸出后表面存在与氧化亚铁硫杆菌尺度一致的沟壑.透析袋的隔离实验表明,氧化亚铁硫杆菌的间接浸出率约占总浸出率的40%左右,氧化亚铁硫杆菌的直接浸出率占60%左右.这表明,浸出过程存在氧化亚铁硫杆菌与铜的直接接触作用,且这个作用在浸出过程中起主导作用.     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌的筛选、生长特性及其橡胶再生研究

从大西洋底死火山口土壤中筛选出一株硫杆菌,经16S rDNA鉴定为氧化亚铁硫杆菌。研究了初始底物Fe2+浓度,初始pH,接种量对其生长的影响,确定了其最佳的生长的条件:在30℃、170 r/min条件下,最适底物Fe2+浓度为9 g/L,最佳初始pH为2.5,最适接种量为10%(体积分数)。探讨了氧化亚铁硫杆菌对天然硫化橡胶的脱硫再生,橡胶的SEM分析、FTIR图谱及EDS图谱研究表明氧化亚铁硫杆菌对硫化胶粉的硫交联键有断裂或转化作用,脱硫率达52.6%,氧化亚铁硫杆菌对天然橡胶具有一定的再生作用。     

硫化物矿山尾矿生物氧化作用的抑制研究

硫化物矿山尾矿的风化、氧化会对周围环境产生危害,研究表明,以氧化亚铁硫杆菌为代表的嗜酸氧化菌起了非常重要的作用。本研究以从广东韶关大宝山尾矿分离得到的一株氧化亚铁硫杆菌作为实验菌株,添加不同剂量的杀菌剂,分析了杀菌剂对溶液pH、Eh值的影响,及杀菌剂的Fe2+氧化抑制率和最佳使用浓度。结果显示:实验用杀菌剂SDS和CTAB能有效地抑制金属硫化物尾矿的生物氧化和酸化:ρ(SDS)为30 mg/L时Fe2+的氧化抑制率达到82.83%;ρ(CTAB)为5 mg/L时Fe2+的氧化抑制率达到80.84%,添加了杀菌剂的溶液pH、Eh基本保持初始值不变,表明杀菌剂的使用可以控制金属硫化物尾矿的酸化污染。     

生物催化氧化法脱除H2S的试验研究

针对H2S污染的严峻形势,构建了包括催化再生装置和生物滴滤器的生物催化氧化装置.该装置以沸石为填料,以氧化亚铁硫杆菌为脱硫菌种,通过微生物和Fe3 的双重氧化作用高效脱除H2S.试验确定了装置的适宜喷淋量和沸石的最佳粒径.在温度为30 ℃,进气量为0.25 m3/h,进气H2S浓度为2500 mg/m3,喷淋量为1000 mL/h,喷淋液的pH值为1.97、Fe3 浓度为0.05 mol/L的条件下,出气H2S浓度足以达到GB14554-93规定的一级厂界标准值.试验证明,生物催化氧化法是一种新型高效的脱硫技术,应进一步开展中试研究.     

生物氧化磁黄铁矿产生铁离子

从广东云浮矿山酸性废水中富集获得氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans),利用该氧化亚铁硫杆菌研究了反应时间、pH、温度、矿浆浓度和矿物粒度对磁黄铁矿生物氧化获得铁离子的影响。结果表明,在29℃,摇床转速200 r/min,10%接种量条件下,氧化亚铁硫杆菌可以明显促进磁黄铁矿的氧化,但反应后期有黄钾铁矾沉淀生成,不利于获得铁离子;控制溶液pH值为2.00,温度在29～36℃范围,可促进生物氧化磁黄铁矿获得铁离子;铁离子量随着矿浆浓度的增大和矿物粒度的减小而增加,优化的矿浆浓度和矿物粒径分别为6%和58μm左右。     

Microbiological and chemical characteristics of an acidic stream draining a disused copper mine

Water samples draining a disused copper mine (Parys Mountain) in Anglesey, North Wales, were analysed for distribution of acidophilic bacteria (iron oxidising and heterotrophic) and for changes in physicochemical composition along the length of the drainage stream. Ten samples were taken at regular distance intervals along a 1 km stretch from the source of the acid mine drainage. The stream remained highly acidic (pH < 2.8) although a slight decrease (0.6 pH unit) in acidity with distance from source was observed. Concentrations of most metals measured decreased with distance along the length of the stream, although some showed a gradual increase and others peaked at c. 200 m from source. Most dissolved iron was in the ferrous form in the upper reaches of the stream, but ferric iron became increasingly dominant downstream as a result of microbial oxidation. Although concentrations of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus were low in the acid mine drainage, they were not limiting rates of bacterial iron oxidation, which appeared to be limited more by temperature. The iron oxidising bacteria Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans were both isolated from all sampling sites, although their relative abundances varied; L. ferrooxidans accounted for 57% of all iron oxidising isolates. Numbers of iron oxidising bacteria decreased with distance from drainage source, in contrast to those of acidophilic heterotrophic bacteria which increased. The diversity of heterotrophic isolates also increased with distance. The relationship between the chemistry and microbiology of the stream is discussed.     

Essential interactions between Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and heterotrophic microorganisms during a wastewater sludge bioleaching process

The stimulating effect of heterotrophic microorganisms was investigated on the growth and on the ferrous iron oxidation of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in synthetic media and in wastewater sludge. The addition of a sediment. Rhodotorula rubra isolate or a strain of T. acidophilus on two-layer agarose-gelled medium doubled the plating efficiency of T. ferrooxidans. In liquid cultures, R. rubra had a slight but significant effect on the growth rate of T. ferrooxidans. Moreover, the yeast allowed a faster initiation of the ferrous iron oxidation and acidification by T. ferrooxidans. In the bioleaching process, the co-culture of T. ferrooxidans with R. rubra or with the indigenous microbial assemblage from sludge was shown to be essential since the pure culture of T. ferrooxidans failed to oxidize ferrous iron and to acidify wastewater sludge. These results emphasize the importance of active heterotrophic microorganisms in the metal bioleaching activity of T. ferrooxidans in sludge.     

Bacterial leaching of metals from sewage sludge by indigenous iron-oxidizing bacteria

Bioleaching of metals can be achieved in sewage sludge using Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, which obtains its energy requirements from the oxidation of added ferrous iron. The purpose of this study was to verify the presence of indigenous T. ferroxidans and to evaluate their adaptive capacity and leaching potential. Nineteen sludges (primary, secondary, aerobically and anaerobically digested, oxidation pond) were tested and all of them contained indigenous iron-oxidizing bacteria. The acclimation of these organisms by successive transfers allowed a rise of sludge redox potential over 450 mV and a decrease of sludge pH between 3.8 and 2.2 over a 10-day incubation period. The metal solubilization efficiencies were Cd: 55-98%, Cr: 0-32%, Cu: 39-94%, Mn: 71-98%, Ni: 37-98%, Pb: 0-31% and Zn: 66-98%, were reached with these indigenous strains. The results obtained show that the metal bioleaching may be easily realized by direct acclimation of sludge microflora.     

Hybrid process for heavy metal removal from wastewater sludge.

Bioleaching processes have been demonstrated to be effective technologies in removing heavy metals from wastewater sludge, but long hydraulic retention times are typically required to operate these bioprocesses. A hybrid process (coupling biological and chemical processes) has been explored in laboratory pilot-scale experiments for heavy metals (cadmium [Cd], copper [Cu], chromium [Cr], and zinc [Zn]) removal from three types of sludge (primary sludge, secondary activated sludge, and a mixture of primary and secondary sludge). The hybrid process consisted of producing a concentrate ferric ion solution followed by chemical treatment of sludges. Ferric iron solution was produced biologically via oxidation of ferrous iron by A. ferrooxidans in a continuous-flow stirred tank (5.2 L) reactor (CSTR). Wastewater sludge filtrate (WSF) containing nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) has been used as culture media to support the growth and activity of indigenous iron-oxidizing bacteria. Results showed that total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations of the culture media in excess of 235 mg/L were found to be inhibitory to bacterial growth. The oxidation rate increased as ferrous iron concentrations ranged from 10 to 40 g Fe2+/L. The percentage of ferrous iron (Fe2+) oxidized to ferric iron (Fe3+) increased as the hydraulic retention time (HRT) increased from 12 to 48 h. Successful and complete Fe2+ oxidation was recorded at a HRT of 48 h using 10 g Fe2+/L. Subsequently, ferric ion solution produced by A. ferrooxidans in sludge filtrate was used to solubilize heavy metals contained in wastewater sludge. The best solubilization was obtained with a mixture of primary and secondary sludge, demonstrating a removal efficiency of 63, 71, 49, and 80% for Cd, Cu, Cr, and Zn, respectively.     

气升式反应器中微生物烟气脱硫研究

基于微生物酸性铁溶液烟气脱硫特性,实验构建了一套内循环气升式反应器.在反应器中,利用处于对数生长期的氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans)酸性铁溶液进行了模拟烟道气SO2脱除实验研究.为寻求高脱硫率,实验研究了铁离子浓度、入口氧含量、细菌数和pH值的变化对脱硫率的影响.考察了反应液中Fe(Ⅱ)离子浓度的变化规律.实验表明,含T.f菌酸性铁溶液的脱硫效果较高;Fe离子浓度在7.67 g/L左右时脱硫率最佳;入口气中氧含量、反应液中细菌数和pH值越高,反应液的脱硫率也就越高.反应液中的Fe(Ⅱ)离子浓度是一先扬后抑的变化过程.     

不同填料载体生物膜对微囊藻毒素的去除效果

利用自行设计的生物膜培养装置,通过对4种不同填料载体进行连续曝气循环培养生物膜,对湖水中的溶解态微囊藻毒素(MCs)的去除作用进行了研究。结果表明,填料载体上生物膜从形成到稳定大约需要3周;生物膜形成后对MCs的去除效率由高到低的顺序是:颗粒活性炭柱>多密孔球型滤料柱>塑料悬浮填料柱>陶瓷滤球柱。在实验水质条件下,当水力停留时间(HRT)=5 h,进水MCs浓度为21.5～47.25μg/L时,颗粒活性炭、多密孔球型滤料柱对MCs的去除率最高可达100%,塑料悬浮填料柱对MC-LR和MC-RR的去除率分别为70%和88%。当HRT=2.5 h时,塑料悬浮填料柱对MC-RR的去除率为MC-LR的2倍。生物膜对MCs的降解效果随温度(5～20℃)和溶解氧的升高而增加。塑料悬浮填料作为合适的生物膜挂膜填料载体对水源水的生物预处理具有良好的应用前景。     

Hydrogen sulfide gas treatment by a chemical-biological process: chemical absorption and biological oxidation steps

In order to remove high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas from anaerobic wastewater treatments in livestock farming, a novel process was evaluated for H2S gas abatement involving the combination of chemical absorption and biological oxidation processes. In this study, the extensive experiments evaluating the removal efficiency, capacity, and removal characteristics of H2S gas by the chemical absorption reactor were conducted in a continuous operation. In addition, the effects of initial Fe2+ concentrations, pH, and glucose concentrations on Fe2+ oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans CP9 were also examined. The results showed that the chemical process exhibited high removal efficiencies with H2S concentrations up to 300 ppm, and nearly no acclimation time was required. The limitation of mass-transfer was verified as the rate-determining step in the chemical reaction through model validation. The Fe2+ production rate was clearly affected by the inlet gas concentration as well as flow rate and a prediction equation of ferrous production was established. The optimal operating conditions for the biological oxidation process were below pH 2.3 and 35 degrees C in which more than 90% Fe3+ formation ratio was achieved. Interestingly, the optimal glucose concentration in the medium was 0.1%, which favored Fe2+ oxidation and the growth of T. ferrooxidans CP9.     

Kinetics of chemoheterotrophic microbially mediated reduction of ferric EDTA and the nitrosyl adduct of ferrous EDTA for the treatment and regeneration of spent nitric oxide scrubber liquor.

Biomass from a prototype reactor was used to investigate the kinetics of chemoheterotrophic reduction of solutions of ferric ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and solutions containing the nitrosyl adduct of ferrous EDTA using ethanol as the primary electron donor and carbon source. A series of batch experiments were conducted using biomass extracted from the scrubber solution treatment and regeneration stage of a prototype iron EDTA-based unit process for the absorption of nitric oxide with subsequent biological treatment. Using a linear-sweep voltammetric method for analysis of the ferric EDTA concentration, iron-reducing bacteria were found to behave according to the Monod kinetic model, at initial concentrations up to 2.16 g chemical oxygen demand (COD) as ethanol per liter, with a half-velocity constant of 0.532 g COD as ethanol/L and a maximum specific utilization rate of 0.127 mol/L of ferric ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid [Fe(III)EDTA]*(g volatile suspended solids [VSS]/L)d(-1). Based on batch analyses, biomass yield and endogenous decay values of iron-reducing bacteria were estimated to be 0.055 g VSS/g COD and 0.017 L/d, respectively. An average of 1.64 times the theoretical (stoichiometric) demand of ethanol was used to complete reduction reactions. Kinetics of the reduction of the nitrosyl adduct of ferrous EDTA are summarized by the following kinetic constants: half-velocity constant (Ks) of 0.39 g COD/L, maximum specific utilization rate (k) of 0.2 mol/L [NO x Fe(II)EDTA(2-)](g VSS/L)d(-1), and inhibition constant (K(I)) of 0.33 g COD/L, as applied to the modified Monod kinetic expression described herein. Based on batch analyses, the biomass yield of nitrosyl-adduct-reducing bacteria was estimated to be 0.259 g VSS/g COD, endogenous decay was experimentally determined to be 0.0569 L/d, and an average of 1.26 times the stoichiometric demand of ethanol was used to complete reduction reactions.