杭州市区备用饮用水源地水质状况及安全分析

于2012—2014年对杭州市区贴沙河、珊瑚沙水库、湘湖、三白潭和喜庵港5个备用饮用水源地进行了109项指标及水质急性毒性监测,并采用加拿大水质指数法进行水质安全评价。结果显示,珊瑚沙水库水质基本符合生活饮用水源地一级保护区Ⅱ类水质标准,其余4个备用饮用水源地水质均不达标;各备用饮用水源地特定项目有少数指标检出但均未超标;湘湖、珊瑚沙水库和贴沙河水质安全已受到影响,三白潭和喜庵港水质安全性差;各备用饮用水源地水质均无急性毒性。     

用鱼养水生物控制饮用水源蓝藻暴发

饮用水源藻类污染已越来越引起人们的关注，作者简述了塔山水库饮用水源地蓝藻暴发的过程及原因，提出了用鱼养水生物措施控制饮用水源蓝藻暴发的对策。     

浙江省城镇集中式饮用水水源地环境现状及保护对策研究

通过对浙江省县级以上政府所在城镇集中式饮用水水源地基础环境调查,掌握了浙江省饮用水水源地污染状况,研究分析了水源地水质现状及空间分异特征,提出了浙江省城镇饮用水水源地环境保护对策,为政府决策和有关行政管理部门监督管理提供了科学依据,对提高浙江省的饮用水安全保障水平具有重要意义.     

浙江省饮用水源有机毒物污染特征及健康风险研究

在对浙江省98个县级以上饮用水源地水体中有机毒物污染进行调查的基础上,运用美国环境保护署(EPA)制定的相关模型对饮用水源地水体中有机毒物污染引起的健康风险进行评价。结果表明,在98个饮用水源地水体中共检出7种有机毒物,分别为微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)、微囊藻毒素-RR(MC-RR)、草甘膦、邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、多环芳烃、咔唑;各饮用水源地水体中检出的有机毒物引起的健康风险大小依次为多环芳烃DEHP咔唑MC-LR草甘膦邻苯二甲酸二丁酯;存在有机毒物检出的饮用水源地水体的总健康风险约为10-13～10-8a-1,与部分国际机构制定的饮用水源地水质健康风险水平判断标准相比,浙江省饮用水源地水体中有机毒物污染引起的健康风险远低于可接受水平,大部分饮用水源地水体的健康风险甚至达到可忽略水平。     

中国地表饮用水水源地有机类内分泌干扰物污染现况分析

有机类内分泌干扰物(EDCs)是一类对人类和生物内分泌系统产生干扰,并可造成其紊乱的特殊外来物质,对人类和生物健康有极大的危害.以与人类生活密切相关的地表饮用水水源地中的有机类EDCs为研究重点,对中国目前地表饮用水水源地EDCs污染状况、污染物种类及其来源及可能的污染途径进行了评述.目前,中国各地区地表饮用水水源地均有有机类EDCs检出.其中以有机氯农药六六六及其异构体、DDT及其代谢产物和多氯联苯检出率最高,且某些地区检测浓度相当高,主要来源是农药使用和污水排放.国内外对地表饮用水水源地EDCs突发污染事件的研究均较少,应引起高度重视.     

连云港市饮用水源地安全评价与保障措施

依据饮用水源地的水质监测资料,采用水质指数对连云港市主要饮用水源地的水质进行了安全评价。结果表明,该市饮用水源地的水质指数均为2,水质良好,基本满足饮用水的水质要求。结合实际,分析了饮用水源地的存在问题,提出了改善饮用水安全问题的措施和对策,为连云港市饮用水源地的合理开发利用和安全保障提供科学依据。     

城市供水水源中抗生素抗性基因污染及其在饮用水厂的去除研究进展

城市供水水源及饮用水厂的水质是关系居民饮用水安全的重要环节.抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)作为一类新兴污染物,近年来在全球各地城市供水水源的污染日益严重,尤其是ARGs检出种类在增多、检出频率和浓度在升高,给居民饮用水安全带来很大威胁.饮用水厂的处理工艺对ARGs的去除、控制更是直接关系到居民的饮用水安全.在对城市饮用水源...     

基于分类别评价方法的水源地水质污染特征分析

根据《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中水质指标分类控制要求,对其中的基本项目采用灰色关联加权法,对水源地补充、特定项目应用单因子评价法,由此提出一种水源地水质污染变化特征综合分析的新方法,并以贵州省盘县白河沟水库饮用水源地2005、2008、2011、2013年水质监测数据进行综合评价和污染变化特征实证分析。采用分类别法评价的结果表明:2005—2013年,白河沟水库基本项目所有监测因子和超标因子均表现为水质持续提高的趋势;2005、2008、2011、2013年所有监测因子的水质综合评价结果分别处于GB 3838—2002的Ⅱ、Ⅱ、Ⅱ和Ⅰ类,超标因子分别处于Ⅴ、Ⅳ、Ⅳ和Ⅲ类;水源地补充、特定项目中,硝酸盐氮、铁、锰污染经治理后达标,而苯并芘超标2.5~1.0×10~3倍,仍然是白河沟水库的污染特征因子。     

太仓市饮用水水源污染现状和对策

根据太仓市饮用水地表水源和地下水的监测数据，分别采用单因子评价和综合评价方法，对饮用水源的水质进行评价。结果认为地表水水源已受到轻度污染，属Ⅲ类水；地下水的水质较差，已不适合于直接饮用。饮用水水源的主要污染物为COD、氨氮、挥发酚、硝酸盐氮和高锰酸盐指数。对饮用水水源的污染成因进行了全面分析，并从四个方面提出了水源安全保护对策：法律法规与行政手段、技术支撑、经济支持和宣传教育.     

射阳县黄沙港流域面源污染现状及防治对策

针对农村面源污染日渐突出的问题,以农村饮用水源地黄沙港为例分析了农村面源污染的现状和成因,并从乡镇规划、生活污水处理工艺选择、畜禽水产业污染治理、农药化肥的施用、农业废弃物利用技术等方面提出防治措施。     

Evaluating sources of indoor air pollution

Evaluation of indoor air pollution problems requires an understanding of the relationship between sources, air movement, and outdoor air exchange. Research is underway to investigate these relationships. A three-phase program is being implemented: 1) Environmental chambers are used to provide source emission factors for specific indoor pollutants; 2) An IAQ (Indoor Air Quality) model has been developed to calculate indoor pollutant concentrations based on chamber emissions data and the air exchange and air movement within the indoor environment; and 3) An IAQ test house is used to conduct experiments to evaluate the model results. Examples are provided to show how this coordinated approach can be used to evaluate specific sources of indoor air pollution. Two sources are examined: 1) para-dichlorobenzene emissions from solid moth repellant; and 2) particle emissions from unvented kerosene heaters. The evaluation process for both sources followed the three-phase approach discussed above. Para-dichlorobenzene emission factors were determined by small chamber testing at EPA's Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory. Particle emission factors for the kerosene heaters were developed in large chambers at the J. B. Pierce Foundation Laboratory. Both sources were subsequently evaluated in EPA's IAQ test house. The IAQ model predictions showed good agreement with the test house measurements when appropriate values were provided for source emissions, outside air exchange, in-house air movement, and deposition on "sink" surfaces.     

Potential sources of methylmercury in tree foliage

Litterfall is a major source of mercury (Hg) and toxic methylmercury (MeHg) to forest soils and influences exposures of wildlife in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. However, the origin of MeHg associated with tree foliage is largely unknown. We tested the hypothesis that leaf MeHg is influenced by root uptake and thereby related to MeHg levels in soils. Concentrations of MeHg and total Hg in deciduous and coniferous foliage were unrelated to those in soil at 30 urban and rural forested locations in southwest Ohio. In contrast, tree genera and trunk diameter were significant variables influencing Hg in leaves. The fraction of total Hg as MeHg averaged 0.4% and did not differ among tree genera. Given that uptake of atmospheric Hg(0) appears to be the dominant source of total Hg in foliage, we infer that MeHg is formed by in vivo transformation of Hg in proportion to the amount accumulated.     

Study of dioxin sources in north Rhine-Westphalia

This publication presents the results of the "Dioxins Measurement Programme of North Rhine-Westphalia" which has been initiated and sponsored by the Ministry of the Environment in North Rhine-Westphalia. Only 14 plants emitting more than 1 ng I-TEQ/m3 were found to account for almost the entire quantity emitted annually in North Rhine-Westphalia which according to the measurements amounted to 500 g I-TEQ/a. For about 70% of the more than 50 plants included in the study which were thought to emit increased amounts of dioxins and furans this minitial assumption could not be confirmed; in these cases the concentrations were below 0.1 ng I-TEQ/m3. Thus the entry of dioxins into the atmosphere was caused by few large plants and not by numerous small ones which would have been difficult to monitor. Immediately initiated abatement measures which instantly reduced the entry of PCDD/PCDF into the environment can be considered as the most important success of the programme. Moreover, the results on the measurement programme furnishes important information on the efficiency of waste gas cleaning methods and on the influence which input materials and operating conditions exert on the emissions of dioxins.     

植物作为反硝化碳源

研究得到一种新型的筛选反硝化碳源的方法:可以通过比较材料浸出液的C/N值,筛选出有效的反硝化碳源;对芦苇秸秆、梧桐黄叶、梧桐绿叶、橘树叶、玉米秸秆和玉米芯6种材料浸出液的C/N值进行了研究,其中当以叶片作为反硝化固相碳源时,应该选取新鲜叶片作为研究对象。橘树叶和玉米芯均属于良好的反硝化碳源。以驯化后的河泥作为反硝化污泥,可以利用橘树叶或者玉米芯作为反硝化固相碳源,进行持续脱氮除磷反应,其中橘树叶脱氮效果强于玉米芯,而玉米芯除磷能力强于橘树叶。扫描电镜实验表明,橘树叶和玉米芯均适合作为生物膜载体。     

Public perception of air pollution sources across Europe

Air pollution is one of the primary concerns of our society for its effect on human health and the environment. Among the policy measures that can be put in place to limit air pollutant emissions, end-of-pipe technologies and/or regulatory instruments may be implemented through legislative acts. Also, equally important are behavioural measures, requiring citizens’ active involvement. The success of any measure to limit pollutant emissions requires the acceptance by the citizens that, in turn, implies a correct perception of the main pollutant emission drivers. We present here the comparison between the public perception of air pollution sources and the real-world situation through a survey carried out in seven European countries and involving 16 101 respondents. Our study shows a dramatic underestimation of the contribution of the agri-food sector to air pollution. This result is common to all respondents in the seven countries examined and only to a small extent depends on gender, age and socio-economic status of the respondents.     

Tracing sources of atmospheric sulphur using epiphytic lichens

The overall objective of this work was to measure the spatial variation of sulphur isotopic composition of lichens across the island of Newfoundland in order to assess the degree to which the atmosphere is being affected by long-range transport of anthropogenic sulphur from eastern North America, and/or local pollution sources. A contour map (based on over 80 composite samples of the lichen Alectoria sarmentosa) illustrates the spatial distribution of sulphur isotopic composition of the Newfoundland atmosphere. It shows a gradient of delta(34)S of sulphur in lichen, decreasing from the coast to the interior of the island. It also shows local anomalies corresponding to the city of St. John's, the Come-By-Chance Oil Refinery, mining areas and fossil-fuel powered pulp and paper mills in central and western Newfoundland. The study strongly suggests that the isotopic composition of sulphur in the Newfoundland atmosphere is influenced more by the ocean (sea salt sulphate) and local anthropogenic activities in the province, than by long-range transport of continental North American sulphate.