Relative sensitivities of woody plants to acid deposition in south areas of China

Relative sensitivities of 30 species of common woody plants to simulated acid rain with pH values of 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.5 and control were studied. The results showed that 6 species of these plants were sensitive to simulated acid rain. The moderate included 18 species. The resistant included 6. Relative sensitivities to ambient acid rain and air pollutants and visible injury degree of 30 species of common woody plants in Chongqing City were investigated. Results showed that 6 species with foliage lesion rate at above 10 percent were sensitive, that 6 species with no lesion were resistant and that other 18 species with lesion at 10 percent below were moderate. Other 7 cities (Guiyang, Zunyi, Duyun, Changsha, Zhuzhou, Liuzhou and Guilin City) were also investigated and results were consistent with those of Chongqing City. The experimental and investigated results showed relative sensitivities and visible injury degree of woody plants to simulated acid rain were consistent with those of the woody plant     

酸雨对3种木本植物的胁迫效应

以对酸雨胁迫伤害敏感程度不同的桃树（Prunus persica）、蜡梅（Chimonanthus praecox）和木犀（Osmanthus fragrana）3种典型木本植物为试材,研究了不同pH值的模拟酸雨对3种木本植物叶片叶绿素含量,细胞质膜透性（L％）,脯氨酸（Pro）及丙二醛（MDA）含量的影响,以及光、暗条件对酸雨胁迫伤害的作用。结果表明,在酸雨胁迫下,抗性植物水犀的4项生理生化指标的变幅最小,其次是蜡梅,敏感植物桃树的4项生理生化指标的变幅最高,而光、暗处理对酸雨胁迫下3种木本植物叶片叶绿素含量影响不明显。     

在模拟酸雨胁迫下,棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)子叶圆片叶绿素含量和可见伤害症状应变模型研究

以棉花子叶圆片为材料,研究了酸雨在伤害叶绿素过程中的胁迫强度、胁迫时间(胁程)和胁变量三者相互间的数量关系.结果表明,叶绿素含量下降率和可见伤害指数与酸雨pH值之间具有拟合度很高的Logistic曲线关系;Logistic拟合方程中的拐点处pH值和曲线降低率及A,b等参数均是时间的函数,分别与胁程有一定的相关性;在pH值为2.5酸雨胁迫下,叶绿素含量下降率在24h内、可见伤害指数在4h内与胁程之间具有拟合度很高的直角双曲线关系;根据这些关系建立植物酸雨伤害模型.     

在模拟酸雨胁迫下,棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)子叶圆片叶绿素含量和可见伤害症状应变模型研究

以棉花子叶圆片为材料,研究了酸雨在伤害叶绿素过程中的胁迫强度、胁迫时间(胁程)和胁变量三者相互间的数量关系.结果表明,叶绿素含量下降率和可见伤害指数与酸雨pH值之间具有拟合度很高的Logistic曲线关系;Logistic拟合方程中的拐点处pH值和曲线降低率及A,b等参数均是时间的函数,分别与胁程有一定的相关性;在pH值为2.5酸雨胁迫下,叶绿素含量下降率在24h内、可见伤害指数在4h内与胁程之间具有拟合度很高的直角双曲线关系;根据这些关系建立植物酸雨伤害模型.     

模拟酸雨对烤烟叶片光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以烤烟为供试材料,采用土培盆栽的方法研究了不同pH值的模拟酸雨(pH5.6、pH4.5、pH4.0、pH3.5、pH3.0、pH2.5、pH2.0)对烤烟叶片叶绿素含量、气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明:pH≥3.5处理的轻度酸雨对烤烟Chl.a含量影响不大,但pH≤3.5处理烤烟叶片Chl.b和总叶绿素含量显著下降.pH≤2.5模拟酸雨使烤烟叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Ls)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、叶面饱和蒸气压力亏缺(VPD)显著降低,使烤烟叶片的气孔限制值(Ls)和潜在水分利用效率(WUEi)显著升高,模拟酸雨使pH2.0处理烤烟叶片的蒸腾速率(Tr)和pH2.5处理的瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)显著降低.pH≥3.5处理的光合有效量子产量(EQY)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学猝灭(qP)与对照差异不大,但pH≤3.0处理明显降低;烤烟叶片的非光化学猝灭呈先升高后降低趋势,pH≥3.5处理的非光化学猝灭(NPQ)明显高于pH≤3.0处理.     

模拟酸雨对红壤中硅铝铁释放的影响

通过模拟酸雨对湖南红壤的淋溶实验,分析了淋溶液pH值和硅铝铁离子动力学释放规律和特点.结果表明,在一定淋溶范围时,酸雨酸度是决定红壤矿物溶解及离子释放的主要因素,且硅、铝、铁对酸雨响应存在差异.在pH<5.6的各酸度酸雨淋溶下,硅均有大量释放,铁基本无释放.pH在3.0～5.6时铝的释放量很小,只有在酸雨pH值较低时才会有大量溶出.随酸雨淋溶的进行,酸雨pH在3.0～5.6的硅铝释放能力总体呈下降趋势.pH 2.5的酸雨可使红壤矿物的风化作用加强,硅铝释放量均明显增加,铝的增幅更大,但随淋溶量增加硅铝释放能力的增长速度趋缓.实验结果还表明,红壤受酸雨影响pH值降到一定程度后,淋出液中铝浓度与其pH值及DOC都呈线性负相关,酸沉降可破坏固相有机络合铝并使其溶出,但强酸性酸雨作用下红壤溶解而释放的铝主要来自铝硅酸盐的溶解.     

Effects of simulated acid rain on fertility of litchi

The regulatory role of calcium in fertility of pollen and pistil under simulated acid rain was investigated. The germination percentage of pollen treated with acid rain of pH 4.5 was 9.42% lower than that of control, and that of pH 3.5, pH 2.5 and pH 1.5 were 22.47%, 45.49% and 71.62%, respectively. Simultaneously, the injury character of pollen was obviously observed when flowers were treated with acid rain of pH 3.5. The difference in fruit setting rate between the female flower treated with acid rain of pH 4.0 and the control was significant at p 〈 0.05. Ca（NO3 ）5 of 0.2-0.4 mmol/L could promote pollen germination under the stress of acid rain. The beneficial function was reduced when calcium concentration surpassed 0.8 mmol/L. Spraying 2 mmol/L Ca（NO3 ）5 reduced the injury of acid rain to pistil and increased fruit-setting rate significantly. The physiological importance of calcium during pollen germination and pistil development was also discussed.     

酸性降水和SO2复合污染对几种蔬菜影响的研究

应用开顶式熏气装置,以油菜、白菜、波菜、青茭和蕃茄为材料,分别暴露于模拟酸性降水(pH2.8~5.6)单一污染和模拟酸性降水与SO₂复合污染的环境,测定其生理代谢、生长和产量的反应。结果指出:酸性降水和SO₂复合处理对叶绿素含量,光合强度,叶片K+外渗,叶片含糖量和相对生长速率的影响大于单独酸性降水和SO₂处理,五种蔬菜在酸性降水(pH5.6~2.8)和SO₂(0.1ppm)复合处理下,减产6.0%~29.0%,表现为协同效应,比酸性降水和SO₂单独处理的危害更大。      

南方土壤酸沉降敏感性研究Ⅶ——盐基淋溶与缓冲机理

研究了模拟酸雨对我国南方主要土壤类型盐基离子淋溶的影响,结果表明,ＰＨ低于３．０或３．５时,盐基离子淋溶总量明显增加,但ＰＨ高于３．５时,则影响不明显。     

模拟酸雨影响下红壤中硼的释放特征

为了探明酸雨对红壤中硼释放的影响,了解土壤缺硼机制,采用室内模拟酸雨淋溶土柱的方法,研究了酸雨作用下红壤中硼的释放特征.结果表明,酸雨加速了红壤中硼的淋溶损失.酸雨作用下红壤中硼的释放随淋溶量的变化具有初期阶段减小,中期阶段显著增大和后期阶段又减小的阶段性特点.模拟酸雨的pH值越低,硼的释放量越高.酸雨对硼释放的这种促进作用,一般表现为中期阶段的影响要大于初期和后期阶段的影响.淋出液中硼含量的动态变化与pH值的变化成负相关关系.供试土壤不同,硼的释放强度和释放特征存在一定的差异性,硼的释放强度和特点明显受土壤硼的背景值和土壤对酸缓冲能力的影响.     

腐殖酸及酸雨对贫铀在土壤中迁移的影响研究

 利用经过完善的贫铀迁移模型,研究腐殖酸(HA)及酸雨对贫铀在土壤中迁移的影响.结果表明,对照组(北京地区土壤)DU迁移到达9~11cm,分别添加2%、5%、10%HA的实验组DU迁移依次降低,分别为21~23cm、15~17cm、11~13cm,说明腐殖酸促进了DU迁移; pH值为4.0和3.0的模拟酸雨,分别使贫铀迁移至29~31cm及35cm以上,说明酸雨促进了贫铀迁移;在酸雨和腐殖酸综合作用下贫铀迁移仅到5~7cm,说明腐殖酸和酸雨综合作用抑制了贫铀迁移.     

酸雨、土壤酸化与森林衰亡

本文主要综述酸雨通过土壤酸化导致森林衰亡方面的国外最新研究进展。对于森林衰亡的原因目前主要有几种假说:综合胁迫;土壤的酸化——铝毒害;气态污染物（SO2,O3）;酸雨——镁亏缺和过量营养物铵/氮沉降等。这些假说都有一定的事实依据,并直接或间接涉及酸雨问题。酸雨在很大程度上是通过土壤——植物系统间接危害森林的。长期持续的酸雨输入导致土壤酸度升高,减少可利用态磷,降低有机质的分解速率,抑制氮的矿化作用;土壤酸度升高使钙、镁等离子易被淋失造成营养元素亏缺,溶出铝和某些重金属离子毒害植物。      

武昌珞珈山酸雨监测研究

本文报导了自１９９１年１月－１２月及１９９４年１月－７月收集到的５９个珞珈山雨样进行监测的结果。结果表明每年的春季和冬季出现酸雨。酸雨是典型的由燃煤引起的硫酸型酸雨．酸雨的出现同该地区大气污染的状况相吻合。     

模拟酸雨下铅锌冶炼废渣重金属的静态释放特征

以株洲某铅锌冶炼废水中和渣为研究对象,开展不同初始pH值（3.0,4.5,5.6和7.0）模拟酸雨静态浸出实验,研究22d浸泡过程中废渣Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn等重金属的动态释放规律及其化学形态变化和矿物相变特征.结果表明,废渣具有较强的酸缓冲潜力,浸出液pH值稳定在6.20~6.66.Cu和Pb在浸泡初期释放较快,Cd和Zn释放相对较慢.浸出液Cd浓度随浸出时间增加而上升,Zn浓度呈波动变化,Cu和Pb浓度变幅较小.提高雨水酸度促进废渣中重金属的释放,浸出液Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn浓度范围分别为1.38~8.70,0~0.02,1.21~2.26和27.2~135mg/L,其中Cd、Pb和Zn浓度分别超过我国《铅、锌工业污染物排放标准》（GB 25466-2010）限值的26.6~173倍、1.42~3.52倍和17.1~89.0倍..重金属BCR顺序提取表明,浸出液中较高Cd和Zn浓度与其赋存高活性态比例一致,且酸雨促使残渣态Cd和Pb向活性态转化.XRD分析显示,pH=3.0酸雨处理22d后原废渣中Cd和Zn的赋存矿物相消失,PbSO₄谱峰增强,表明废渣重金属的释放受其赋存矿物相及次生矿物形成的影响.重金属释放率呈现出Cd （2.50%~15.8%）> Zn （0.41%~2.13%）> Pb （0.06%~0.10%）> Cu （0.0003%~0.11%）的趋势.自然堆存酸雨作用下废渣中Cd、Pb和Zn具有较大环境风险,需加强降雨淋滤污染防治管控.     

Effect of cadmium on photosynthetic pigments, lipid peroxidation, antioxidants, and artemisinin in hydroponically grown Artemisia annua

The effects of different cadmium (Cd) concentrations (0, 20, 60, and 100 μmol/L) on hydroponically grown Artemisia annua L. were investigated. Cd treatments applied for 0, 4, 12, 24, 72, 144, 216, and 336 hr were assessed by measuring the changes in photosynthetic pigments, electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidants (ascorbic acid and glutathione), while the artemisinin content was tested after 0, 12, 144, 216, and 336 hr. A significant decrease was observed in photosynthetic pigment levels over time with increasing Cd concentration. Chlorophyll b levels were more affected by Cd than were chlorophyll a or carotenoid levels. The cell membrane was sensitive to Cd stress, as MDA content in all treatment groups showed insignificant differences from the control group, except at 12 hr treatment time. Ascorbic acid (AsA) content changed slightly over time, while glutathione (GSH) content took less time to reach a maximum as Cd concentration increased. Cd was found to promote synthesis and accumulation of artemisinin, especially at concentrations of 20 and 100 μmol/L. In conclusion, Cd stress can damage to photosynthetic pigments, and vigorously growing A. annua showed a strong tolerance for Cd stress. Appropriate amounts of added Cd aided synthesis and accumulation of artemisinin.     

酸雨对茶树中铝的形态分布及生态化学影响

建立茶树中铝的化学形态分析方法,探讨铝在茶树老叶、芽叶及培植土等一系列化学行为及与其它元素的关系,就酸雨对茶树中铝形态的影响进行了模拟实验,结果为茶树在我国西南酸雨地区的种植和生态协调提供信息.     

Effects of simulated acid rain on cation release in soils of South China

This paper deals with the release of base cations and Al3+ at the treatment with simulated acid rain (SAR) in main soil types collected from South China. Results showed that the amounts of base cations increased obviously when the pH value of simulated acid rain was lower than 3.0 or 3.5. Compared with the leaching of K+ and Na+, the leaching of Ca2+ and Mg2+ was affected by the pH value of SAR. Only when the amounts of base cations leached from soils exceeded the cation exchange capacity, the pH value of leaching solutions decreased sharply and the amounts of released Al3+ increased. The H+ buffering mechanisms, which were affected notonly by the pH values of SAR, but also by the types and solid components of soils, were proposed for the main soils studied.     

模拟酸雨对太湖地区土壤-植物系统中铜的化学行为的影响

以太湖地区两种典型的水稻土（乌泥土和白土）为供试土壤，在盆栽条件下种植多年生黑麦草，并配制不同pH值的模拟酸雨浇灌。通过多次刈割鲜草，研究模拟酸雨对土壤－植物系统中铜的化学行为的影响。结果表明：对植物体内铜含量的影响是模拟酸雨和“稀释效应”两种影响综合作用的结果。试验初期，表现为处理黑麦草体内铜含量低于对照；随收割茬次的增加，表现出随处理pH的降低，黑麦草体内铜含量的增加，且对缓冲能力弱的白土影响强度大于缓冲能力较强的乌泥土；对土壤pH有明显影响，随模拟酸雨作用时间增长，土壤pH下降，其降幅随处理pH的降低而增大；模拟酸雨主要影响交换态铜，表现为随处理pH的降低交换态铜的分配系数增高，在处理pH＝3．0时影响到碳酸盐结合态铜，只有强酸化条件下（处理pH＝2．0）才影响到铁锰氧化物结合态铜，对有机物结合态及残渣态铜几乎无影响。     

酸雨对水稻、小麦和油菜种子萌发的影响

采用pH2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0与5.0模拟酸雨处理水稻、小麦和油菜种子的实验结果表明,3者在pH 2.0时不发芽,在pH 2.5时只有水稻和小麦异状发芽,pH≥3.0时,水稻、小麦和油菜种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数都与pH值显著正相关,水稻和小麦的异状发芽率则随pH值上升而降低.部分生理指标的实验结果表明,水稻、小麦和油菜的吸水值、呼吸速率和贮藏物质运转效率也与pH值显著正相关,水稻与小麦贮藏物质消耗率与pH值显著正相关,而油菜与pH值显著负相关;水稻、小麦和油菜的芽、根长抑制指数都与pH值显著负相关.酸雨胁迫下,种子各项指标变幅为水稻＜小麦＜油菜,这表明抗酸雨胁迫能力为水稻＞小麦＞油菜.     

模拟酸雨对非金属建筑材料影响的研究──混凝土等材料的外观、质量、体积的变化及溶解速率

用周期浸泡加速试验方法研究ｐＨ为５．６、３．５和１．０时浓度为０．０、０．０６、０．１、０．２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ大种模拟酸雨对混凝土、砂浆和灰砂砖的影响。观察材料的外观、质量和体积的变化，并根据模拟酸雨侵蚀材料前后的酸度和化学组分的变化，得到酸雨溶解材料的速率和材料中各组分的溶出速率。