上海某石化园区周边区域VOCs污染特征及健康风险

为了解石化周边区域大气VOCs污染特征,使用在线GC-FID监测仪于2017年10月对上海市某近石化周边居民区大气VOCs进行了为期1个月的连续观测;通过最大增量反应活性(MIR)法估算了VOCs对臭氧(O_3)生成的贡献,并进行了健康风险研究.结果表明,观测期间VOCs总质量浓度的范围16. 4～1 947. 8μg·m~(-3),平均浓度为40. 7μg·m~(-3);烷烃、烯/炔烃和芳香烃的平均占比分别为66. 2%、25. 9%和7. 9%. VOCs总浓度日变化特征呈现单峰型变化,峰值浓度为127. 9μg·m~(-3)(07:00). VOCs总浓度的平均臭氧生成潜势(OFP)为249. 7μg·m~(-3),烯、炔烃对OFP的贡献最高,达到153. 4μg·m~(-3);丙烯、反-2-丁烯、乙烯是关键的活性组分.己烷、苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻-二甲苯和间/对-二甲苯的健康风险较小.     

上海市某石化周边区域VOCs污染特征及健康风险

为了解石化周边区域大气VOCs污染特征,使用在线GC-FID监测仪于2017年10月对上海市某近石化周边居民区大气VOCs进行了为期1个月的连续观测;通过最大增量反应活性(MIR)法估算了VOCs对臭氧(O3)生成的贡献,并进行了健康风险研究.结果表明,观测期间VOCs总浓度的范围16.4~1947.8μg·m-3,平均浓度为40.7μg·m-3;烷烃、烯/炔烃和芳香烃的平均占比分别为66.2%、25.9%和7.9%.VOCs总浓度日变化特征呈现单峰型变化,峰值浓度为127.9μg·m-3(07:00).VOCs总浓度的平均臭氧生成潜势(OFP)为249.7μg·m-3,烯、炔烃对OFP的贡献最高,达到153.4μg·m-3;丙烯、反-2-丁烯、乙烯是关键的活性组分.己烷、苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻-二甲苯和间/对-二甲苯的健康风险较小.     

填埋场作业面NMOCs臭氧生成潜势及高贡献物质

非甲烷有机物(NMOCs)是大气光化学反应生成臭氧过程的主要前体物,填埋场作业面是其重要无组织释放源.为控制对流层臭氧污染,必须控制NMOCs浓度,而识别高臭氧生成贡献物质是前提.本研究采集填埋场作业面气体样品,分析其组分特征,并以等效丙烯浓度法和最大增量反应活性法计算其臭氧生成潜势.结果表明,填埋场作业面共检出符合检出频率与浓度条件的36种5大类物质,NMOCs年均总浓度约为10 000μg·m~(-3),夏季总浓度最高,各类物质浓度呈含氧化合物含硫化合物卤代烃苯系物碳氢化合物的规律;综合两种计算方法结果,全年范围内高臭氧生成贡献物质为乙醇、间二甲苯、丙烯、乙酸乙酯和正戊烷;春季与全年类似,夏秋两季高贡献物质为乙醇、1-丁烯、甲苯、环己烷和苯乙烯,冬季乙醇贡献极高.通过比较,等效丙烯浓度法更适合估算作业面臭氧生成潜势.     

焦化厂VOCs的臭氧生成潜势及二次有机气溶胶生成潜势分析

焦化厂因其工艺特殊,SO₂、NO_x、颗粒物及VOCs的排放问题较为突出。故对焦化厂厂界环境空气VOCs排放特征进行分析,并依据最大增量反应活性(MIR)法和等效丙烯浓度(PEC)法对VOCs的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)进行评估,依据气溶胶生成系数(FAC)法对VOCs二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(SOAFP)进行评估。结果表明:1)厂界上、下风向5个点位共分析出包括芳香烃、卤代烃、烯烃、硫化物、酮类在内的17种VOCs; 2)不同区域厂界检出的VOCs差异显著,总质量浓度为28.2~167.9μg/m3,其中芳香烃在各点位TVOCs中占比最大,达到51.01%~84.63%;3)脱硫提盐冷鼓区域边界OFP最大,理论值为335.51μg/m3,办公生活区边界OFP最小,理论值为47.06μg/m3,芳香烃对OFP贡献率为27.21%~62.37%,烯烃为39.17%~61.84%,卤代烃为2.08%~14.56%;通过PEC法估算OFP,结果变化趋势与MIR法结果相一致,等效丙烯浓度为3.11~31.89μg/m3;且1—5点位芳香烃的等效丙烯浓度贡献率分别为37.10%、51.46%、66.79%、58.80%和22.74%;4)1—5点位SOAFP分别为0.452,0.938,2.517,4.055,0.495μg/m3;芳香烃对SOAFP贡献最大。丙烯、甲苯、二甲苯、氯乙烯等质量浓度和反应活性均较大的物质,是需要优先控制的VOCs组分,可作为焦化厂环境空气VOCs的标志物。     

无组织源VOCs排放及臭氧生成潜势分析

选取汽车喷涂、加油站、垃圾填埋场和化产回收,分析了不同排放源的VOCs污染特征。研究表明:加油站地下储油罐附近VOCs浓度较高,平均为8 637.2μg/m~3,是汽车喷涂VOCs浓度的3.4倍,垃圾填埋场和化产回收的无组织VOCs排放浓度较低,分别为185.5,85.6μg/m~3。汽车喷涂工艺和化产回收车间VOCs排放主要以芳香烃为主,分别占总VOCs的87.6%和82.9%;不同采样时段加油站储油罐VOCs均以烷烃为主,垃圾填埋场VOCs无组织排放主要以芳香烃和烷烃为主。加油站的臭氧生成潜势最大(41 927.2μg/m~3),分别是汽车喷涂、垃圾填埋场和化产回收的3.1,48.8,150.8倍。     

家具涂装行业VOCs污染特征分析

研究选取典型家具涂装行业为采样点,对底漆涂装车间、面漆涂装车间、干燥车间和车间有组织排放的VOCs样品进行采集,分析VOCs的污染特征、臭氧生成潜势和恶臭指数。结果表明:底漆和面漆涂装车间的总VOCs浓度分别为3 051.0,2 098.0μg/m~3,车间有组织排放产生的VOCs浓度较低。各生产工艺环节VOCs均以苯系物为主(78.6%~92.4%),车间有组织排放由于活性炭对苯系物的吸附作用,烷烃和烯烃质量分数较其他工艺环节高。底漆、面漆和干燥车间VOCs的臭氧生成潜势较高(7 903.34~18 535.8μg/m~3),敏感性物种均为1,2,4-三甲基苯、邻-二甲苯等苯系物。苯系物的恶臭指数较大,底漆、面漆和干燥车间的恶臭指数高达25.809、12.525和9.076,对二乙基苯、正丙苯、对乙基甲苯的恶臭指数相对较高,存在一定程度的恶臭污染。     

晋城市冬季环境空气中挥发性有机物的污染特征及来源解析

采集晋城市冬季环境空气样品,利用色谱-质谱仪分析了其挥发性有机物(VOCs)的组份特征,运用PMF、特征比值、后向轨迹模型对其来源进行了研究,并计算了臭氧和二次有机气溶胶的生成潜势,探讨了其环境影响.结果表明,观测期间,晋城市VOCs平均浓度为93.35μg·m~(-3),其中烷烃类化合物浓度为52.91μg·m~(-3),在VOCs中占比较高为56.68%;PMF分析VOCs排放源有工业排放源、燃烧源、机动车源、溶剂使用源和植物源,贡献率分别为33.71%、30.27%、26.28%、9.00%和0.74%;特征比值法分析中,苯/甲苯和异戊烷/正戊烷比值分别为1.58±0.68和2.07±0.43,介于道路来源与燃煤源之间,为两者混合来源.后向轨迹聚类3个代表性气团均来自西北方向,分别占比50%、25%和25%,西北方向的工业污染可能会对晋城市VOCs造成影响;观测期间,晋城市空气质量指数、总VOCs浓度和机动车源贡献率在风速较小时(3 m·s-1)分别为143、162.48μg·m~(-3)和46.16%,各数值均高于风速较大(3~6.9 m·s-1)时(60、35.72μg·m~(-3)和16.15%);芳香烃类化合物的臭氧和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势分别为98.89μg·m~(-3)和1.21μg·m~(-3),占总生成潜势的37.28%和97.01%,是两种生成潜势最高的VOCs化合物种类.因此,控制工业、机动车和燃烧排放是控制晋城市环境空气中VOCs污染的主要途径.     

天津滨海新区大气VOCs组成及光化学活性分析

为分析天津市挥发性有机物(VOCs)组成及光化学活性,于2014年5-9月在天津市滨海新区开展在线观测。结果表明,天津市VOCs平均浓度为90.5×10~(-9)(V/V),其中,烷烃、烯烃和芳香烃贡献分别达到60.7%,29.0%和10.3%。等效丙烯浓度和臭氧生成潜势(OFP)评估发现,天津市VOCs光化学反应较活跃的物质以低碳(C2~C5)烯烃和烷烃为主,反应活性和对臭氧生成贡献较大的物种主要为1,3-丁二烯、丙烯、乙烯等烯烃类。VOCs平均最大O_3增量反应活性为3.08,约为丙烯的1/3。气团老化程度评估发现,除受到局地排放影响外,区域传输也起到一定作用。     

唐山夏季大气VOCs污染特征及臭氧生成潜势

在唐山市区对大气环境VOCs进行样品采集,对VOCs污染特征及臭氧生成潜势进行了分析。结果表明:唐山市区VOCs主要以烷烃和芳香烃为主,分别占VOCs总质量浓度的50.3%和30.4%。烷烃和烯烃以丁烷和丙烯等组分为主,芳香烃以苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯为主。由于污染源排放强度、气象条件和光化学反应强弱的影响,VOCs浓度有明显的小时变化特征,8:00—10:00浓度最高,中午较低,且与早上相比,烯烃浓度降低比例中午最大。VOCs臭氧生成潜势敏感性组分以烯烃为主,占总VOCs臭氧生成潜势贡献的49.0%~66.8%,其主要敏感性种类为丙烯。     

京津冀地区典型印刷企业VOCs排放特征及臭氧生成潜势分析

本研究在京津冀地区选取23家典型印刷企业进行调研,并对其中具备采样条件的企业通过气袋采样-GC-MSD/FID采集及分析系统,获得48组分析结果,定量分析了京津冀地区印刷企业VOCs的排放特征,并估算其臭氧生成潜势.结果表明,各企业排气筒有组织排放的VOCs(以非甲烷总烃表征)浓度差异很大,包装印刷企业VOCs排放浓度范围为29. 9～755. 0 mg·m~(-3),出版物印刷企业VOCs排放浓度范围为3. 3～99. 0 mg·m~(-3);各企业车间印刷工位中,包装印刷企业VOCs排放浓度在129. 7～958. 4 mg·m~(-3)之间,出版物印刷企业VOCs排放浓度范围为19. 1～113. 7 mg·m~(-3);包装印刷企业排放的VOCs浓度普遍高于出版物印刷企业,这与其使用溶剂型油墨有关. VOCs组分构成方面,包装印刷和出版物印刷企业印刷工位排放的VOCs中,含氧VOCs均为首要VOCs种类,占比在32. 6%～99. 4%之间,其次是烷烃.臭氧生成潜势方面,印刷企业臭氧生成潜势(OFP值)平均值为505. 5 mg·m~(-3),其中包装印刷企业为564. 1 mg·m~(-3),出版物印刷企业为52. 9 mg·m~(-3);臭氧生成系数(SR值)平均值为1. 24 g·g-1,其中包装印刷企业为1. 70 g·g-1、出版物印刷企业为0. 89 g·g-1.从OFP值和SR值可以看出,包装印刷企业应作为未来京津冀地区印刷行业VOCs管控的重点.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.