城市生活垃圾生命周期管理

生命周期评价是一种全面的环境管理工具，具有潜在的发展前景。０它通过对产品，产品系统，工艺活动整个生命周期的环境影响环境改善的机会进行评价。根据国际环境毒理与化学学会１９９３年和ＩＳＯ１４０００环境管理体系中关于生命周期评价的技术框架，本文应生命周期评价在城市生产垃圾管理系统中的作用及管理系统的清单分析，影响评价和改善评价进行研究。     

21世纪城市生活垃圾生态化处理展望

我国目前由于管理，经济，技术以及公众环境意识的薄弱，城市生活垃圾已成为污染环境的一大公富，大致使大量有用资源浪费，就生态城市建设中垃圾生态化处理的重要性和对策进行了探讨，以期推动我国城市生活垃圾生态化处理和生态城市建设工作的开展。     

城市生活垃圾的综合处理技术与发展方向

随着社会经济的发展和城市化进程的不断加快，生活垃圾已成为我国城市环境卫生面临的紧迫问题。大量垃圾的产生，不但占用大量的土地，还会给周围环境带来一系列的问题。在综合分析评述卫生填埋，焚烧，堆肥3种主要处理技术及各自优缺点的基础上提出了我国应实行中转站分选后，多凶化综合处理系统的垃圾处理方式。     

当代城市生活垃圾处理技术现状与展望——兼论中国城市生活垃圾对策视点的调

以探究全球城市生活垃圾治理技术实践，展示人类面向21世纪解决城市生活垃圾问题的新视点，并对我国垃圾对策视点的调整及垃圾产业化提出建议。     

贵州水城盆地人类活动及其地质环境效应

由于强烈的人类活动：过量开采地下水、工业三废和城市生活垃圾的任意排放以及其它一些工农业活动，贵州水城盆地岩溶环境问题十分突出，如地下水严重污染、岩溶塌陷、水土流失、土地石漠化以及频繁的旱涝灾害。通过分析水城盆地主要人类活动，评价其负面地质环境效应，为规划岩溶区土地利用、指导人类行为提供决策依据。     

城市垃圾处理与管理对策研究

对北京、天津、上海、重庆、广州等１７个城市垃圾的调查，结果表明，近１０年，上述城市垃圾总量的增长城市化关系密切，城市垃圾的组分受经济发展，生活水平、消费行为方式的影响，地域差异显著；城市垃圾处理技术欠完善，管理体制不合理，急需通过市场化动作国吧改善。     

当代城市生活垃圾处理技术现状与展望——兼论中国城市生活垃圾对策视点的调整

以探究全球城市生活垃圾治理技术实践 ,展示人类面向 2 1世纪解决城市生活垃圾问题的新视点 ,并对我国垃圾对策视点的调整及垃圾产业化提出建议     

垃圾卫生填埋技术

介绍我国第一座现代化城市生活垃圾卫生填埋场－深圳市下坪固体废弃物填埋场的卫生填埋技术设施,如防渗设施、垃圾渗沥液导流设施、场外排水设施和场内清污分流设施等;垃圾卫生填埋工艺技术及作业方法,如分区分层填埋法、单元作业法和高效作业法;垃圾填埋场的环境监测项目及监测成果。     

国内大中城市生活垃圾分类收集实施方案

作为“社会公害”之一的城市生活垃圾，是一种丰富的可再生资源，而实现城市垃圾资源化的关键是实施生活垃圾分类收集。详细分析了实施分类收集的6个前提条件。此外，还研究了我国城市生活垃圾分类收集的方法和实施程序。     

城市生活垃圾向土壤释放重金属研究

以南京为例，研究了城市生活垃圾对堆放环境土壤中重金属元素含量（总含量、各形态含量）的影响及其量比关系。结果表明，重金属元素在土壤中的含量和形态分布特征受其从垃圾中释放率的影响。自垃圾堆放环境土壤中释放的重金属含量与其有效态部分含量正相关。     

Arsenic uptake by plants and possible phytoremediation applications: a brief overview

This review focuses the behaviour of arsenic in plant?Csoil and plant?Cwater systems, arsenic?Cplant cell interactions, phytoremediation, and biosorption. Arsenate and arsenite uptake by plants varies in different environment conditions. An eco-friendly and low-cost method for arsenic removal from soil?Cwater system is phytoremediation, in which living plants are used to remove arsenic from the environment or to render it less toxic. Several factors such as soil redox conditions, arsenic speciation in soils, and the presence of phosphates play a major role. Translocation factor is the important feature for categorising plants for their remediation ability. Phytoremediation techniques often do not take into account the biosorption processes of living plants and plant litter. In biosorption techniques, contaminants can be removed by a biological substrate, as a sorbent, bacteria, fungi, algae, or vascular plants surfaces based on passive binding of arsenic or other contaminants on cell wall surfaces containing special active functional groups. Evaluation of the current literature suggests that understanding molecular level processes, and kinetic aspects in phytoremediation using advanced analytical techniques are essential for designing phytoremediation technologies with improved, predictable remedial success. Hence, more efforts are needed on addressing the molecular level behaviour of arsenic in plants, kinetics of uptake, and transfer of arsenic in plants with flowing waters, remobilisation through decay, possible methylation, and volatilisation.     

Energy,population, and agricultural productivity in Iran

Solar energy feeds all life on this planet's surface. The energy of the Sun can be tapped and converted to the different forms of energy by renewable energy systems, such as solar power plants, photovoltaic systems, and plants. Land is needed for food production, which is the most globally important activity. With increasing population, the required area is determined by consumption and production patterns. The world is globally divided into poor and rich areas of production and consumption, which have large differences. Iran's energy and food production and consumption are studied and compare with poor and rich examples. It is concluded that available agricultural land is limited and currently declining per capita due to population growth. The expansion of irrigated crop area, high-quality seed, and modern farming techniques can marginally improve agricultural productivity and provide relative self-sufficiency in grain production. Much of the growth in Iran's renewable energy is attributed to hydroelectricity power plants. Solar energy, wind, hydro and geothermal energy are also potential forms of sustainable energy in Iran.     

Use and Misuse of Forest-harvested Fruits in the Iquitos Area

Abstract: Of 193 fruit species observed to be regularly consumed in the region surrounding Iquitos, Peru, 120 species are exclusively wild-harvested and 19 more originate from both wild and cultivated sources. The wild-harvested fruits of 57 species belonging to 24 different plant families are sold in the Iquitos market and are very important in the economy and diets of the area Nearly half of the Iquitos fruit vendors sell wild-harvested fruits (if fruits used as vegetables or starch sources are excluded), and over half of the fruit species sold are wild-harvested Many fruit species consumed at Iquitos differ from those consumed in other parts of Amazonia Although some native fruit species are beginning to be grown as crops, the wild populations of these high-potential species are being rapidly depleted by destructive harvesting techniques as market pressure begins to build In the last few years, the availability of several of the most popular fruit species has decreased markedly. If nondestructive sustained yield harvesting of resources such as wild-harvested fruits is to play its suggested important role in tropical forest conservation, much stronger efforts will be needed to prevent destructive overharvesting of these potentially significant resources.     

Agency and structure: a grounded theory approach to explain land-use change in the Mindo and western foothills of Pichincha,Ecuador

ABSTRACT

Although life and land decisions are individual, driven by perceptions of reality, they reflect broader social processes. This research aims to understand relevant land-use change processes and the context within which land-use change occurs in the study area. For this, we employ grounded theory techniques and procedures to analyze narratives and life history interviews. Based on these narratives, we re-construct past land-use changes. Additionally, we identify structural conditions that drive change, several dimensions of change, including cultural-cognitive dimensions, and future discourses. The identified structural conditions motivate changes in concepts, actions, and practices, in land-use, and institutions, eventually leading to generational changes. Further research is needed to examine how the so-called structural conditions producing change varies in different settings and contexts. These findings can provide insight into certain patterns and knowledge that may contribute to community planning, policy design, and the conception of sustainable solutions with more grounded knowledge.     

The Conservation of Brazilian Reptiles: Challenges for a Megadiverse Country

Abstract:  About 650 species—330 snakes, 230 lizards, 50 amphisbaenids, 6 caimans, and 35 turtles—comprise the known reptile fauna of Brazil. Only 20 are considered threatened. Except for the marine and freshwater turtles, which suffer from overexploitation and habitat destruction, they are threatened because of their rarity and extremely restricted ranges. Despite its richness and diversity, research on Brazil's reptile fauna is still largely restricted to alpha taxonomy. Surveys, an electronic database of all herpetological collections, and phylogeographic studies based on molecular genetic techniques are needed to improve our understanding of the biogeography of this group and to delineate effective conservation strategies to preserve the evolutionary potential of existing lineages. Autecological, population, and community studies that monitor effects of habitat degradation, fragmentation, and loss, pollution, and exploitation are needed for a better understanding of the effects of the widespread and ever-worsening degradation of Brazil's natural ecosystems.     

Estimation of Wastewater Treatment Objectives through Maximum Entropy

The paper examines how a public wastewater treatment plant balances objectives of cost minimization and pollution prevention. The parameters of the objective function and state equation in an optimal control model are estimated using maximum entropy and time series observations of water quality and expenditures for wastewater treatment. The estimation method does not require restrictions needed by other techniques used to estimate nonlinear, ill-posed problems. The parameter estimates indicate that the treatment plant emphasizes water quality enhancement over cost minimization. Results from the sensitivity analysis show that the plant favors conventional treatment over pollution prevention.     

高产淡水鱼生产区农户生态系统综合功能效益评价

本文采用综合评价法,对高产淡水鱼生产区——浙江省湖州市菱湖镇郊15个农户的综合功能效益作了调查研究。结果表明,仅有少数农户综合功能效益水平较高,具有生产资料较完备,充分利用系统内部资源及各业之间密切配合,生产技术和经营水平较高,注意闲季户外收入等特点;大多数农户的综合功能效益水平则较低,尚有较大的潜力。池塘水体富营养化、水体污染及市场影响是所有农户的共同问题,急需采取有效措施加以解决。     

Conducting polymers/zinc oxide-based photocatalysts for environmental remediation: a review

The accessibility to clean water is essential for humans, yet nearly 250 million people die yearly due to contamination by cholera, dysentery, arsenicosis, hepatitis A, polio, typhoid fever, schistosomiasis, malaria, and lead poisoning, according to the World Health Organization. Therefore, advanced materials and techniques are needed to remove contaminants. Here, we review nanohybrids combining conducting polymers and zinc oxide for the photocatalytic purification of waters, with focus on in situ polymerization, template synthesis, sol–gel method, and mixing of semiconductors. Advantages include less corrosion of zinc oxide, less charge recombination and more visible light absorption, up to 53%.

     

遥感与GIS在蝗虫生境研究中的应用进展

蝗虫生境是蝗虫赖以生活、生存的环境。利用遥感技术获取与蝗虫密切相关的各种生境因子,并结合GIS技术研究和阐明蝗虫的生境因子对东亚飞蝗的产卵、孵化、成虫、迁飞等生育周期的影响机理,是实现对蝗虫监测、预测预警的基础。文章首先分析了各种蝗虫生境因子对蝗虫发生的影响机理,认为这些生境因子对蝗灾发生的影响不是孤立地起作用的,仅靠单个生境因子进行蝗灾的预测是不全面的,而遥感和GIS技术方便的获取、管理和分析多种生境因子数据,在大尺度蝗灾发生监测和预警中起到不可替代的作用。通过对遥感与GIS在蝗虫的不同发育阶段（蝗卵发育阶段、蝗蝻发育阶段和成虫阶段）的应用及其进展的分析,认为对蝗虫不同生育阶段的遥感监测需采用不同的参数和技术才能达到更好的效果,最后提出了遥感与GIS在蝗虫生境监测方面的未来发展方向。     

Antimony (Sb) – pollution and removal techniques – critical assessment of technologies

In view of increasing emissions of antimony (Sb) into the environment due to industrialization and consequent carcinogenicity, it is essential to remove this metal from the ecosystem. Antimony and arsenic (As) are analogs. Although numerous studies examined arsenic removal, few reports are available on Sb removal. In this review, various Sb removal techniques are described to understand how this process occurs and what research gaps are needed to improve efficiency. At present, surface adsorption technique is the most widely used for Sb removal. Biological treatment namely phytoremediation is also a promising method and more investigations are required in this regard. The selection of a suitable technique for a given area depends on the conditions including economic, environmental, and social conditions.