硅藻土水处理剂对采出水絮凝试验

不同加药量的采出水絮凝试验表明:硅藻土是一种能够用于采出水处理工艺的新型药剂,絮凝沉降后水的浊度可降低到1NTU左右,悬浮物的体积浓度降低到0.0005%以下,颗粒物的分布特征值向有利于通过过滤工艺去除的大尺度方向变化。适当的加药量为50mg/L。     

稠油污水中悬浮物特性研究

对稠油污水回用工艺中各处理单元出水中的悬浮物(SS)沉降性能及组成、悬浮颗粒粒径分布及其质量、悬浮物含量与COD值的关系等进行了研究。结果表明:不同处理单元出水中悬浮物特性差别较大。粒径大于50μm悬浮物含量较高,其次为0.45～4μm悬浮颗粒的含量;沉降罐出水和浮选出水中悬浮物对COD影响较大,过滤单元出水中悬浮物对COD几乎没有影响,主要为无机物,并含有一定量的酸溶性物质。     

臭氧气浮／微涡流絮凝分级处理含聚采出水

含聚合物采出水的有效处理和达标回注是解决油田环保风险和生产压力的关键问题。文章通过对长庆油田陇东区域某试验站的采出水水质进行调研和评价,发现处理后的含聚采出水平均悬浮固体含量高达102.5mg/L,无法达到Q/SY CQ 08011—2019《陇东油田采出水处理水质指标及分析方法》中规定的悬浮物≤50mg/L的回注标准。针对上述问题,分析了聚合物分子量及浓度对悬浮物去除的影响,根据聚合物含量提出不同的采出水处理工艺：针对聚合物浓度≥50mg/L的,形成高含聚合物废水的臭氧气浮处理技术,聚合物降解效率≥60％;针对聚合物浓度＜50mg/L的,形成了微涡流絮凝固液分离技术;在最佳搅拌条件和加药量下,处理后聚合物浓度≤10mg/L,悬浮物含量≤25mg/L,可达到 Q/SY CQ 08011—2019的回注标准。研究成果可以为后续开展含聚采出水现场治理提供技术支撑。     

基于“双纳米”技术的含聚污水深度处理现场试验

为解决杏北油田高含聚污水深度处理水质达标难度大,三采区块采出污水无法深度处理回注至低渗透储层的问题,提出采用“纳米气混浮选+纳米硅基精细过滤”工艺的“双纳米”水处理技术,并在聚杏十一污水站开展了规模为2 000 m³/d工业化现场试验。现场试验结果表明,在来水含聚浓度为400 mg/L,油含量、悬浮物含量≤100 mg/L的水质条件下,出水的油含量、悬浮物含量均可稳定达到5 mg/L以下,可以实现含聚污水深度处理要求。且“双纳米”水处理技术具备较好的吸附及滤料再生效果,可以保障设备连续稳定运行;同时其工艺流程短、效率高,可大幅降低建设及运行成本,具备大规模工业化推广及应用价值。     

新疆油田压力式连续流过滤器工业性试验

介绍了压力式连续流过滤器用于油田采出水的工业性试验,试验结果表明:采用0.8～1.2 mm石英砂滤料处理水质悬浮物,73.7%情况下出水悬浮物可降至2 mg/L以下,26.3%情况下出水悬浮物可降至2～5 mg/L,水质介于一级与二级过滤指标要求之间,处理水质较双滤料过滤器出水水质好;采用0.5～0.8 mm金刚砂滤料,处理水质悬浮物在5～6 mg/L,含油在1 mg/L以下。     

风城油田超稠油采出水处理工艺及应用

风城油田超稠油采出水具有"含砂高、黏度高、密度高"的特点,大量不易分离的粉砂和泥质附在油中,其乳化稳定性强,处理难度大;沉降脱水罐来水含油量10 000 mg/L,悬浮物500 mg/L,高含油及悬浮物对采出水处理系统影响及冲击较大。采用"两级除油+混凝反应+两级过滤"工艺对超稠油采出水进行处理,处理后净化水含油量≤2 mg/L,悬浮物≤2 mg/L,污水处理合格率100%,污水回用率100%,回用油田注汽锅炉。实现了污水的循环利用,节约清水费用2 463.75万元,可充分利用高温采出水热能,年均节约天然气用量约5 475×10~4 Nm~3,节约天然气费用5 365.5万元。     

接触氧化法在油田含聚采出水中的应用实例

介绍了聚结除油─生物接触氧化─气浮工艺在新疆油田高含聚采出水处理中的应用。采出水处理规模为6 000m3/d,设计进水聚合物、悬浮物和含油浓度分别为600,300,3 000mg/L,经过一系列物理沉降和生化处理,出水悬浮物和含油浓度均可达到≤20mg/L,出水水质可满足Q/SY XJ0030─2015《油田注入水分级水质指标》中所规定的高渗注水要求。生物接触氧化法处理含聚采出水具有处理成本低,处理效果稳定的特点,采出水处理成本为1.66元/m~3,具有良好的经济效益和环境效益。     

聚合物驱采出水处理工艺研究

聚合物驱油技术在大庆油田得到广泛应用,由于采出水粘度大、油珠粒径小,其处理难度大于油田常规水驱采出水。通过对聚合物驱采出水的特性分析,并在现场分别进行了以横向流除油器(串联DTH聚结器)和水力旋流器为主体的工艺试验。其工艺参数分别为:横向流除油器和DTH聚结除油器的处理量均为85 m3/h,有效停留时间为2.4 h。过滤器为石英砂、磁铁矿双层滤料,处理量为20 m3/h,过滤周期24 h,反冲洗时间为15 min,一次和二次过滤的滤速分别为12 m3/h和8 m3/h。试验结果表明:两种工艺均可代替现有的沉降过滤工艺处理聚合物驱采出水。     

强碱三元复合驱采出水处理工艺技术研究

常规的"沉降+过滤"方式用于三元复合驱采出水处理,聚合物或黏度对石油类和SS的高效去除有较大影响,处理思路应以脱稳降黏为主。文章探索了采用的"气浮沉降+生化氧化+高级氧化+二级过滤"工艺,达到石油类≤800 mg/L,SS≤350 mg/L,黏度≤12 mPa·s,PAM≤800 mg/L,使采出水处理稳定达到回注水要求,降低滤池冲洗难度,降低了固液分离难度,提高了工艺运行稳定性。对于采出水进一步开展膜深度处理,采出水实现回注低渗透层等具有重要意义。     

含聚污水悬浮固体含量测定方法改进

采用石油天然气行业标准推荐的滤膜法测定油田含聚合物采出水(简称含聚污水)中悬浮固体含量时,过滤时间长而测定值偏高。文章分析了新疆油田含聚污水中固相颗粒物的分布特点,考察了滤膜法存在的问题及影响因素:残余聚合物含量、聚合物分子量、温度等,考察了水中残余聚合物浓度与滤膜截留量的关系,建立了适合含聚污水中悬浮固体含量的测定方法——高速剪切法,验证了该方法的精密度,并以新疆油田现场聚驱和二元复合驱采出水为对象,评价新方法的有效性。     

QUALITY STUDY OF GRAYWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: A residential single family dwelling was retrofitted to recycle graywater for landscape irrigation and toilet flushing. The objective of this study was to determine improvements in graywater quality by evaluating five simple graywater treatment systems that were easily adapted to the household plumbing. The treatment systems consisted of (1) water hyacinths and sand filtration, (2) water hyacinths, copper ion disinfection, and sand filtration, (3) copper ion disinfection and sand filtration, (4) copper/silver ion disinfection and sand filtration, and (5) 20–μm cartridge filtration. Water quality parameters measured were fecal and total coliform indicator bacteria, nitrates, suspended solids, and turbidity. Reductions in bacterial concentration, suspended solids and turbidity were achieved by all systems tested. Treatment reduced nitrate concentrations to an average of 2.6 mg/liter. Reductions in suspended solids, and turbidity were influenced more by the quality of the graywater entering the treatment system than the efficiency of the systems themselves. The water hyacinths and sand filtration system provided the best graywater quality in terms of the concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria. The system providing the best water quality in regard to average suspended solids after treatment was the water hyacinths, copper ion, and sand filtration system, and the best average turbidity was achieved by the copper/silver ion generating unit with sand filtration. All systems were capable of significant reductions in fecal indicator bacteria, suspended solids, and turbidity; however, additional treatment or disinfection would be necessary to further reduce the level of coliform and fecal coliform bacteria to achieve regulatory standards in the State of Arizona.     

滤料级配过滤含聚污水数值模拟研究

以磁铁矿滤料与石英砂滤料为填设滤料层的级配模式一直广泛应用于油田含聚污水处理过程中,但这种滤料级配与污水过滤性能之间的影响关系及规律认识却较为缺乏,本文以悬浮粒子吸附与截留形成的聚集特征为切入,定量分析出水水质特性,对含聚污水过滤过程中滤料级配的影响效果展开数值模拟研究。研究认为：磁铁矿滤料层厚度较大的级配模式过滤具有更好的悬浮粒子吸附与截留效果,对更小粒径悬浮粒子过滤能力更优,但滤料填充高度比与过滤效果存在一定适配性;以1.28以上磁铁矿滤料厚度较大的级配模式过滤较低含聚浓度污水、以1.67以上磁铁矿滤料厚度较小的级配模式过滤较高含聚浓度污水,均可以使出水悬浮固体颗粒与油滴含量均低于5mg/L,满足过滤出水水质指标要求。     

TURBIDITY SUSPENI)ED SEDIMENT,AND WATER CLARITY: A REVIEW1

ABSTRACT: Suspended sediment causes a range of environmental damage, including benthic smothering, irritation of fish gills, and transport of sorbed contaminants. Much of the impact, while sediment remains suspended, is related to its light attenuation, which reduces visual range in water and light availability for photosynthesis. Thus measurement of the optical attributes of suspended matter in many instances is more relevant than measurement of its mass concentration. Nephelometric turbidity, an index of light scattering by suspended particles, has been widely used as a simple, cheap, instrumental surrogate for suspended sediment, that also relates more directly than mass concentration to optical effects of suspended matter. However, turbidity is only a relative measure of scattering (versus arbitrary standards) that has no intrinsic environmental relevance until calibrated to a ‘proper’ scientific quantity. Visual clarity (measured as Secchi or black disc visibility) is a preferred optical quantity with immediate environmental relevance to aesthetics, contact recreation, and fish habitat. Contrary to common perception, visual clarity measurement is not particularly subjective and is more precise than turbidity measurement. Black disc visibility is inter‐convertible with beam attenuation, a fundamental optical quantity that can be monitored continuously by beam transmissometry. Visual clarity or beam attenuation should supplant nephelometric turbidity in many water quality applications, including environmental standards.     

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN THE LOXAIIATCHEE ESTUARY,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: A study was initiated to examine the effects of wind speed, wind direction, freshwater inflow, and tide height on suspended solid concentration and distribution in the Loxahatchee estuary, Florida. Recent efforts to increase freshwater flows in this system raised concerns that suspended solid concentrations would increase as well, which might result in negative impacts for the estuary. The data indicated that total suspended solids (TSS) in the estuary are derived primarily from the inlet and not from freshwater tributaries. In addition, total suspended solids and volatile suspended solids were correlated strongly with salinity, suggesting that suspended sediments act conservatively throughout this system. No one environmental factor had an overwhelming influence on suspended solid concentration throughout the estuary; different regions of the estuary were influenced by different factors. Freshwater inflow was negatively related to TSS in the upper reaches of the estuary but was positively related to TSS in the central embayment region of the estuary. We attribute this latter finding to the fact that extremely high inflows both prevented the normal transport upstream of tidal borne suspended sediments and promoted mixing when the freshwater front moving downstream confronted the tidal front moving upstream. Wind speed, wind direction, and tide height had relatively small effects on TSS concentration but were most influential in reaches upstream of the central embayment, where tidal velocity begins to diminish.     

浊度传感器应用于连续监测污水厂进水悬浮颗粒浓度的研究

为使城市污水处理厂更合理高效的运营，可对进水悬浮颗粒浓度的实时监测来实现。通过对进水水样的悬浮颗粒浓度测量值与相应浊度值建立的关系曲线，达到对污水处理厂进水悬浮颗粒浓度（mg／L）的连续实时监测。文中给出了浊度传感器的校准方法，并建立浊度-悬浮颗粒浓度关系曲线，将其应用于某城市污水处理厂，得到单位时间进水悬浮颗粒总量的实时连续图。     

Performance of a woodchip filter to treat dairy soiled water

The milking process on dairy farms produces wastewaters, known as dairy soiled waters (DSW), which contain variable concentrations of nutrients. The most common method of disposal is by application to land. However, this practise can result in the pollution of nearby receiving water bodies. A laboratory study, comprising two sets of 0.5?m, 1?m and 1.5?m-deep filters loaded at two loading rates, examined the performance of woodchip filters in treating DSW. The filters comprised de-barked Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) woodchips. Dried DSW was reconstituted to 1% and 3% suspended solids (SS) concentrations and was applied at 28?L/m(2).d to the surface of the filters at loading rates of 280?g?SS/m(2).d and 840?g?SS/m(2).d, respectively. Filters were loaded for a maximum of 277 days. The filters achieved substantial decreases in SS (>99%), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (>97%) and total nitrogen (TN) (>89%). The dominant treatment mechanism appears to be physical filtration, but sorption and biological uptake likely also play a role. As the filters are aerobic, mineralisation and nitrification occur, but gaseous N losses are probably not significant. Woodchip shows potential as a filter medium for treating DSW, significantly decreasing the concentrations of SS, COD and TN.     

CONTROL OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND PHYTOPLANKTON WITH FISHES AND A MUSSEL1

ABSTRACT: Filtering efficiency of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), carp (Cyprinus carpio), and a freshwater mussel (Elliptio coinpianata) was measured in field and laboratory trials to assess the ability of each species to control phytoplankton and suspended solid densities. All fish species tested were ineffective filterers and generally increased, rather than suppressed, algal and suspended solid concentrations. Filtering efficiencies of fish varied between -354 and 84 percent, depending on the size, shape, abundance, palatability, composition, and resistance to digestion of the particles. Because of poor filtering abilities, unpredictable feeding habits, and sensitivity to stress, the fish species examined are not effective biological controls in waste lagoons. In contrast, the freshwater mussel Elliptio was a highly effective control organism, averaging 66 percent filtering efficiency over a wide size range of algal and suspended particles. Filtration efficiency was positively correlated with mussel density. Elliptio was efficient at filtering small particles, which are particularly difficult to remove. Mean filtration rates ranged from 53 to 134 ml/mussel/h depending on the algal species consumed and algal densities (range 50–180,000 cells/ml) and 3 mg/L/mussel/h on suspended solids (range 14 to 112 mg/L). Water clarification was facilitated by both direct consumption and pseudofeces deposition. Elliptio and probably other mussel species can effectively control algae and suspended solids in wastewater lagoons and eutrophic lakes, if environmental conditions, especially dissolved oxygen levels, are suitable (>5 mg/L) for their survival.     

Sorption of 17β-estradiol to pig slurry separates and soil in the soil-slurry environment

Contamination of freshwater by estrogens from manure applied to agricultural land is of grave concern because of the potentially harmful effects on aquatic life and human health. Recent developments in liquid manure (slurry) management include partial removal of particulate slurry dry matter (PSDM) by separation technologies, which may also remove parts of the estrogens and enhance infiltration of the slurry on field application and hence the interaction between estrogens and the soil matrix. This study investigated how 17β-estradiol (E2), a natural estrogen commonly found in pig manure, sorbs to agricultural soils, to different size fractions of pig slurry separates, and to soils amended with each size fraction to simulate conditions in the soil-slurry environment. A crude fiber fraction (SS1) was prepared by sieving (<500 μm) the solids removed by an on-farm separation process. Three other size fractions (SS2 > SS3 > SS4) were prepared from the liquid fraction of the separated slurry by sedimentation and centrifugation. Sorption experiments were conducted in 0.01 mol L(-1) CaCl(2) and in natural pig urine matrix. Sorption in 0.01 mol L(-1) CaCl(2) was higher than that in pig urine for all solids used. Sorption of E2 to soil increased with its organic carbon content for both liquid phases. The solid-liquid partition coefficients of slurry separates were 10 to 30 times higher than those of soils, but the organoic carbon normalized partition coefficient values, reflecting sorption per unit organic carbon, were lower for slurry separates. Mixing slurry separates with soil increased the sorption of E2 to the solid phase significantly in the order: SS1 < SS3 < SS2 for both liquid phases. In contrast, SS4 reduced the sorption of E2 to the solid phase by increasing the sorption to suspended or dissolved organic matter. The study suggested that potentially 50 to 75% of E2 in slurry can be removed from the liquid fraction of slurry by physical separation.     

Water quality trends and changing agricultural practices in a midwest U.S. watershed, 1994-2006

Sediment and nutrient concentrations in surface water in agricultural regions are strongly influenced by agricultural activities. In the Corn Belt, recent changes in farm management practices are likely to affect water quality, yet there are few data on these linkages at the landscape scale. We report on trends in concentrations of N as ammonium (NH(4)) and nitrate (NO(3)), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and suspended sediment (SS) in three Corn Belt streams with drainage areas of 12 to 129 km(2) for 1994 through 2006. During this period, there has been an increase in conservation tillage, a decline in fertilizer use, and consolidation of animal feeding operations in our study watersheds and throughout the Corn Belt. We use an autoregressive moving average model to include the effects of discharge and season on concentrations, LOWESS plots, and analyses of changes in the relation between discharge and concentration. We found significant declines in mean monthly concentrations of NH(4) at all three streams over the 13-yr period, declines in SRP and SS in two of the three streams, and a decline in NO(3) in one stream. When trend coefficients are converted to percent per year and weighted by drainage, area changes in concentration are -8.5% for NH(4), -5.9% for SRP, -6.8% for SS, and -0.8% for NO(3). Trends in total N and P are strongly tied to trends in NO(3), SRP, and SS and indicate that total P is declining, whereas total N is not.