城市旅游区暴雨径流污染过程中的不透水面效应

选取武汉市动物园4种典型的不透水面暴雨径流污染特征进行了系统的研究，以期为旅游区面源污染危害评价和治理提供基本的依据。结果表明，动物园4种不透水面初期径流污染物浓度很高，COD最大值达1140mg／L，下垫面类型及地表累积污染物是影响径流水质的主要因素。通过无量纲累积曲线的分析，表明旅游区不透水面径流初期冲刷严重，该曲线还为面源治理提供了重要的工程参数。     

高速公路降雨径流污染特征及其污染控制

随着高速公路的快速发展,路面降雨径流污染引起了越来越多的关注.从高速公路路面雨水径流中污染物成分及其影响因素、径流污染迁移模型和径流污染物对受纳水体水质的影响等方面,对路面降雨径流污染特征进行了综述,并从工程和非工程措施两方面比较了目前高速公路路面降雨径流污染治理措施的特点和适用条件,最后提出了进一步研究的建议,希望为有关方面的研究提供借鉴.     

城市湖泊总磷对干湿沉降和地表径流污染的响应研究

随着对水污染的深入治理，干湿沉降、地表径流等面源污染逐步成为城市湖泊最重要的污染源之一。通过对武汉市东湖流域连续4个月干湿沉降和2场次地表径流的监测，分析了湖泊水体总磷(TP)对干湿沉降和地表径流污染的响应。结果表明，东湖湿沉降TP累积通量远大于干沉降TP累积通量，这可能与降水的洗尘作用有关；低强度降雨地表径流TP质量浓度为0.74～1.59 mg/L,高强度降雨地表径流TP质量浓度为0.95～5.82 mg/L,初期地表径流TP浓度大于后期地表径流；湖泊TP浓度变化与风速、湿沉降TP通量、降雨量紧密相关，当降雨量小于20 mm时，风速是造成湖泊中TP变动的主要因素之一，当降雨量超过20 mm时，湖泊TP变化与湿沉降TP通量变化较为一致。点源污染防治与大气污染治理、城市道路清洁、城市绿化、沉水植物生态恢复等的协调治理，将是未来城市湖泊TP污染防治的重要途径。     

高速公路降雨径流污染特征及其污染控制

随着高速公路的快速发展,路面降雨径流污染引起了越来越多的关注.从高速公路路面雨水径流中污染物成分及其影响因素、径流污染迁移模型和径流污染物对受纳水体水质的影响等方面,对路面降雨径流污染特征进行了综述,并从工程和非工程措施两方面比较了目前高速公路路面降雨径流污染治理措施的特点和适用条件,最后提出了进一步研究的建议,希望为有关方面的研究提供借鉴.     

上海市城区径流污染及控制对策

随着城市点源污染控制程度的提高,雨水径流引起的面源污染日益突出.非渗透性地表径流污染成为城市水体污染的主要来源.对上海市城区非渗透性地表径流进行了为期3年的采样调查,监测了COD、BOD5、SS、NH3-N、TP和TN等污染物指标,并估算了单位面积径流年污染负荷.结合上海市实际情况,提出了城区径流污染控制的综合策略.     

生物滞留池改善城市雨水径流水质的研究进展

如何有效控制城市雨水径流所带来的面源污染已成为城市管理工作所面临的重要难题之一.作为城市暴雨最佳管理措施(BMPs)中的技术之一,生物滞留池可有效控制城市面源污染.总结了生物滞留池在改善城市雨水径流水质方面的研究进展,简要分析了生物滞留池去除污染物的机制.研究结果表明,生物滞留池对雨水径流中的总悬浮颗粒物(TSS)、重...     

西安市城市主干道路面径流污染及沉淀特性研究

在西安市城市主干道南二环路建立路面径流采样站,利用自制流量等比例采样装置,采集2009年3-11月的34场降雨径流,测试研究径流SS、COD事件平均浓度(EMC)、有机污染物赋存状态,并就降雨特征对径流污染的影响进行相关分析,还采用累积曲线法对16场径流水样进行沉淀实验,研究沉淀对径流中污染物的去除效果.结果表明,城市...     

不同降雨条件下非渗透地表径流TOC、TP输出规律和成因分析研究

研究城市非渗透地表径流TOC和TP的污染特性具有重要意义。以北京工业大学西校区和西大望路为研究对象,选取2015年的4场典型降雨场次(6月26日、7月18日、7月27日和8月31日),对该区域的非渗透地表径流中TOC和TP的输出规律及成因进行研究。结果表明:径流中TOC在各非渗透地表之间的变化差异性比TP大;非渗透屋面、道路和广场的地表径流污染初期冲刷效应显著,其中西大望路TP、TOC的初期径流浓度总体最高;地表径流污染物浓度受到下垫面空隙率、清扫频率和降雨间隔时间的影响,降雨间隔时间越长时TOC和TP的累积量越大,形成的径流浓度就越高,当下垫面空隙率越大时,TOC和TP越易蓄积,形成的径流浓度也越高。     

基于平均负荷的降雨径流污染负荷模型研究

在九寨沟旅游景区,对公路和栈道进行人工降雨径流污染负荷的过程研究。浓度过程曲线表明,初始高浓度与平台期浓度之间相差3~5倍,而负荷过程曲线表明,各时段负荷曲线无明显峰值存在。这意味着污染物平均浓度的获取,需要降雨径流的水量水质同步监测数据的较大样本,才能消除随机性影响。而各时段负荷数据向平均负荷期望收敛的速度,将比平均浓度期望更快。利用这一规律,以平均负荷值代替降雨事件的污染物平均浓度(EMC),构建了基于平均负荷值的年地表径流负荷模型。本模型只需要有限场水量水质同步监测数据,就可获得特定地区面源污染物的平均负荷值。在消除随机不确定性同时,提高了可操作性。采用研制的模型,计算出九寨沟各子区公路面源的TP排放负荷,在0.87~2.07 kg/a之间,栈道面源TP排放负荷,在0.27~1.22 kg/a之间。     

西安市城市主干道路面径流初期冲刷效应

以西安市城市主干道南二环太白路高架桥为路面径流采样区域,采用人工等时间间隔采样方法,在桥梁排水立管对2010年9—11月的3场径流事件进行全程采样,测试径流过程SS、COD、溶解性COD、NH3-N、Pb、溶解性Pb、Zn和溶解性Zn的浓度变化,研究路面径流的初期冲刷效应及其影响因素。结果表明,西安市城市主干道路面径流污染严重,降雨数小时后的末期径流仍具有较高的污染水平;径流过程污染物浓度变化规律与其赋存形态有关,SS、COD、Pb等以颗粒态为主的污染物的浓度随雨强变化剧烈波动,NH3-N、溶解态COD、溶解态Zn等以溶解态为主的污染物浓度变化受雨强影响较小,随径流过程呈逐渐减小趋势;路面径流初期冲刷现象并非普遍存在,与污染物的赋存状态和场次降雨特征密切相关,溶解态污染物易于出现初期冲刷现象,颗粒态污染物是否出现初期冲刷与场次降雨特征有关;测试的3场径流事件初期30%的径流携带的SS、COD、溶解性COD、NH3-N、Pb、Zn和溶解性Zn的负荷占场次径流总负荷的比例分别为21.8%～50.0%、25.5%～49.3%、36.3%～52.6%、52.6%～66.7%、26.8%～45.0%、27.2%～63.4%和36.2%～62.6%,表明仅对初期径流进行治理无法实现对西安市路面径流污染的有效控制。     

Stormwater runoff quality from different surfaces in an urban catchment in Beijing, China

Urban stormwater runoff quality, widely investigated around the world, has been monitored less in Beijing, China, which impedes the municipal government to use best management practices to protect surface water. In this study, rainwater and stormwater runoff samples from roofs, roads, and a lawn on the campus of the Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences (RCEES) (Beijing, China) and from a ring road, with heavy traffic, have been sampled and analyzed for 31 storm events from June 2004 to August 2005. Total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total nitrogen, and total phosphorus concentrations in rainwater and runoff ranged over 2 or more orders of magnitude, meaning that the highest concentration of a certain pollutant did not always occur in a certain kind of runoff. Runoff contained significantly higher concentrations of pollutants than rainwater. On the campus of RCEES, TSS and total phosphorus in runoff samples from the lawn and roads were significantly higher than those from roofs, while the COD, BOD5, and total nitrogen concentrations were not significantly different in runoff among surfaces. Compared with runoff from the roads on campus, runoff from the ring road contained more COD and total nitrogen, but less TSS, BOD5, and total phosphorus. All pollutants measured in runoff from roofs on campus and from the ring road showed a peak concentration in starting runoff, which then decreased sharply. The peak concentrations of COD, BOD5, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus in the roof runoff increased with the increase in time of the antecedent dry period. Thus, urban stormwater pollution control, especially for first-flush control, is of great importance for the full use of rainwater and prevention of water pollution.     

不同地表雨水径流冲刷特性分析

选择北京市某城区典型地表(校园、自行车道、商业街和高架桥)的雨水径流作为研究对象,系统分析了不同地表雨水径流的冲刷特性。分析结果表明:不同地表初期冲刷现象都比较明显,控制不同地表20%的初期雨水可以削减污染物总量的40%～60%,高架桥初期雨水径流中COD、SS和TP浓度最高,校园初期雨水径流中TN浓度最高。不同地表雨水径流的水质优劣顺序为:校园>商业街>自行车道>高架桥。校园和自行车道在整个降雨过程中D50和D90粒径大小相近,分别为30μm和50μm左右,且变化幅度都较小。高架桥和商业街在雨水径流初期D50和D90粒径有明显减小,但后期均出现较大幅度的波动,其粒径明显大于校园和自行车道。上述研究成果对于城市不同地表雨水径流污染控制和场地开发具有重要意义。     

城市道路沉积物氮、磷溶出特性

国内外众多研究表明,城市不透水表面沉积物是雨水径流中污染物的重要来源。以北京市某道路沉积物为研究对象,对城市道路沉积物的粒径分布进行了分析,并通过批量实验,研究了不同粒径道路沉积物中氮、磷营养物及有机物(COD)的溶出特性。实验结果表明,粒径较大的沉积物中氮含量较高,而粒径较小的沉积物中磷含量较高;虽然TP、PO3-4、TN、NO-3、NH+4、COD的溶出浓度、溶出速率变化特征各不相同,但总体趋势是粒径越小氮、磷及COD溶出浓度和溶出速率越大,且最大溶出速率都出现在前5 min。因此,为实现对城市雨水径流污染的有效控制,应采用源头控制措施对小粒径道路沉积物和初期雨水进行有效控制。     

Stormwater quality benefits of a porous friction course and its effect on pollutant removal by roadside shoulders.

This project has two main objectives; the first is to documents the effect of a porous friction course overlay on the quality of highway stormwater runoff, and the second is to assess pollutant removal of a vegetated area along the side of a road from both conventional and porous pavements. The quantity and quality of stormwater runoff from a four-lane divided highway in the Austin, Texas, area was monitored before and after the installation of a porous friction course (PFC). Observed concentrations of suspended solids and pollutants associated with particulate material were much lower in the runoff from the PFC compared with runoff from the conventional asphalt surface. The vegetated highway shoulder reduced the concentrations of many stormwater constituents from the conventional asphalt surface; however, the concentrations of these constituents in runoff produced by the PFC were so low that the vegetated area produced no further reduction in concentration.     

Characteristics of highway stormwater runoff.

Highway stormwater runoff was monitored at three highway sites in Los Angeles, California, during the 2000 to 2003 wet seasons. Event mean concentrations (EMCs), partial event mean concentrations (PEMCs), and mass first flush (MFF) factors were calculated for more than 20 water quality parameters for samples from 20 storm events from each site. The early runoff had higher concentrations, as indicated by the PEMCs at 30 and 60 minutes into the storm, which were 1.9 to 7.4 times higher than the EMCs. A strong first flush was observed for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and other organic pollutants, with 40% of the pollutant mass being discharged in the first 20% of the runoff. A weak first flush was observed for ionic pollutants, such as nitrate and nitrite. Pearson correlation analyses of the EMCs, PEMCs, and MFFs showed strong correlations among dissolved organic carbon, COD, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, oil and grease, and ammonia-nitrogen. Contrary to generally held beliefs, poor correlation between total suspended solids and most other conventional pollutants was observed. In addition, poor correlation between most monitored pollutants and storm characteristics, except for antecedent dry days, was observed.     

山地城市暴雨径流污染特性及控制对策

为了解山城重庆的暴雨径流污染特性,充实国内仍然薄弱的基础资料,对4种用地类型的4场暴雨进行了监测,测试指标包括TSS、COD、TP、TN和NH3-N。结果表明,对于坡度2.5%的交通干道和坡度30%的校园人行道,从污染物浓度降幅的角度考虑初期径流的控制量应分别为2～3 mm和1.8 mm。随降雨时间的延长,路面污染物浓度迅速降低,坡度越大,降低速率越快。对于平均浓度,校园屋顶和草坪的各污染物浓度均达到地表水环境质量Ⅴ类标准(总氮和氨氮除外)。交通干道和校园人行道的总磷平均浓度也满足地表水环境质量Ⅴ类标准,但2种下垫面的COD、TN和氨氮平均浓度分别超出地表水环境质量Ⅴ类标准的2～8倍、1.9～3.1倍和1.9～4.3倍。对于交通干道,场次降雨径流的总氮、总磷和氨氮平均浓度与初期浓度的比值和污染物浓度20 min降幅接近(分别为0.5～0.53和50%～55%)接近,而COD和TSS平均浓度与初期浓度的比值和污染物浓度20 min降幅相近(分别为0.35～0.37和78%～84%)。对于校园人行道,污染物浓度20 min降幅均达到90%以上(90%～96%),场次降雨径流的总氮、总磷、氨氮、COD和TSS的平均浓度与初期浓度的比值接近(0.3～0.4)。研究结果为山地城市暴雨径流的污染控制提供了参考。     

土壤渗滤介质系统去除雨水径流污染物

利用昆明当地的土壤在室内填装一个土柱渗滤系统,使用配水浓度模拟昆明市区雨水径流污染物浓度,进行去除雨水径流污染物的实验研究,考察系统对COD、TN、NH4＋、NO3^-、NO2^-和TP的去除效果。实验结果表明,该土壤渗滤系统对COD平均去除率为82．04％,对TN的平均去除率为22．64％,对NH;平均去除率为94．26％,但是对NO3^-、NO2^-去除效果较差,对TP平均去除率为96．95％;另外,系统长期运行导致下渗速度降低,出水效果反而变好。     

昆明主城区城市地表径流污染特征分析

昆明市位于滇池上游,城市地表径流污染负荷对滇池水质具有直接影响。通过对昆明主城区内不同功能区12个监测点7次降雨径流过程水样的采集与分析,研究了昆明主城区城市地表径流污染特征。结果表明,昆明主城区城市地表径流中TSS、COD、TN和TP的多场降雨平均浓度分别为182.8、138.2、2.37和0.43 mg/L。不同功能区的地表径流水质存在显著差异(p<0.05);各功能区径流污染负荷顺序为:公路区>商业区>住宅区>文教区;不同功能区单场降雨径流水质动态变化规律是:污染物浓度在降雨径流初期相对较高,中后期浓度快速下降,并逐渐趋于稳定;地表利用功能、降雨特征和交通流量是影响城市地表径流水质的主要因素;城市地表径流中COD、TN、TP与TSS之间有较好的相关性,说明大部分的污染物质是以颗粒吸附态存在。     

Review on physical and chemical characterizations of contaminated sediments from urban stormwater infiltration basins within the framework of the French observatory for urban hydrology (SOERE URBIS)

Urban stormwater infiltration basins are designed to hold runoff from impervious surfaces and allow the settling of sediments and associated pollutants. However concerns have been expressed about the environmental impacts that may be exerted by the trapped pollutants on groundwater, soils and ecosystems. In this context, sediment characterization represents a key issue for local authorities in terms of management strategies. During the last two decades, several studies were launched including either physical or chemical characterization of stormwater sediments but without real synthesis of data and methods used. Consequently, there is an important need for reviewing the current experimental techniques devoted to the physico-chemical characterization of sediment. The review is based on the outcomes of two experimental sites for which long term monitoring and data collection have been done: the Cheviré basin (near Nantes) and the Django Reinhardt basin (near Lyon). The authors summarize the studies dealing with bulk properties, pollutant contents, their potential mobility and speciation. This paper aims at promoting the significant progresses that were made through a multidisciplinary approach involving multi-scaled and combined experimental techniques.